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Overheating & Ventilation Analysis
The Wherry School
April 2016
367414 BSE EAD 04 P1
P:\Cambridge\Murdoch\EST\PROJECTS\367414 The Wherry School, Norfolk\12.0 Documents\Outgoing\IES Reports\The Wherry Overheating
Report P1.docx 29 April 2016
Overheating & Ventilation Analysis
The Wherry School
Overheating & Ventilation Analysis
The Wherry School
April 2016
Mott MacDonald, Demeter House, Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2RS, United Kingdom
T +44 (0)1223 463500 F +44 (0)1223 461007 W www.mottmac.com
Overheating & Ventilation Analysis The Wherry School
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Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description Standard
P1 29 April 2016 R Fletton A Long T R Bradford For information
Issue and revision record
This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose.
We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties.
This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it.
Overheating & Ventilation Analysis The Wherry School
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Chapter Title Page
Executive Summary i
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Facilities Output Specification _________________________________________________________ 1
2 Methodology – Base Case 2
2.1 Geometry _________________________________________________________________________ 2 2.2 Environmental Conditions and Weather Data ______________________________________________ 2 2.3 Activity Profiles _____________________________________________________________________ 2 2.4 Building Fabric _____________________________________________________________________ 6 2.5 Internal Gains ______________________________________________________________________ 6 2.5.1 Occupancy ________________________________________________________________________ 6 2.5.2 Equipment ________________________________________________________________________ 7 2.6 Systems __________________________________________________________________________ 7 2.6.1 Ventilation _________________________________________________________________________ 7 2.6.2 Blinds ___________________________________________________________________________ 10 2.7 Calculation Methods ________________________________________________________________ 10
3 Results 11
Appendices 15
Appendix A. Drawings ________________________________________________________________________ 16 Appendix B. Peak Internal Temperatures __________________________________________________________ 17 Appendix C. Thermal Response _________________________________________________________________ 19
Contents
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A dynamic thermal model was developed to determine whether the Wherry School
development is predicted to be adequately ventilated in order to avoid overheating
(as defined in Facilities output specification (FOS)).
Information on building fabric, usage requirements, environmental conditions,
planned systems, and other data were applied to a model built in IES’ Virtual
Environment software, based on the following assumptions:
Night-time cooling: Mechanical ventilation units will have the ability to
operate 24 hours a day to purge warm air if needed.
Louvre blinds (or similar) assumed present on all windows, with shading
coefficient of 0.5.
The layout and ventilation strategy were based on the latest drawings and
information from the architect.
It was concluded based on the results of the model that all regularly occupied
rooms can comply with the Facilities output specification (FOS) criteria
under current design assumptions therefore it is unlikely the building will
overheat.
Executive Summary
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This report has been prepared to analyse the feasibility of the
ventilation strategy proposed for the Wherry School development for
the purpose of maintaining acceptable internal air temperatures.
A thermal model of the building was developed, and a dynamic
simulation was run. The results of the simulation were compared
against the following criteria for internal conditions:
1.1 Facilities Output Specification
The facilities output specification states that all overheating procedures
for naturally ventilated buildings should follow the procedure set out in
CIBSE Technical Memorandum 52 which compares the internal
temperature against the three criteria shown below:
Criteria 1 - Hours of Exceedance
For schools, the number of hours that the internal-external temperature
difference (∆T) is greater than or equal to one degree (K) during the
period May to September inclusive shall not be more than 40 hours.
Criteria 2 – Daily Weighted Exceedance
To allow for the severity of overheating the weighted exceedance shall
be less than or equal to 6 in any one day.
Criteria 3 - Upper Limit Temperature
To set an absolute maximum value for the indoor operative
temperature the value of ∆T shall not exceed 4K.
The building will be deemed to fail the overheating design criteria if
any two of the three criteria are exceeded.
1 Introduction
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2.1 Geometry
The building layout, including room locations, window and door
locations and sizes and other geometry, including shading, was based
on drawings provided by LSI Architects. The building as modelled is
shown in Figure 2.1:
Figure 2.1: 3D Render showing model geometry.
Source: Modelled by Mott MacDonald
Further details of the drawings can be found in Appendix A
2.2 Environmental Conditions and Weather Data
The CIBSE Design Summer Year (DSY) weather data set for Norwich
was applied to the model to simulate weather conditions.
2.3 Activity Profiles
Classrooms, Staff Area’s and Teaching spaces
The profile for modulating occupancy, equipment, and other internal
heat gains were based on the NCM classroom occupancy profile for a
school day. This is shown in Fig. 2.2:
2 Methodology – Base Case
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Figure 2.2: Profile modulating gains for classrooms, staff area’s and teaching
spaces
Source: Assumed by Mott MacDonald
The classroom operating profile also assumes that the building will
operate with a regular teaching week on the following NCM yearly
profile:
Table 2.1: Yearly NCM profile of the teaching spaces
No: Weekly Profile: End month: End day:
1 Off Jan 9
2 NCM Teaching Week Feb 13
3 Off Feb 20
4 NCM Teaching Week Mar 20
5 Off Apr 3
6 NCM Teaching Week May 29
7 Off Jun 5
8 NCM Teaching Week Jul 24
9 Off Sep 4
10 NCM Teaching Week Oct 23
11 Off Oct 30
12 NCM Teaching Week Dec 22
13 Off Dec 31
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The Hall
To ensure that the Hall would be suitable during the peak of summer it
was assumed that this space would be occupied every day during the
week for 4 hours during the hottest part of the day as shown in figure
2.3 below:
Figure 2.3: Hall assembly occupancy profile
Source: Assumed by Mott MacDonald
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The Dining Area
The dining area was assumed to be occupied every day during the
week for 2 hours from 12:00-14:00 as shown in figure 2.4 below:
Figure 2.4: Dining area occupancy profile
Source: Assumed by Mott MacDonald
The windows in areas that are reliant on natural ventilation (see Section
2.6) are assumed to be openable between the hours of 06:45 and
18:00, and are assumed to open if a room becomes too hot (Ti > 24ºC
and Ti > To)1.
1 Ti = room internal temperature, To = outside temperature.
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2.4 Building Fabric
Thermal properties of constructions were based on information
provided by the architect, and were modelled as shown in Table 2.1:
Table 2.2: Thermal properties of constructions.
Element U-value (W/m²K) G-value
Wall 0.20 -
Roof 0.15 -
Floor 0.15 -
Window 1.30 0.30
Source: Assumed by Mott MacDonald
2.5 Internal Gains
2.5.1 Occupancy
Occupancy data for rooms were based on information provided by the
architect, and were modelled as shown in Table 2.2. A sensible / latent
gain of 70 / 55 W/person was assumed.
Table 2.3: Occupancy Data
Room Type Occupancy Unit
Classroom 9 people
6th Form Classroom 8 people
Calming Room 3 people
Individual Room 1 people
MI 3 people
IT Store 1 people
SEN Base 4 people
Pysch Therapy 4 people
Sensory Room 3 people
Soft Play 3 people
Staff Work Room 3 people
Staff Office (HoP,HoS etc)
3 people
Music & Drama 9 people
Hall 60 people
Dining 50 people
Source: Assumed by Mott MacDonald
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2.5.2 Equipment
Equipment gains in all classroom spaces were assumed to be 500W to
account for a modern energy efficient projector system.
Equipment gains in Staff areas and offices were assumed to be 300W
to account for personal computers as well as other equipment.
2.6 Systems
2.6.1 Ventilation
The majority of the teaching spaces within the Wherry school will be
mechanically ventilated via dedicated supply & extract fans with heat
recovery. The mechanical ventilation system is controlled using a
system that modulates the speed of the fan if the internal room
temperature exceeds 23°C at any point in time. This system also
benefits from the use of night time cooling to passively cool the space
during the evenings when the temperature is typically lower.
A full breakdown of the ventilation system strategy is shown if figure
2.4 below:
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Figure 2.4: Ventilation System Strategy
Source: Derived by Mott MacDonald
Some classrooms and staff offices without mechanical ventilation
systems will be naturally ventilated by openable windows. These
windows will operate to a minimum of 10° clear of any reveals and
obstructions as shown in figure 2.5 below:
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Figure 2.5: Minimum Opening Angle of Window
Source: Modelled by Mott MacDonald
All opening windows required for natural ventilation are assumed to be
1.9m high with a cill height of 800mm from the ground and positioned in
accordance with the elevations and schedule provided by the architect.
A sample window unit is shown in Figure 2.6:
Figure 2.6: Sample window unit.
Source: LSI Architects
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The Hall will be naturally ventilated via a combination of opening
windows described above and roof turrets to provide sufficient cross
flow ventilation during periods of high occupancy.
2.6.2 Blinds
All windows within the school were assumed to include light coloured
blinds with a shading factor of 0.5 that operate during occupied the
hours stated in section 2.3 to limit the effects of solar gain and glare.
2.7 Calculation Methods
All modelling and simulation was carried out in the IES Virtual
Environment software suite2. The dynamic simulation was run in
Apache, with solar shading calculations carried out in SunCast, and air
exchange data from MacroFlo.
2 VE Pro, Version 2015.2.2.0
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The simulation was carried out as described in Section 2, and it was
found that all regularly occupied rooms comply with the criteria set
out in the Facilities output specification (FOS) and therefore it is
unlikely the building will overheat. Full results are shown in Table 3.1
below:
Table 3.1: Insert Table Title here
Passed: 68
rooms:
Room Name IES Room
ID
Occupied days (%)
Criteria 1 (%Hrs Top-Tmax>=1K)
Criteria 2 (Max. Daily Deg.Hrs)
Criteria 3 (Max. DeltaT)
Criteria failing
Art / Design / Tech RM00003C
48.4 0 0 0 -
General Office RM000063
48.4 0 0 0 -
Life Skills 01 RM000015
48.4 1 5.7 2 -
LRC RM000033
48.4 0.2 2 1 -
Parents Room RM00005E
48.4 0.7 3 1 -
Psych Therapy 01 RM000014
48.4 0 0 0 -
Science RM00003B
48.4 0 0 0 -
SEN Base 01 RM000016
48.4 0 0 0 -
Standard Classroom (EYKS1 & KS2) 01
RM00000D
48.4 0.8 1.5 1
Standard Classroom (EYKS1 & KS2) 02
RM000021
48.4 0 0 0
Standard Classroom (EYKS1 & KS2) 03
RM000011
48.4 0.1 1.2 1
Standard Classroom (EYKS1 & KS2) 04
RM000013
48.4 0 0.2 1
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 01
RM000037
48.4 0 0 0 -
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 02
RM00004F
48.4 0.2 2 1 -
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 03
RM000000
48.4 0.3 2.2 1 -
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 04
RM00003F
48.4 0.3 2.2 1 -
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 05
RM000001
48.4 0 0 0 -
3 Results
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Passed: 68
rooms:
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 06
RM000004
48.4 0.1 0.5 1 -
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 07
RM000005
48.4 0 0.2 1 -
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 08
RM000007
48.4 0 0 0 -
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 09
RM000002
48.4 0.9 5.3 2 -
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 10
RM000009
48.4 0 0 0 -
Standard Classroom (Post 16) 01
RM00001C
48.4 0.7 5.5 2 -
Standard Classroom (Post 16) 02
RM00000F
48.4 0 0 0 -
6th Form Study 6T000002
48.4 0.2 1.7 1 -
Calming Room (EYKS1&2)
RM000075
48.4 0 0 0
Calming Room (KS3&4)
RM000056
48.4 0 0 0 -
Calming Room 01 RM000024
48.4 0 0 0 -
Deputy Head RM000035
48.4 0 0 0 -
HoP RM000071
48.4 0 0 0 -
HoS RM00004A
48.4 0 0 0 -
Meeting Room (KS3&4) RM00005A
48.4 0 0 0 -
MI Room 01 RM000025
48.4 0 0 0 -
Sensory Room (EYKS1&2)
RM00001F
48.4 0 0 0
Sensory Room (KS3&4)
RM000048
48.4 0 0 0 -
Soft Therapy 01 RM000017
48.4 0 0 0 -
Student Councelling 01 RM00003E
48.4 0 0 0 -
Visiting Prof RM000032
48.4 0 0 0 -
Waiting RM00005F
48.4 0 0 0 -
Individual (EYKS1&2) RM000077
48.4 0 0 0
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Passed: 68
rooms:
Individual (EYKS1&2) RM000073
48.4 0 0 0
Individual (EYKS1&2) RM000070
48.4 0 0 0
Individual (EYKS1&KS12)
RM000022
48.4 0 0 0
Individual (K3&4) RM000053
48.4 0 0 0 -
Individual (K3&4) RM000052
48.4 0 0 0 -
Individual (K3&4) RM000045
48.4 0 0 0 -
Individual (K3&4) RM000051
48.4 0 0 0 -
Individual (K3&4) RM000043
48.4 0 0 0 -
Individual (KS3&4) RM000003
48.4 0 0 0 -
Individual (Post 16) RM000041
48.4 0 0 0 -
Individual (KS3&4) RM000058
48.4 0 0 0 -
Individual (K3&4) RM000059
48.4 0 0 0 -
Individual (K3&4) RM00005B
48.4 0 0 0 -
6th Form Social 01 6T000001
48.4 0 0 0 -
Head of Sixth RM00000A
48.4 0 0 0 -
Staff Room CR000000
48.4 0 0 0 -
Premises WC000002
48.4 0 0 0 -
Staff Work Room WC000004
48.4 0 0 0 -
Business Manage WC000003
48.4 0 0 0 -
Exec Head Office CM000001
48.4 0 0 0 -
Visiting Prof CR000001
48.4 0 0 0 -
IT Store RM00004B
48.4 0 0 0 -
IT Store TS000000
48.4 0 0 0 -
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Passed: 68
rooms:
Kitchen KT000001
48.4 0 0 0 -
Dining DN000000
48.4 1 1.7 2 -
Music / Drama 01 MS000001
48.4 0 0 0 -
Food Tech FD000002
48.4 0 0 0 -
Hall HL000001
48.4 2.3 5.7 3 -
Further details of the peak temperatures of each room and the thermal
response for the year can be found in Appendix B and C.
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Appendices
Appendix A. Drawings _________________________________________________________________________ 16 Appendix B. Peak Internal Temperatures __________________________________________________________ 17 Appendix C. Thermal Response _________________________________________________________________ 19
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The layout and elevation drawings used to build the model were
produced by LSI Architects. Drawings and revisions are detailed in
Table A.1:
Table A.1: Drawings used to develop model.
Drawing Description Revision
16011-1730 Site Plan P2
16011-2000 Ground Floor Plan P7
16011-2050 Site Elevation P8
16011-2070 Section P4
Source: LSI Architects
Appendix A. Drawings
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The peak internal temperatures for each occupied space are detailed in
Table B.1 below:
Table B.1: Peak Internal Temperatures
Location Type Max. Val. Max. Time Mean
Art / Design / Tech Temperature (°C) 27.64 15:35,08/Jun 17.76
General Office Temperature (°C) 26.75 15:55,08/Jun 18.37
Life Skills 01 Temperature (°C) 29.43 15:55,08/Jun 18.63
LRC Temperature (°C) 28.55 15:05,08/Jun 17.84
Parents Room Temperature (°C) 28.49 15:55,08/Jun 18.35
Psych Therapy 01 Temperature (°C) 27.1 15:55,08/Jun 17.95
Science Temperature (°C) 27.34 15:55,08/Jun 17.73
SEN Base 01 Temperature (°C) 26.89 15:55,08/Jun 17.89
Standard Classroom (EY,KS1 & KS2) 01 Temperature (°C) 28.66 11:55,14/Jun 18.62
Standard Classroom (EY,KS1 & KS2) 02 Temperature (°C) 28.02 11:55,14/Jun 18.55
Standard Classroom (EY,KS1 & KS2) 03 Temperature (°C) 28.18 15:55,08/Jun 17.82
Standard Classroom (EY,KS1 & KS2) 04 Temperature (°C) 27.77 15:55,08/Jun 17.88
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 01 Temperature (°C) 27.77 15:25,08/Jun 17.78
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 02 Temperature (°C) 28.55 15:05,08/Jun 17.78
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 03 Temperature (°C) 28.64 15:15,08/Jun 17.79
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 04 Temperature (°C) 28.63 15:05,08/Jun 17.76
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 05 Temperature (°C) 27.76 15:35,08/Jun 17.76
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 06 Temperature (°C) 27.78 15:45,08/Jun 17.81
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 07 Temperature (°C) 27.77 15:45,08/Jun 17.81
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 08 Temperature (°C) 27.76 15:45,08/Jun 17.86
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 09 Temperature (°C) 29.23 15:55,08/Jun 18.46
Standard Classroom (KS3 & KS4) 10 Temperature (°C) 27.55 15:55,08/Jun 18.45
Standard Classroom (Post 16) 01 Temperature (°C) 29 15:25,08/Jun 17.8
Standard Classroom (Post 16) 02 Temperature (°C) 27.63 15:55,08/Jun 17.86
6th Form Study Temperature (°C) 28.37 15:15,08/Jun 17.86
Calming Room (EY,KS1&2) Temperature (°C) 26.15 15:55,08/Jun 18.02
Calming Room (KS3&4) Temperature (°C) 25.94 15:55,08/Jun 17.88
Calming Room 01 Temperature (°C) 25.17 15:55,08/Jun 17.92
Deputy Head Temperature (°C) 26.14 15:55,08/Jun 17.99
HoP Temperature (°C) 26.28 15:55,08/Jun 17.98
HoS Temperature (°C) 25.78 15:55,08/Jun 17.97
Meeting Room (KS3&4) Temperature (°C) 26.38 15:55,08/Jun 17.91
MI Room 01 Temperature (°C) 25.38 15:55,08/Jun 17.93
Sensory Room (EY,KS1&2) Temperature (°C) 25.29 15:55,08/Jun 18.01
Sensory Room (KS3&4) Temperature (°C) 24.3 15:55,08/Jun 17.98
Appendix B. Peak Internal Temperatures
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Location Type Max. Val. Max. Time Mean
Soft Therapy 01 Temperature (°C) 24.49 15:55,08/Jun 17.9
Student Councelling 01 Temperature (°C) 25.75 15:55,08/Jun 17.91
Visiting Prof Temperature (°C) 25.42 15:55,08/Jun 17.96
Waiting Temperature (°C) 26.51 15:55,08/Jun 18.08
Individual (EY,KS1&2) Temperature (°C) 25.17 15:55,08/Jun 18.08
Individual (EY,KS1&2) Temperature (°C) 24.77 15:55,08/Jun 17.93
Individual (EY,KS1&2) Temperature (°C) 24.91 15:55,08/Jun 17.83
Individual (EY,KS1&KS12) Temperature (°C) 25.23 15:55,08/Jun 18.01
Individual (K3&4) Temperature (°C) 25.37 17:55,08/Jun 18.09
Individual (K3&4) Temperature (°C) 25.81 15:55,08/Jun 18
Individual (K3&4) Temperature (°C) 25.53 15:55,08/Jun 17.84
Individual (K3&4) Temperature (°C) 25.03 15:55,08/Jun 17.91
Individual (K3&4) Temperature (°C) 25.34 15:55,08/Jun 17.91
Individual (KS3&4) Temperature (°C) 25.13 15:55,08/Jun 17.8
Individual (Post 16) Temperature (°C) 26.42 15:55,08/Jun 17.88
Individual (KS3&4) Temperature (°C) 24.96 15:55,08/Jun 17.9
Individual (K3&4) Temperature (°C) 24.91 15:55,08/Jun 17.81
Individual (K3&4) Temperature (°C) 25.21 15:55,08/Jun 17.9
6th Form Social 01 Temperature (°C) 27.28 15:55,08/Jun 17.82
Head of Sixth Temperature (°C) 25.03 15:55,08/Jun 18.04
Staff Room Temperature (°C) 23.76 16:55,14/Jun 17.96
Staff Work Room Temperature (°C) 26.67 15:55,08/Jun 18.26
Business Manage Temperature (°C) 26.04 15:55,08/Jun 18.08
Exec Head Office Temperature (°C) 27.55 15:55,08/Jun 18.42
Visiting Prof Temperature (°C) 26.12 15:55,08/Jun 18.07
IT Store Temperature (°C) 22.46 17:55,08/Jun 17.98
IT Store Temperature (°C) 23.26 17:05,08/Jun 17.96
Kitchen Temperature (°C) 26.78 15:45,08/Jun 17.75
Dining Temperature (°C) 29.34 13:55,08/Jun 17.79
Music / Drama 01 Temperature (°C) 24.94 15:55,08/Jun 17.76
Food Tech Temperature (°C) 27.19 15:25,08/Jun 18.2
Hall Temperature (°C) 30.14 14:55,08/Jun 17.42
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The following graph in Figure C.1 below demonstrates the predicted
thermal response of the building when compared to the external dry
bulb temperature:
Figure C.1: Thermal Response Graphic
Appendix C. Thermal Response
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