Overview and Summarize knowledge areas: a dual approach in knowledge mapping and discovery - Luigi...

OVERVIEW AND SUMMARIZEKNOWLEDGE

A dual approach in knowledge mapping and discovery by Luigi Assom

IntroductionAbout Discovery & Knowledge Management.

TIMELOOKING FOR WHAT YOU DON’T KNOW

A B O U T

how to search for it, when you can’t name it?

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

education

prior art

content

Z

how to search for it, when you can’t name it?

Domain

• education, information retrieval of factual knowledge

Primary Target

• students (domain novice)

• communicator of sciences, educators (domain experts)

Scope

• Overview a subjet

• Summarize knowledge pathswithin a subject

!

!

EXAMPLE(mobile app for end-consumers)

LEARNDiscoveryMobile app, Reference & Learning

current platform | iOS web | www.learndiscovery.com video | http://youtu.be/zgVdKTbKb3gdemo | http://youtu.be/RVc-KwzJNtA

!

!

1:45

http://www.learndiscovery.com

http://youtu.be/zgVdKTbKb3g

http://youtu.be/RVc-KwzJNtA

CRITERIA • Quality of correlations

• Visual Interface • Enabling discovery

EXAMPLESMobile Apps, Reference & Education (iOS Platform)

BENCHMARKS displaying Wikipedia

• Wikipedia Mobile • Wikiweb • Wikinodes • Wikilinks

displaying knowledge base computed over Wikipedia

• Google Search • Wolfram Alpha • LearnDiscovery

TIME SPENT TO FIND INFO

(aim)MAPPING

(tool) DISCOVERY (action)

keyconcepts

TIME | DATA + Human Center Interaction

Data

• Models

• Ownership

Human Centered Interaction

• Novice

• Experts

KNOWLEDGE MAPPING | Universality + Personal

!

Universality

• a data-model enabling consistent information retrieval among multiple knowledge management areas

Personal

• UX/UI enabling access to a knowledge landscape from personal points-of-view

• UX/UI allowing different maps for describing a knowledge area

DISCOVERY | traversing multiple domains + enabling multiple points-of-view

!

Traversal

• availability to compute AND / OR reach PATHS connecting at least two entities within one or multiple knowledge domains

Point-of-view

• a type of correlation for ordering contextualizations about an entity

1. Discovery VS Search

2. Knowledge Mapping enabling Discovery

3. Examples in multiple domains

4. Big-Data for Social Impact

1. Discovery VS Search A summary of data models

in Information Retrieval

DISCOVERY VS SEARCH

SEARCH | Look for an item of interest

DISCOVER | Look for a subject

Subject

• A graph of correlated topics within a knowledge space

• Subjectively accessible by a user multiple graphs for each user

• Objectively understood by collectivity mutually accessible to multiple users (experts and novice)

Search

• retrieve webpages or documents against keywords (absolute ranking)

Discovery

• prioritize the correlations between entities (relative ranking)

• each entity can index multiple webpages or documents

Knowledge map

• a backbone reference to index third parties and local resources

Models

• absolute ranking

• relative ranking

DATA MODELS

Web Page

Web Page

Web Page

Entity EntityEntity

Entity Entity

Entity Entity Entity

Entity

Entity

Entity

Absolute ranking of documents and webpages is a one-dimensional information layer atop of the entity they refer to. Relative ranking between entities is a manyfold-dimensional space to find correlations between entities. !Each entity is described by manifold information sources.

Techniques

• Documents within directories (Altavista)

• Keywords within linked databases (Google)

• Meta-tagging systems (Open Graph)

• Collaborative filtering Platforms User Behavior (Amazon)

• Natural Language Processing (Thomson&Reuter)

Ownership & Role of Collaborative Data in Search Engines

• Wikipedia + Freebase > Google Knowledge Graph

• Britannica > Bing

• Ontologies and Microdata > schema.org (Google, Bing, Yahoo!) + opengraph (Facebook)

http://schema.org

Approaches

• Machine Learning

• Natural Language Processing & Ontologies

• Graphs

!

Searching through browse and faceted search in recommender systems is time-consuming and strictly bound to one’s domain expertise. Towards:

• a data-model enabling consistent information retrieval among multiple knowledge management areas

• a data-structure enabling indexing of third-party and local content against a knowledge connectome of public interest

• a user-interface enabling access to and traversal of knowledge areas from personal points-of-view

WORKING ONTHE DISCOVERY ENGINE

Multipartite weighted graph U.S. Serial No. 14/109,235

• iterate knowledge mapping on multiple domains

• aggregate multiple knowledge bases

• combine multiple knowledge domains into unique ending point

Data Model

• Independency from Users’ Behavioral data

• Proximity recommendations for all entities

• Infinite types of context for each type of entity (points-of-view)

Data StructureCombining Multiple Domains

Food!

• 200K English Recipes, 8 web portals

• 25K Italian Recipes, open source

• 12K raw ingredients mapped into 1.2K meta-ingredients mapped into UNCOMTRADE commodities

Movies!

• 3 aggregated web datasets

Factual Knowledge!

• 12 Wikipedias > 1M topics

Intellectual Property!

• 5M USPTO dataset sample

Startups & Investors!

• 40K companies (Bay Area)

User Interface

• knowledge maps enabling Discovery

• points-of-view as types of context about entities

2. Knowledge Mapping enabling Discovery UX / UI atop of multipartite graph model

RELIABILITY| consistency of correlations: resilient networks

USER-DRIVEN|

• correlations are independent from availability of users’ behavioral data meaningful correlations also for least popular entities

• multiple points-of-view for traversing a domain

HUMAN CENTERED DESIGN

• Reflect operative models of people into interfaces

• Respect preferences of users

Common HCD models in information retrieval

• Start looking at your discoveries, from one or more topics you are familiar with

• Rely on meaningful recommendations!

• Allow multiple contexts characterizing a topic

Visualization API 3d Parties

• Yasiv [Amazon API Recommendations]

• What do you Love (WDYL) [Google]!

• Liveplasma [Amazon API Recommendation]

BENCHMARKINTERACTIVE VISUALIZATION

PINNING DOWN USER EXPERIENCE

1. Enabling Learning & Reference !

• Usefulness | meaningful & effortless

• Effectiveness | time spent to find meaningful information

• Learnability | make sense of results

2. Enabling multiple types of correlations (contexts)

3. Rethinking design based on (weighted) graphs

TYPE OF TARGET USERS

• Experts in a domain AND in technical capabilities

• Experts in a domain BUT novice in technical capabilities

• Novice in a domain BUT experts in technical capabilities

• Novice in a domain AND experts … BUT NOT dummies!

End-Consumers UX/UI should allow:

• easy uptake for both domain experts and novice experts

• mutual comprehension of knowledge maps

• extendibility of knowledge maps knowledge maps as reference to index multiple sources

UX / DO NOT CONFUSE

UX / BETTER TO ENGAGE

UX / DO TEST

Primary Users & their Frequency of Use

• Learning + Education| Students, Teachers, Communication Scientists

• Prior-Art| Intellectual Property, Attorney, R&D

• Vertical Domains| Suggestions, Serendipity enhancing key value

ERIKA SILENE, VACUST SRL (INT. EXHIBITION OF INVENTION, GENEVE, 2014)

“Astonishing... This is also a way of studying!

At least, this is my way of studying.”

UX / TESTING LEARNDISCOVERY’S UX/UI

DANIELE, BSC STUDENT MEDICINE

“Outstanding... The way of correlating things...

You couldn’t do that with Wikipedia. You will never be that fast and complete.”

DR. PAUL R CHALIFOUX, CEO @ JONJAS LLC (INT. EXHIBITION OF INVENTION, GENEVE, 2014)

“Primary time saving.”

LUCA OLIVIERI, TECHO SRL (INT. EXHIBITION OF INVENTION, GENEVE, 2014)

“It makes easy to know everything. Just with a blink of an eye.”

PROBLEM

PROF. RENATO GENNARO, VICE-DIRECTOR UNIVERSITY TRIESTE, BIOCHEMISTRY

“Amazing. To find connections to topic you’re

interested in: it’s really amazing.”

UX / EMPOWERING INDIVIDUALS, WITHOUT BEHAVIORAL DATA

Anonymity

• provide meaningful correlations independently from users’ data

Pictorial representation of the mind-map of English Wikipedia (coarse-grained) computed with R&D at XDiscovery. !Knowledge correlations are organized independently from the popularity of topics against a users’ base.

UX / EXTENDIBLE BACKBONE

Extending link liberally

• Indexing third part sources into knowledge maps

• Manipulation, Selection, exclusion of nodes and/or correlations

Representations of the contents of knowledge maps obtained through LearnDiscovery App. !A map is a knowledge area depicted by correlated topics; each topic can point to external sources and index external repositories. These examples value the quality of Creative Commons images.

UX / PERSONAL REFERENCES

Enable control of a personal stream of time

• Allow non-linear paths of discovery

Asynchronous research

• reference for re-establishing a knowledge context anytime, despite contents referring to their node may change over time

Pictorial Representation the process of knowledge mapping cartography. !Despite content referring to a node (topic) may change within a database, the correlations of mind-maps are resilient and robust against editorial bias. !Each subject can be represented by many types of knowledge maps, which can be collected within an Atlas as reference.

UX / MULTIPLE VIEWS

Support searches and multiple views

• Enabling multiple-dimensional discovery through points-of-view

• Enhance visualization of knowledge areas to overview and to summarize key correlations

UX / PORTABILITY

Portable

• Cross-device portability

• Share / Embed Content

• Enabling learning environment within ICT4D constraints: no-connectivity

UX / LOCALIZATION

Value geo-localized cultures

• Capability to map localized content onto knowledge maps

• Capability to display in-depth correlations tailored to specific languages

0 1¥106 2¥106 3¥106 4¥106

12.0

12.5

13.0

13.5

We found that mind-maps computed from Wikipedia Dumps return consistent results for all Wikipedias with at least 1M topics.(R&D @ XDiscovery)

UI / SEARCH FUNCTIONALITIES IN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL

• Browse: input field to find information against keywords or entities

• Filter: option to exclude items that don’t meet certain criteria

• Faceted navigation: multiple filters to exclude items that don’t meet certain criteria

• Point-of-view: type of correlations, encoding the context characterizing a type of entity, to order items by proximity

• Horizontal / generalistic, Google, Bing

browse

• meta-search engines, Metacrawler, Infospace

browse + filters

• vertical search engines Google Scholar; Pubchem; NCBI (Pubmed); Yummly …

browse

faceted navigation

• search engines for multimediaFlickr; Youtube; Lastfm..faceted navigation (automatically composed out of users’ behavioral data)

faceted navigation (audioscrobbler engine)

• search engines for user-generated media:Technorati, Sysomos

browse

• search engines automatically classifying content by clustering or classes of resultsWebClust, Yippy, Iseek

browse

faceted navigation

• collaborative filtering and crowd-source tagging Opendirectory; Delicious

browse + filters (categories)

• ontologies or natural language processing Wolframalpha; MIT Start; Thomson&Reuter / OpenCalais

browse

• information extraction, text mining or statistical processing of results: Google Trends; Google Insight; Twitter Sentiment

browse + filters

• search engines based on queries refinement Google Suggest; ThinkMap; WordTracker

browse

browse

filtersfaceted

navigation

Browse

• explosion of information: inefficient

Filters

• narrow down to selection, only if they match the context important to a user

Faceted navigation

• one filter per each context: difficult to maintain

UI / LIMITS OF BROWSE, FILTER, FACETED NAVIGATION

!

user-driven: domain and novice experts

• multiple points-of-view (linear combination)

• orient the navigation and traversal towards a chosen direction

UI / POINTS-OF-VIEW

Entity

Filters / Faceted

Navigation

NeighborsN

eighbors

Point-of-view order items by type of correlations. Filtered / faceted navigation, atop of a point-of-view, exclude items matching criteria.

Points-of-view are like a compass: they guide you towards the direction you want. In this example: 4 Points of view computed for movies recommendations. “Creativity” guides the user to movies similar by concept and film supervision. “Play” guides the user to movies similar by acting casts. “Story” guides the user to movies by similar types of plots. A central point of view is the default direction.

HOW MANY POINTS-OF-VIEW?

aka readability of the number of Points-of-view within an interface, by means of color-codes.

Is the number 11 the magic one ?

• Cognitive Development of Color Vision*

• Color Psychology

• Relative luminance differences

* Pitchford, N.J. & Mullen, K.T.

red, green, blue, yellow, black, white, pink, purple, orange, brown and grey

Number of discriminable colors termed in cognitive development of color vision and color psychology. !Number of Relative Luminance Steps adopted in Digital Cameras.

ABOVE | Color-Codes studies for the points-of-view adopted in information retrieval of movies. !LEFT | A study on the thickness of the line to encode proximity for each point-of-view. !(project WatchDiscovery @ XDiscovery).

DESIGNING DISCOVERY: OVERVIEW AND SUMMARIZE KNOWLEDGE DOMAINS

Design Principles

• Browse + Points-of-View

• Target both domain experts and domain novice

• Overview and Summarize a knowledge area (mapping)

• Traverse a knowledge domain

• Allow indexing multiple external sources pointing to maps

• Allow shaping of maps’ topology

Design Logic

Browse(start)

Points-of-view(select)

Visualize(mapping)

Overview

Summarize

Access Nodes’ Content

Indexing WebPages

Decorate Nodes

Traverse

Visual Map Overview

Parent node - Tap to obtain more neighbors

Neighbors

Proximity between nodes expressed by: - Thickness of the link - Tuning Spring-Force visualization algorithm - Color HUE

Play Creativity

Story

All

To Textual MapTo Visual Map

Point of Views control - Tap on a Point of View to switch to it

BladeRunner

BladeRunner:TheFinalCut

Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati

Laforzadellavolontà

Fugada

Sobibor

Double tap on a node to access to its Detail View. Detail View aggregate documents, webpages, and third parties information on top of a node.

Blade Runner - Final Cut

Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner

The Dying Of The Light

The Blood of Heroes

Stand and Deliver Unforgiven

Play Creativity

Story

All

1

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati


Fugada

Sobibor


Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner


The Blood of Heroes


Play Creativity

Story

All

2

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati


Fugada

Sobibor


Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner


The Blood of Heroes


BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati


Fugada

Sobibor

BlackHats

IndianaJonese

l'ultimacrociata

Ledueverità

IndianaJoneseil

tempiomaledetto

Giochidi

potere

MosquitoCoast

Play Creativity

Story

All

3


Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner The Dying Of The Light

The Blood of Heroes

Stand and Deliver

Unforgiven

Black HatsIndiana

Jones and the Temple of

Doom

Indiana Jones and the Last

Crusade

Le due verità

Patriot GamesMoscquito

Coast

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

GlispietatiLa

forzadellavolontà

Fugada

Sobibor

BlackHats

IndianaJonese

l'ultimacrociata

Ledueverità

IndianaJoneseil

tempiomaledetto

Giochidi

potere

MosquitoCoast

IndianaJoneseil

regnodel

teschiodi

cristallo

Ipredatoridell'arcaperduta

Lamigliordifesaè...lafuga

Avventurea

Parigi

Play Creativity

Story

All

5


Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner

The Blood of Heroes

Stand and Deliver

Unforgiven


Black Hats


Crusade

Le due verità

Patriot Games

Moscquito Coast

Indiana Jones and the

Temple of Doom

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal

Skull

Best Defense

French Postcards

Raiders of the Lost Ark

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati


Fugada

Sobibor

BlackHats

IndianaJonese

l'ultimacrociata

Ledueverità

IndianaJoneseil

tempiomaledetto

Giochidi

potere

MosquitoCoast

IndianaJoneseil

regnodel

teschiodi

cristallo



Avventurea

Parigi

IlritornodelloJedi

Incontriravvicinati

delterzotipo

Guerrestellari

Play Creativity

Story

All

8


Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner

The Blood of Heroes

Stand and Deliver

Unforgiven

Black Hats


Crusade

Le due verità

Moscquito Coast


Temple of Doom

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the

Crystal Skull

Best Defense

French Postcards

Raiders of the Lost

Ark

Close Encounters of the Third Kind

Star Wars

Return of the Jedi


Patriot Games

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati


Fugada

Sobibor

BlackHats

IndianaJonese

l'ultimacrociata

Ledueverità

IndianaJoneseil

tempiomaledetto

Giochidi

potere

MosquitoCoast

IndianaJoneseil

regnodel

teschiodi

cristallo



Avventurea

Parigi

IlritornodelloJedi

Incontriravvicinati

delterzotipo

Guerrestellari

Play Creativity

Story

All

8


Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner

The Blood of Heroes

Stand and Deliver

Unforgiven


Black Hats


Crusade

Le due verità

Moscquito Coast


Temple of Doom


Crystal Skull

Best Defense

French Postcards

Raiders of the Lost

Ark


Star Wars

Return of the Jedi

Patriot Games

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati


Fugada

Sobibor

BlackHats

IndianaJonese

l'ultimacrociata

Ledueverità

IndianaJoneseil

tempiomaledetto

Giochidi

potere

MosquitoCoast

IndianaJoneseil

regnodel

teschiodi

cristallo



Avventurea

Parigi

IlritornodelloJedi

Incontriravvicinati

delterzotipo

Guerrestellari

Esploratoridell'infinito

Ilfantasmadellospazio

L'uomodal

cervellotrapiantato

Laparentela

Incidentea

portodelCorvo

Ilviolinistasultetto

Play Creativity

Story

All

11


Crusade


Temple of Doom

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom

of the Crystal Skull

Raiders of the Lost

Ark

Star Wars

Return of the Jedi

Black Hats

Moscquito Coast

Best Defense


Patriot Games

French Postcards


Escape from

Sobibor

Blade Runner

The Blood of Heroes

Stand and Deliver

Unforgiven


Phantom from space

Incident at Raven’s

Gate

Fiddler on the Roof

L’homme au cerveau grefféRiders to the

Stars

Rodnia

Textual Map Summarize

StartIncontri ravvicinati del terzo tipoPlay Creativity

Story

All

13

32% Riders to the Stars

28% Phantom from Space

28% L’homme au cerveau greffé

27% Rodnia

27% Incident at Raven’s Gate

26% Fiddler on the Roof

26% Zycie Rodzinne

25% Il giorno del Furore

25% The green slime

25% Strange New World

25% Guarany

25% La masseria delle allodol

25% Way Dawn East

25% Feudalismo Messicano - Maclovia

25% The Unholy Garden

24% Punishment Park

24% El superpolicia 880

24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

Close Encounters of the Third KindPath:

- Display the connectionsbetween the start and last reachednode. - In this examples, titles correspondto the Italian version of movies.


Story

All

13




27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen


Start Incontri ravvicinati del terzo tipo Vita di famigliaPlay Creativity

Story

All

15

63% Una donna a una dimensione

59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia

51% Always Remember I Love You

49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel

47% Everybody's Fine

47% Mad at the World

46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East

45% Le lieu du crime

45% Patto col diavolo

44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung

44% Il nodo alla cravatta

43% Der Engel mit der Posaune




27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne


Story

All

15

The Nodes which already appearedare marked (closed)


59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen



Story

All

15


59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen


Start Incontri ravvicinati del terzo tipo Vita di famiglia Vento di terraPlay Creativity

Story

All

18

44% L’ora di Punta

35% Coming Home

21% Così ridevano

20% Prime luci dell’alba

20% Amigo

20% Men with Guns

19% La vita degli altri

19% Hotel Dajti

19% Enormous Changes at the Last Minute

19% A Map of The World

19% Prima la musica, poi le parole

19% The Locusts

19% Judgment

19% Eight Men Out

18% As tres Marias

18% Mother and Child

18% Crossing over

18% The Man from the Elysian Fields

18% Excitation


59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne Vento di Terra

Start Incontri ravvicinati del terzo tipo Vita di famiglia Vento di terra La mappa del mondoPlay Creativity

Story

All

21

19% A single Man

18% Judgment

17% Far from Heaven

17% The Year of Living Dangerously

17% We are marshall

17% Backwoods

17% The hours

17% A Dangerous Woman

16% The End of the Affair

16% Harrison’s Flowers

16% The Ice Storm

16% Losing Isaiah

16% The Private Lives of Pippa Lee

16% Chloe

16% Magnolia

16% Snow Cake

15% Next

14% The Hand that Rocks the Cradle

14% The Uninvited


35% Coming Home

21% Così ridevano


20% Amigo

20% Men with Guns


19% Hotel Dajti




19% The Locusts

19% Judgment

19% Eight Men Out

18% As tres Marias


18% Crossing over


18% Excitation


59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne Vento di Terra A Map of The World


Story

All

21

19% A single Man

18% Judgment

17% Far from Heaven


17% We are marshall

17% Backwoods

17% The hours




16% The Ice Storm

16% Losing Isaiah


16% Chloe

16% Magnolia

16% Snow Cake

15% Next


14% The Uninvited


35% Coming Home

21% Così ridevano


20% Amigo

20% Men with Guns


19% Hotel Dajti




19% The Locusts

19% Judgment

19% Eight Men Out

18% As tres Marias


18% Crossing over


18% Excitation


59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

21% Se, jie

19% Ride with the devil


19% Dave

17% Life as a House

17% Bel Ami

17% After Life

17% Personal Effects

17% Miranda

16% After Alice

16% Darling Companion

16% Hachiko: A Dog's Story

16% The Pact

16% Snow Cake

15% Motel Woodstock

15% Yinshi Nan Nu - Eat Drink Man Woman

15% The Upside of Anger

15% Grand Canyon

14% The Grapes of Wrath

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne Vento di Terra A Map of The World The Ice Storm

Start Incontri ravvicinati del terzo tipo Vita di famiglia Only in the WayPlay Creativity

Story

All

26

33% La mioche

32% Lost on the Veldt

32% Il Piccolo Garibaldino

31% Le Marchand de Statues

31% A Brother’s Devotion

31% The mystery of Temple Count

31% Alger: Prièr Du Muezzin

31% Il Castello Del Diavolo

31% The Jest

30% Les Deux Poltrons

30% Desespoir d’un Buveur d’Absinthe

30% Winning the V.C.

30% Le Violon

30% Willie’s First Smoke

30% La Bourse et la View

30% La Commune

30% Au Confessional

30% The Man Haters

30% Flagrant Délit D’Adultère


59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne Only in the Way


Story

All

26

33% La mioche








31% The Jest




30% Le Violon



30% La Commune

30% Au Confessional

30% The Man Haters



59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

22% Lost On the Veldt

22% The Man Haters


21% Wilhelm Tell

21% Desespoir d’un Beveur d’Asiate




20% Miss Butterlfy


20% La mioche

20% The Old Man and Jim

20% Rudge and Whitworth

20% Tanz Der Salome

20% Histoire d’un Pantalon

20% Panoramic View of Tremont Hotel

20% Baby’s Peril

19% La Mosca e il Ragno

19% Le Concierge Bat Son Tapis

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne Only in the Way Il Castello Del Diavolo

Summarize Paths within a knowledge area

Play Creativity

Story

All

1

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati


Fugada

SobiborTree


Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner


The Blood of Heroes


A

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati


Fugada

Sobibor

BlackHats

IndianaJonese

l'ultimacrociata

Ledueverità

IndianaJoneseil

tempiomaledetto

Giochidi

potere

MosquitoCoast

Play Creativity

Story

All

3

Tree


Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner The Dying Of The Light

The Blood of Heroes

Stand and Deliver

Unforgiven

Black HatsIndiana

Jones and the Temple of

Doom


Crusade

Le due verità

Patriot GamesMoscquito

Coast

A B

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

GlispietatiLa

forzadellavolontà

Fugada

Sobibor

BlackHats

IndianaJonese

l'ultimacrociata

Ledueverità

IndianaJoneseil

tempiomaledetto

Giochidi

potere

MosquitoCoast

IndianaJoneseil

regnodel

teschiodi

cristallo



Avventurea

Parigi

Play Creativity

Story

All

5


Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner

The Blood of Heroes

Stand and Deliver

Unforgiven


Black Hats


Crusade

Le due verità

Patriot Games

Moscquito Coast


Temple of Doom

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal

Skull

Best Defense

French Postcards

Raiders of the Lost Ark

AB

C

Tree

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati


Fugada

Sobibor

BlackHats

IndianaJonese

l'ultimacrociata

Ledueverità

IndianaJoneseil

tempiomaledetto

Giochidi

potere

MosquitoCoast

IndianaJoneseil

regnodel

teschiodi

cristallo



Avventurea

Parigi

IlritornodelloJedi

Incontriravvicinati

delterzotipo

Guerrestellari

Play Creativity

Story

All

8


Escape from Sobibor

Blade Runner

The Blood of Heroes

Stand and Deliver

Unforgiven

Black Hats


Crusade

Le due verità

Moscquito Coast


Temple of Doom


Crystal Skull

Best Defense

French Postcards

Raiders of the Lost

Ark


Star Wars

Return of the Jedi


Patriot Games

AB

C

D

BladeRunner


Giochidi

morte

TheDyingOfTheLight

Glispietati


Fugada

Sobibor

BlackHats

IndianaJonese

l'ultimacrociata

Ledueverità

IndianaJoneseil

tempiomaledetto

Giochidi

potere

MosquitoCoast

IndianaJoneseil

regnodel

teschiodi

cristallo



Avventurea

Parigi

IlritornodelloJedi

Incontriravvicinati

delterzotipo

Guerrestellari

Esploratoridell'infinito

Ilfantasmadellospazio

L'uomodal

cervellotrapiantato

Laparentela

Incidentea

portodelCorvo

Ilviolinistasultetto

Play Creativity

Story

All

11


Crusade


Temple of Doom

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom

of the Crystal Skull

Raiders of the Lost

Ark

Star Wars

Return of the Jedi

Black Hats

Moscquito Coast

Best Defense


Patriot Games

French Postcards


Escape from

Sobibor

Blade Runner

The Blood of Heroes

Stand and Deliver

Unforgiven


Phantom from space

Incident at Raven’s

Gate

Fiddler on the Roof

L’homme au cerveau grefféRiders to the

Stars

RodniaAB

CD

E


Story

All

13




27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

Close Encounters of the Third KindA’Tree 1


Story

All

15


59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen


A’ B’

Start Incontri ravvicinati del terzo tipo Vita di famiglia Vento di terraPlay Creativity

Story

All

18


35% Coming Home

21% Così ridevano


20% Amigo

20% Men with Guns


19% Hotel Dajti




19% The Locusts

19% Judgment

19% Eight Men Out

18% As tres Marias


18% Crossing over


18% Excitation


59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne Vento di Terra

A’ B’ C’


Story

All

21

19% A single Man

18% Judgment

17% Far from Heaven


17% We are marshall

17% Backwoods

17% The hours




16% The Ice Storm

16% Losing Isaiah


16% Chloe

16% Magnolia

16% Snow Cake

15% Next


14% The Uninvited


35% Coming Home

21% Così ridevano


20% Amigo

20% Men with Guns


19% Hotel Dajti




19% The Locusts

19% Judgment

19% Eight Men Out

18% As tres Marias


18% Crossing over


18% Excitation


59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne Vento di Terra A Map of The World

A’ B’ C’ D’


Story

All

21

19% A single Man

18% Judgment

17% Far from Heaven


17% We are marshall

17% Backwoods

17% The hours




16% The Ice Storm

16% Losing Isaiah


16% Chloe

16% Magnolia

16% Snow Cake

15% Next


14% The Uninvited


35% Coming Home

21% Così ridevano


20% Amigo

20% Men with Guns


19% Hotel Dajti




19% The Locusts

19% Judgment

19% Eight Men Out

18% As tres Marias


18% Crossing over


18% Excitation


59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

21% Se, jie

19% Ride with the devil


19% Dave

17% Life as a House

17% Bel Ami

17% After Life

17% Personal Effects

17% Miranda

16% After Alice

16% Darling Companion

16% Hachiko: A Dog's Story

16% The Pact

16% Snow Cake

15% Motel Woodstock

15% Yinshi Nan Nu - Eat Drink Man Woman

15% The Upside of Anger

15% Grand Canyon

14% The Grapes of Wrath

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne Vento di Terra A Map of The World The Ice Storm

A’ B’ C’ D’ E’


Story

All

26

33% La mioche








31% The Jest




30% Le Violon



30% La Commune

30% Au Confessional

30% The Man Haters



59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne Only in the Way

A’ B’

C’ D’ E’

F’


Story

All

26

33% La mioche








31% The Jest




30% Le Violon



30% La Commune

30% Au Confessional

30% The Man Haters



59% Otets i syn

56% Rodnya

55% Rodnia


49% Only in the way

48% Vento di terra

48% Berdel



46% Oxhide

45% Way Down East



44% Sweet Hunters

44% Tiger Warsaw

44% Tätowierung






27% Rodnia



26% Zycie Rodzinne


25% The green slime


25% Guarany


25% Way Dawn East



24% Punishment Park


24% Ricordati di me

26% Black Oxen

22% Lost On the Veldt

22% The Man Haters


21% Wilhelm Tell

21% Desespoir d’un Beveur d’Asiate




20% Miss Butterlfy


20% La mioche

20% The Old Man and Jim

20% Rudge and Whitworth

20% Tanz Der Salome

20% Histoire d’un Pantalon

20% Panoramic View of Tremont Hotel

20% Baby’s Peril

19% La Mosca e il Ragno

19% Le Concierge Bat Son Tapis

Close Encounters of the Third Kind Zycie Rodzinne Only in the Way Il Castello Del Diavolo

A’ B’

C’ D’ E’

F’ G’

A’ B’

C’ D’ E’

F’ G’

Path - Shortest connection between the first node (A) and the last node tapped (G) - Textual Map displays current tree’s path atop of nodes’ correlations

Tree - Links encodes the Points-of-View information (color-codes) - Visual maps displays a whole tree

A B

C B E

A G

Tree is univocally defined both in TM and VM

A B

C E

G

A

B C

E

G

Visual Map Textual Map

MAPPING EXTERNAL RESOURCES ONTO KNOWLEDGE MAPS

• Visually Encoding Information: Decorators

• Multiple information Layers

• Maps as backbone infrastructure (index web / third-parties / local content)

WebPage

Web Page

Web Page

Entity EntityEntity

Entity Entity

Entity EntityEntity

3. Examples in Multiple DomainsCase Studies for discovery of

Movies, Food, IPs and Factual Knowledge

Discovery and Information Retrieval of Movies

Mapping Movies Knowledge

• 4 Points of View

• 3 DataBases

• 55K Movies

• English / Italian

This mockup highlight the topology of a discovery started from “Blade Runner”. “Blade Runner” is highly correlated with its director’s cut version. The colors of correlations correspond to the points-of-view used to explore clusters of similar movies. (Project WatchDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Blade Runner

Blade Runner - The Final Cut

Creativity

Default

Play

Story

Points-of-View

The Lady

}

Aggregating multiple information layers: a structure for organizing info atop of a knowledge maps’ node (a movie), is pulled from different sources. (Project WatchDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

The Lady

}

Information reflecting a point-of-view is visually encoded by the color corresponding to the Type of Correlation. Images and Media decorate the node. (Project WatchDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

The Lady

}

Info-graphics layers (static either interactive) can be mounted on top of information layers corresponding to a point-of-view. In this example, a word-cloud. (Project WatchDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Discovery and Information Retrieval of Recipes

Mapping Food Knowledge

• 2 points of view

• 200K Recipes, English, indexed from 8 Portals

• 25K Recipes, Italian, open source

• 12K raw ingredients

• 1.200 meta-ingredients

Enabling dietary variation

Risotto with Prosecco wine

(Risotto Al Prosecco)

Risotto with Eggs (Risotto

all’uovo)

Soup with Eggs and Celery

(Crema “Maria”)

Soup with Artichokes (Crema di Carciofi)

Valuing Food

• 12K Raw ingredients have been mapped into 1.2K Meta Ingredients, mapped into UNCOMTRADE commodities

• Meta Ingredients have been aggregated from National Agencies for Nutritional Information [INRAN + IEO + USDA]

• Mapping of Meta Ingredients onto food knowledge contributed in developing the Sustainable Trade Impact Index @ FoodCast and SISSA Research Institute

AbaloniAlla

Californiana

CapesanteFritte

NaselliAl

Prezzemolo

PesceSpada

Impanato

FagottiniDeliziosi

SardineImpanate

FritturaDi

Capesante

FilettiDi

PesceSanPietroAlla

Milanese

CernieFritte

FrittoDi

CozzeSpiedino

DiCozzeConSalsa

Remoulade

ScampiSaltati

CotoletteDi

Tacchino

NaselliAl

Basilico

FagioliniIn

SalsaD'uova

SoglioleAlla

Francese

SardeAlTimo

MitiliRipieni Palline

DiPesce

BastonciniImpanati

AcciugheGratinate

FettineDi

VitelloSpicciative

VitelloIn

SalsaGialla

CostolettineAlla

Milanese

FilettoDi

ManzoIn

Casseruola

ScamorzaPanata

FrittelleDi

Gamberetti

PescePersicoAlla

Milanese

ScamorzaFritta

AliciImpanate

MerluzzoAiPorriA mockup of a Visual Map to

display multiple information layers atop of a knowledge map. !Mapping META information onto a domain, enables to provide added value information atop of nodes, such as nutritional information or the computation of sustainability indexes. The Sustainable Trade Impact Index provides information about the trade seasonality impact that a recipe’s ingredients carry for being imported and exported across the globe [contribution to project FoodCast - http://foodcast.sissa.it/ | Wired Italia - Aprile 2014] (Project TasteDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Poor

Mild

Good

Seasonal Trade Sustainability Index

NutritionalInformation

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Alcohol

Fats

http://foodcast.sissa.it/

http://www.wired.it/attualita/media/2014/04/07/wired-di-aprile-tutti-contenuti/

Discovery and Information Retrieval of Prior Art / Patents

Mapping Intellectual Property Knowledge

• Google Patent Dump

• Fungistitute

WordWide Patents

• EspaceNet

• 5 points-of-view

Traversing intellectual property domain for prior-art discovery:

• US6266649 - Collaborative recommendations using item-to-item similarity mappings [Amazon.com INC]

• US7941343 - Method and system for enhancing product sales in network transactions [Ricoh Company, Ltd]

• US7720723 - User interface and methods for recommending items to users [Amazon Technologies, Inc.]

• US8073794 - Social behavior analysis and inferring social networks for a recommendation system [ Yahoo! Inc.]

• US7962440 - Adaptive industrial systems via embedded historian data [Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc.]

• …

This example displays the output of a path within a Textual Map. The discovery started from the “item-to-item” recommender method filed by amazon.com INC. (Project InventDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

http://amazon.com

Traversing intellectual property domain for prior-art discovery:

• US8321425 - Information-retrieval systems, methods, and software with concept-based searching and ranking [Thomson Reuters Global Resources]

• US8065310 - Topics in relevance ranking model for web search [Microsoft Corporation]

• US8306983 - Semantic space configuration [Agilex Technologies, Inc.]

• US7958126 - Techniques for including collection items in search results [Yahoo! Inc.]

• US8131733 - System and method for targeted Ad delivery [Disney Enterprises, Inc.]

• …This example displays the output of a path within a Textual Map. The discovery is about information-retrieval systems, starting from US8321425 byThomson Reuters.The examples shows the different commercial declinations of a “subject”, reflected in the assignee. !(Project InventDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Discovery and Information Retrieval of Factual Knowledge

Mapping Factual Knowledge

• 1 point of view

• English Wikipedia

• Media-Commons Images

• 4M entities, 100M correlations

• Applicability to all Wikipedias with at least 1M topics

UX/UI of LearnDiscovery mobile app.This example shows the discovery of a knowledge map about “American Indian Wars”. !(Project LearnDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Starting from topic “American Indian Wars”. Displaying Visual Map interface. !(Project LearnDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Pulling content about Tecumseh’s War. It is one of the first topics about “American Indian Wars”. !(Project LearnDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Pulling videos from Youtube about “American Indian Wars”. Nodes’ content are displayed on top of the map, so to have a visual reference for contextualizing a topic, while accessing to multiple sources indexed by that topic. !(Project LearnDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Visualization of Textual Map interface. Each column ranks similarity of neighbors to their parent node (displayed on top). Above columns, the path summarize the correlations between “American Indian Wars” and “Joseph Brant”, one of the Mohawk leaders associated with Great Britain during the American Revolution. !(Project LearnDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Valuing collaborative content and local bibliographic sources. In this example, all images are pulled from Wikimedia Foundation, available in Creative Commons license. !(Project LearnDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Saving Knowledge Maps as a personal reference. Each subject can have manifold knowledge maps. Students and teachers can save knowledge maps in their own personal Atlas. !(Project LearnDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

Examples of maps saved in the Atlas. For each map, a thumbnail is computed using a reversed pagerank applied to the knowledge map, to visually capture its subject. Maps’ titles and descriptions can be edited to accustom students and teachers preferences. !(Project LearnDiscovery @ XDiscovery)

IDEAS for NEXT STEPS?

• prune correlations to shape maps

• filters onto point-of-view to filter out nodes

4. Big-Data for Social Impact Knowledge Mapping as a backbone to index,

aggregate and reach local content

Maps are reference tools to value local resources, beyond internet connectivity

• Disseminating Knowledge Maps

• Enabling Content for Knowledge Discovery in ICT4D

{ "id": 842, "title": "Cell membranes: role of proteins and lipids (Biochemistry)", "description": "An overview about cell membranes and layer structures of biological membranes , the barriers between inward and outward cell-space.", "thumbnail": { "url": "https://xdiscovery-web.s3.amazonaws.com/media/map_thumbnail/842_2.jpg" }, "net": 0, "node_count": 61, "first_node_title": "Biological membrane", "date_created": "2014-07-27", "popularity": 12, "featured": 1, "status": "O", "thumbnail_status": "O", "nodeTitles": { "start": [ "Biological membrane", "Membrane protein", "Lipid bilayer", "Cell membrane", "Lysosome", "Peripheral membrane protein", "Outer membrane protein G", "Virulence-related outer membrane protein family", "Lipid bilayer phase behavior", "Acid hydrolase" ], "last": "Lipid bilayer phase behavior", "count": 20, "first": "Biological membrane" }, "author": { "name": "", "surname": "" } }

A map can be easily disseminated as a JSON file, to quickly mash up external sources and improved with a open-source approach.

WebMaps as reference to be shared, rendered and enriched with local bibliographic contents.

Introducing Anthropology, Ethnography, and influences of the Victorian Age. Maps created with LearnDiscovery app, using sources at the library “Querini Stampalia”, Venice, Italyhttp://www.querinistampalia.org/ita/biblioteca.php

http://www.querinistampalia.org/ita/biblioteca.php

Maps about introductory studies in “Biochemistry”, BSc Biotechnology.Maps created with LearnDiscovery app, using sources at the library “Querini Stampalia”, Venice, Italy



OPTIMATES

POPULARES

J U L IU S CA E S A RGaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: [ a .i. s ju .l . s kaj.sar], July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general, statesman, Consul and notable author of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

A U GU S T U SAugustus (Latin: Imperator Caesar Divi F. AugusÑtus, 23 September 63 BC – 19 August 14 AD) was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.

P OM P E YGnaeus Pompeius Magnus (official nomenclature CN·POMPEIVS·CN·F·SEX·N·MAGNVS; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), usuÑally known in English as Pompey / p mpi / or PomÑpey the Great, was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. He came from a wealthy Italian provincial background, and his father had been the first to establish the family among the Roman nobility.

R OM A N R E P U B L ICThe Roman Republic (Latin: Res Pvblica Romana) was the period of the ancient Roman civilization when the government operated as a republic.

M A R K A NT ONYMarcus Antonius, commonly known in English as Mark Antony (Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N) (January 14, 83 BC – August 1, 30 BC), was a Roman politician and general. As a military commanÑder and administrator, he was an important supÑporter and loyal friend of his mother's cousin Julius Caesar.

S E COND T R IU M V IR A T ESee also the Second Triumvirate (Argentina) which held power between 1812 and 1814.

GA L L IC W A R SThe Gallic Wars were a series of military camÑpaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius CaeÑsar against several Gallic tribes. Rome's war against the Gallic tribes lasted from 58 BC to 50 BC and culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul (mainly present day France and Belgium).

M A R CU S L ICINIU S CR A S S U SMarcus Licinius Crassus (Latin: M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS) (ca. 115 BC – 53 BC) was a Roman general and politician who played a key role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

B A T T L E OF CA R R H A EThe Battle of Carrhae was an important battle between the Parthian Empire and the Roman Republic: it was fought near the town of Carrhae, in 53 BC. The Parthian Spahbod ("General") Surena decisively defeated a superior Roman invaÑsion force, led by Marcus Licinius Crassus.

CA E S A R 'S CIV IL W A RThe Great Roman Civil War (49–45 BC), also known as Caesar's Civil War, was one of the last politico-military conflicts in the Roman Republic before the establishment of the Roman Empire. It began as a series of political and military confrontaÑtions, between Julius Caesar (100–44 BC), his politiÑcal supporters (broadly known as Populares), and his legions, against the Optimates (or Boni), the politically conservative and socially traditionalist facÑtion of the Roman Senate, who were supported by Pompey (106–48 BC) and his legions.

F IR S T T R IU M V IR A T ESee also: First Triumvirate (Argentina) which came to power in 1811.

GA IU S CA S S IU S L ONGINU SGaius Cassius Longinus (October 3rd, before 85 BC – October 3rd, 42 BC) was a Roman senator, a leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar, and the brother in-law of Marcus Junius Brutus.

B A T T L E OF A L E S IAThe Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia took place in September, 52 BC around the Gallic oppidum of Alesia, a major town centre and hill fort of the ManÑdubii tribe. It was fought by an army of the Roman Republic commanded by Julius Caesar, aided by cavÑalry commanders Mark Antony, Titus Labienus and Gaius Trebonius, against a confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni.

COM M E NT A R I I DE B E L L O GA LÑL ICOCommentarii de Bello Gallico (English: CommenÑtaries on the Gallic War) is Julius Caesar's firstÑhand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative. In it Caesar describes the battles and intrigues that took place in the nine years he spent fighting local armies in Gaul that opposed Roman domination.

V E R CINGE T OR IXVercingetorix (/ v rs n d t r ks/ VUR-sin-JET- -riks or / v rs t r ks/ VUR-sing-GET- -riks; Latin pronunciation: [werki etori ks]; c. 82 BC – 46 BC) was a chieftain of the Arverni tribe; he united the Gauls in a revolt against Roman forces during the last phase of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars.

B A T T L E OF GE R GOV IAThe Battle of Gergovia took place in 52 BC in Gaul at Gergovia, the chief oppidum (fortified town) of the Arverni. The battle was fought between a Roman Republican army, led by proconÑsul Julius Caesar, and Gallic forces led by VercingeÑtorix.

M A R CU S J U NIU S B R U T U S T H E Y OU NGE RMarcus Junius Brutus (early June 85 BC – 23 OctoÑber 42 BC), often referred to as Brutus, was a politician of the late Roman Republic. After being adopted by his uncle he used the name Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, but eventually returned to using his original name.

B A T T L E OF P H IL IP P IThe Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (of the SecÑond Triumvirate) and the forces of Julius Caesar's assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia. The Second Triumvirate declared this civil war to avenge Julius Caesar's murder.

J U L IO- CL A U DIA N DY NA S T YThe Julio-Claudian dynasty normally refers to the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula (also known as Gaius), Claudius, and Nero, or the family to which they belonged; they ruled the Roman Empire from its formation, in the second half of the 1st century (44/31/27) BC, until AD 68, when the last of the line, Nero, committed suicide.

T IB E R IU STiberius (/ta b ri s/; Latin: Tiberius Caesar Divi Augusti filius Augustus; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD) was Roman Emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD. Born Tiberius Claudius Nero, a ClauÑdian, Tiberius was the son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla.

CA L IGU L ACaligula (Latin: Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus GerÑmanicus; 31 August 12 AD – 22 January 41 AD), also known as Gaius, was Roman Emperor from 37 AD to 41 AD. Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

CL A U DIU SClaudius (Classical Latin: [ klawd s], Latin: Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was Roman Emperor from 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, he was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul and was the first Roman Emperor to be born outÑside Italy.

NE R ONero (Latin: Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus GerÑmanicus; 15 December 37 – 9 June 68) was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68, and the last in the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius to become his heir and succesÑsor, and succeeded to the throne in 54 following Claudius' death.

B R IT A NNICU STiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus (12 February AD 41 — 11 February AD 55) was the son of the Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife ValeÑria Messalina. He became the heir-designate of the empire at his birth, less than a month into his father's reign.

GR E A T F IR E OF R OM EThe Great Fire of Rome was an urban fire that started on the night between 18 and 19 July in the year 64 AD.

GA L B AGalba (Latin: Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar AugusÑtus; 24 December 3 BC – 15 January 69), was Roman Emperor for seven months from 68 to 69. Galba was the governor of Hispania TarraconenÑsis, and made a bid for the throne during the rebelÑlion of Julius Vindex.

OT H OOtho (Latin: Marcus Salvius Otho Caesar AugusÑtus; 28 April 32 – 16 April 69), was Roman Emperor for three months, from 15 January to 16 April 69. He was the second emperor of the Year of the Four Emperors.

V IT E L L IU SVitellius (Latin: Aulus Vitellius Germanicus AugusÑtus; 24 September 15 – 22 December 69), was Roman Emperor for eight months, from 16 April to 22 December 69. Vitellius was proclaimed emperor following the quick succession of the preÑvious emperors Galba and Otho, in a year of civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors.

B A T T L E OF B E DR IA CU MThe Battle of Bedriacum refers to two battles fought during the Year of the Four Emperors (69) near the village of Bedriacum (now Calvatone), about 35 kilometers (22 mi) from the town of CreÑmona in northern Italy.

V E S P A S IA NVespasian (/v s pe i n/ or /v s pe zi n/ Latin: Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus; 17 November 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman Emperor from AD 69 to AD 79. Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for a quarter century. Vespasian was descended from a family of equestrians, who rose into the senatoÑrial rank under the Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

F L A V IA N DY NA S T YThe Flavian dynasty was a Roman Imperial Dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between AD 69 and AD 96, encompassing the reigns of VesÑpasian (69–79), and his two sons Titus (79–81) and Domitian (81–96). The Flavians rose to power durÑing the civil war of 69, known as the Year of the Four Emperors.

Y E A R OF T H E F OU R E M P E R OR SThe Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69, in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable succession. These four emperors were Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.

T H E T W E L V E CA E S A R SDe vita Caesarum (Latin, literal translation: About the Life of the Caesars) commonly known as The Twelve Caesars, is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus.

F INA L W A R OF T H E R OM A N R E P U B L ICThe final war of the Roman Republic, also known as Antony's civil war or the war between Antony and Octavian, was the last of the Roman civil wars of the republic, fought between Cleopatra (assisted by Mark Antony) and Octavian. After the Roman Senate declared war on the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, Antony, her lover and ally, betrayed the Roman government and joined the war on Cleopatra’s side.

B A T T L E OF A CT IU MThe Battle of Actium was the decisive confrontaÑtion of the Final War of the Roman Republic, a naval engagement between Octavian and the comÑbined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the city of Actium, in the Roman province of Epirus vetus in Greece. Octavian's fleet was commanded by MarÑcus Vipsanius Agrippa, while Antony's fleet was supÑported by the ships of Queen Cleopatra of PtoleÑmaic Egypt.

CL E OP A T R ACleopatra VII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Kl∂op tra Filop twr; Late 69 BC – August 12, 30 BC), known to history as Cleopatra, was the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. She was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a family of Greek origin that ruled Ptolemaic Egypt after Alexander the Great's death during the Hellenistic period.

OP T IM A T E SThe optimates ("Best Men," singular optimas; also known as boni, "Good Men") were the traditionalÑist majority of the late Roman Republic. They wished to limit the power of the popular assemÑblies and the Tribunes of the Plebs, and to extend the power of the Senate, which was viewed as more dedicated to the interests of the aristocrats who held the reins of power.

P OP U L A R E SPopulares ("favoring the people", singular popuÑlaris) were aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who relied on the people's assemblies and tribunate to acquire political power. They are regarded in modern scholarship as in opposition to the optimates, who are identified with the conÑservative interests of a senatorial elite.

A GR IP P INA T H E E L DE RVipsania Agrippina or most commonly known as Agrippina Major or Agrippina the Elder (Major Latin for the elder, Classical Latin: AGRIPÑPINA•GERMANICI, 14 BC – 17 October 33) was a distinguished and prominent Roman woman of the first century AD. Agrippina was the wife of the general and statesman Germanicus and a relative to the first Roman Emperors.

A GR IP P INA T H E Y OU NGE RJulia Agrippina, most commonly referred to as Agrippina Minor or Agrippina the Younger, and after 50 known as Julia Augusta Agrippina (Minor Latin for the ‘younger’, 7 November 15 or 6 November 16 – 19/23 March 59) was a Roman Empress and one of the more prominent women in the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She was a great-grandÑdaughter of the Emperor Augustus, great-niece and adoptive granddaughter of the Emperor Tiberius, sister of the Emperor Caligula, niece and fourth wife of the Emperor Claudius, and mother of the Emperor Nero.

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(4) GA L IL E O GA L IL E IGalileo Galilei (Italian pronunciation: [ ali l o

ali l i]; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), often known mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosoÑpher who played a major role in the Scientific RevoÑlution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical obserÑvations and support for Copernicanism.

(10) GA L IL E O A F F A IRThe Galileo affair was a sequence of events, beginÑning around 1610, during which Galileo Galilei came into conflict with the Catholic Church over his support of Copernican astronomy.

(11) DIA L OGU E CONCE R NING T H E T W O CH IE F W OR L D S Y SÑT E M SThe Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo) was a 1632 Italian language book by Galileo Galilei comparing the Copernican system with the traditional Ptolemaic system. It was transÑlated into Latin as Systema cosmicum (English: CosÑmic System) in 1635 by Matthias Bernegger.

(12) H E L IOCE NT R IS MHeliocentrism, or heliocentricism, is the astronomiÑcal model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationary Sun at the center of the Solar System. The word comes from the Greek ( lioV helios "sun" and k ntron kentron "center").

(6) J OH A NNE S K E P L E RJohannes Kepler (German: [ k pl ]; December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy.

(8) S IDE R E U S NU NCIU SSidereus Nuncius (usually Sidereal Messenger, also Starry Messenger or Sidereal Message) is a short astronomical treatise (or pamphlet) published in New Latin by Galileo Galilei in March 1610. It was the first published scientific work based on observaÑtions made through a telescope, and it contains the results of Galileo's early observations of the imperfect and mountainous Moon, the hundreds of stars that were unable to be seen in either the Milky Way or certain constellations with the naked eye, and the Medicean Stars that appeared to be circling Jupiter.

(14) A S T R ONOM IA NOV AThe Astronomia nova (full title in original Latin:AsÑtronomia Nova AITIOLOGHTOS seu physica coelestis, tradita commentariis de motibus stellae Martis ex observationibus G.V. Tychonis Brahe) is a book, published in 1609, that contains the results of the astronomer Johannes Kepler's ten-year long investigation of the motion of Mars.

(3) T Y CH O B R A H ETycho Brahe listen (14 December 1546 – 24 October 1601), born Tyge Ottesen Brahe, was a Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comÑprehensive astronomical and planetary observaÑtions. He was born in Scania, then part of DenÑmark, now part of modern-day Sweden.

(5) S CIE NT IF IC R E V OL U T IONThe scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronÑomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transÑformed views of society and nature. According to traditional accounts, the scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance era and continued through the late 18th century, influÑencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment.

(15) T Y CH ONIC S Y S T E MThe Tychonic system (or Tychonian system) was a model of the solar system published by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century which combined what he saw as the mathematical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical and "physical" benefits of the Ptolemaic system. The model may have been inspired by Valentin Naboth and Paul Wittich, a Silesian mathematician and astronomer.

(16) U R A NIB OR GUranienborg (Swedish: Uraniborg) was a Danish astronomical observatory operated by Tycho Brahe; built circa 1576-1580 on Hven, an island in the Øresund between Zealand and Scania, which at that time was part of Denmark. Shortly after its construction the observatory was expanded with an underground facility, Stjerneborg, on an adjaÑcent site.

(17) K NU T S T OR P CA S T L EKnutstorp Castle (Swedish: Knutstorps slott) is a castle in Svalöv Municipality, Scania, in southern Sweden. It was built in the 16th century by Otte Brahe.

(18) R U DOL P H INE T A B L E SThe Rudolphine Tables (Latin: Tabulae RudolphiÑnae) consist of a star catalogue and planetary tables published by Johannes Kepler in 1627, using some observational data collected by Tycho Brahe (1546-1601).

(19) CONT INU IT Y T H E S I SIn the history of ideas, the continuity thesis is the hypothesis that there was no radical discontinuity between the intellectual development of the MidÑdle Ages and the developments in the Renaissance and early modern period. Thus the idea of an intelÑlectual or scientific revolution following the RenaisÑsance is, according to the continuity thesis, a myth.

(20) H IS T OR Y OF S CIE NCEThe history of science is the study of the historical development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciÑences. (The history of the arts and humanities are termed as the history of scholarship.) From the 18th century through late 20th century, the hisÑtory of science, especially of the physical and biologÑical sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs.

(1) GE OCE NT R IC M ODE LIn astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system), is a description of the cosmos where Earth is at the orbital center of all celestial bodies. This model served as the predominant cosmological system in many ancient civilizations such as ancient Greece.

(21) A R IS T OT E L IA N P H Y S ICSAristotelian Physics, the natural sciences, are described in the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC). In the Physics, AristoÑtle established general principles of change that govÑern all natural bodies; both living and inanimate, celestial and terrestrial—including all motion, change in respect to place, change in respect to size or number, qualitative change of any kind, and coming to be and passing away.

(2) COP E R NICA N H E L IOCE NÑT R IS MCopernican heliocentrism is the name given to the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus CoperÑnicus and published in 1543. It positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. The Copernican model departed from the Ptolemaic system that prevailed in Western culÑture for centuries, placing Earth at the center of the Universe, and is often regarded as the launchÑing point to modern astronomy and the Scientific Revolution.

(22) GR E E K A S T R ONOM YGreek astronomy is astronomy written in the Greek language in classical antiquity. Greek astronÑomy is understood to include the ancient Greek, Hellenistic, Greco-Roman, and Late Antiquity eras.

(23) CE L E S T IA L S P H E R E SThe celestial spheres, or celestial orbs, were the fundamental entities of the cosmological models developed by Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus and others. In these celestial models the apparent motions of the fixed stars and the planets are accounted for by treating them as embedded in rotating spheres made of an aetheÑrial, transparent fifth element (quintessence), like jewels set in orbs.

(24) M A R A GH E H OB S E R V A T OR YMaragheh observatory (Azerbaijani:

R s dxana), (Persian: ), was an institutionalized astronomical obserÑ

vatory which was established in 1259 CE under the patronage of the Ilkhanid Hulagu and the direcÑtorship of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, an Iranian scientist and astronomer.

(25) A L M A GE S TThe Almagest is a 2nd-century mathematical and astronomical treatise on the apparent motions of the stars and planetary paths. Written in Greek by Claudius Ptolemy, a Roman era scholar of Egypt, it is one of the most influential scientific texts of all time, with its geocentric model accepted for more than twelve hundred years from its origin in HelÑlenistic Alexandria, in the medieval Byzantine and Islamic worlds, and in Western Europe through the Middle Ages and early Renaissance until Copernicus.(26) N ICOL A U S COP E R NICU S

Nicolaus Copernicus (German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; Polish: Miko aj Kopernik ; 19 FebruÑary 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance matheÑmatician and astronomer who formulated a helioÑcentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center.

(27) DE R E V OL U T IONIB U S OR B IU M COE L E S T IU MDe revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the RevÑolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the RenaisÑsance astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543). The book, first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, offered an alternative model of the uniÑverse to Ptolemy's geocentric system, which had been widely accepted since ancient times.

(28) H A NS U L R ICH V ON E GGE NÑB E R GHans Ulrich von Eggenberg (1568 – 18 October 1634) was an Austrian statesman, a son of Seyfried von Eggenberg (died 1594) and great-grandson of Balthasar Eggenberger (died 1493) of the House of Eggenberg.

(29) E GGE NB E R G CA S T L E , GR A ZEggenberg Palace (German: Schloss Eggenberg) in Graz is the most significant Baroque palace comÑplex in Styria. With its preserved accouterments, the extensive scenic gardens as well as some addiÑtional collections from the Universalmuseum JoanÑneum housed in the palace and park, Schloss EggenÑberg counts among the most valuable cultural assets of Austria.

(30) P L A T ONIC S OL IDIn Euclidean geometry, a Platonic solid is a regular, convex polyhedron with congruent faces of reguÑlar polygons and the same number of faces meetÑing at each vertex. Five solids meet those criteria, and each is named after its number of faces.

(31) P OL Y H E DR ONIn geometry, a polyhedron (plural polyhedra or polyhedrons) is a solid in three dimensions with flat faces and straight edges. The word polyhedron comes from the Classical Greek pol ∂dron, as poly- (stem of pol V, "many") + -hedron (form of dra, "base", "seat", or "face").

(7) GA L IL E A N M OONSThe Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei in January 1610. They are the largest of the 67 moons of Jupiter and derive their names from the lovers of Zeus: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. They are among the most massive objects in the Solar System outÑside the Sun and the eight planets, with radii larger than any of the dwarf planets.

(32) COS IM O I I DE ' M E DICI , GR A ND DU K E OF T U S CA NYCosimo II de' Medici (12 May 1590 – 28 February 1621) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1609 until 1621. He was the elder son of the then incumbent Grand Duke and Christina of Lorraine. He marÑried Maria Magdalena of Austria, and had eight children.

(33) R A R E B OOK R OOMRare Book Room is an educational website for the repository of digitally scanned rare books made freely available to the public.

(34) J U P IT E RJupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with mass one-thousandth of that of the Sun but is two and a half times the mass of all the other planÑets in the Solar System combined.

(35) E U R OP A (M OON)Europa /j ro p / (Jupiter II), is the sixth-closest moon of the planet Jupiter, and the smallest of its four Galilean satellites, but still the sixth-largest moon in the Solar System. Europa was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and possibly indepenÑdently by Simon Marius around the same time.

(36) CA L L IS T O (M OON)Callisto /k l sto / (Jupiter IV) is a moon of the planet Jupiter. It was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei.

(37) GA NY M E DE (M OON)Ganymede / æn mi d/ (Jupiter III) is a satellite of Jupiter and the largest moon in the Solar System. It is the seventh moon and third Galilean satellite outward from Jupiter.

(38) IO (M OON)Io (/ a .o /) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter and, with a diameter of 3,642 kilometres (2,263 mi), the fourth-largest moon in the Solar System. It was named after the mythological character Io, a priestess of Hera who became one of the lovers of Zeus.

(39) S IM ON M A R IU SSimon Marius (Latinized from German Simon Mayr; January 20, 1573 – December 26, 1624) was a German astronomer. He was born in GunzenÑhausen, near Nuremberg, but he spent most of his life in the city of Ansbach.

S CIE NT IF IC R E V OL U T IONThe scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. According to traditional accounts, the scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance era and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. While its dates are disÑputed, the publication in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) and Andreas Vesalius's De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human body) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution. By the end of the 18th century, the scientific revolution had given way to the "Age of ReflecÑtion".Philosopher and historian Alexandre Koyré coined the term scientific revolution in 1939 to describe this epoch.

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EXPERIMENTAL BONUS TRACKquerying for paths against sets of entities

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Lipid bilayer Cholesterol Atherosclerosis

Lipid

Homogenized milk and atherosclerosis

Vesicle (biology and chemistry)

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Red blood cell

Antioxidant

White blood cell

Macrophage

Phospholipase A2

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Karl Marx Dictatorship of the proletariat Russia

Marxism-Leninism

History of Communism

Vladimir Lenin

Alexander Herzen

Stalinism

Alex Battler

Robert C.Tucker

Russian Revolution

Mikhail Bakunin

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DNA Bioinformatics Artificial Intelligence

Joshua Lederberge

Generative Science

Variable-order Markov Model

Data Mining

Rosalind Picard

List of Distributed Computing Projects

Creatures (artificial life series)

1953 in Sciences

Occam’s razoer

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Concept map Artificial Intuition Artificial intelligence

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Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition

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Metacognition

Creativity

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