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![Page 1: Overcoming Barriers to Enteral Feeding in the ICU Beth Taylor, DCN, RDN, CNSC, FCCM Nutrition Support Specialist Surgical ICU Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649dd05503460f94ac6497/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Overcoming Barriers to Enteral Feeding in the ICU
Beth Taylor, DCN, RDN, CNSC, FCCM
Nutrition Support Specialist
Surgical ICU
Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO
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Initiate Enteral Feeding• EN should be initiated in ICU pt unable to maintain
PO
• EN preferred over PN for nutrition support therapy
• Initiate EN within 24-48 hrs of onset of illness
Overt signs of contractility not required to start
Absent BS predict intolerance, dz severity,
need for vigilence
• Initiate EN in the stomach2
Divert lower if intolerant, high aspiration risk
• Withhold EN with hemodynamic instability
Restart with caution if requiring low dose vasopressor support3
1Nguyen (J Crit Care 2013;28:537) 2 Deane (Crit Care 2013:17:R125)3 Khalid (Amer J Crit Care 2010;19:261)
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Early EN (24 – 48 hrs) is recommended!
Taylor, B; McClave S, Martindale RSCCM/ASPEN 2015 in prep
Study or Subgroup
Sagar 1979Moore 1986Schroeder 1991Carr 1996Beier-Holgersen 1996Singh 1998Minard 2000Malhotra 2004Kompan 2004Peck 2004Nguyen 2008Moses 2009Chourdakis 2012
Total (95% CI)
Total eventsHeterogeneity: Tau² = 0.05; Chi² = 19.58, df = 12 (P = 0.08); I² = 39%Test for overall effect: Z = 2.54 (P = 0.01)
Events
3310276
549
123
1713
130
Total
15321614302112
1002714142934
358
Events
5903
14127
6716116
1912
181
Total
15311614302215
1002513143025
350
Weight
3.1%3.3%0.5%0.6%2.5%7.6%6.6%
20.9%9.4%
17.7%3.5%
14.5%9.8%
100.0%
M-H, Random, 95% CI
0.60 [0.17, 2.07]0.32 [0.10, 1.08]
3.00 [0.13, 68.57]0.14 [0.01, 2.53]0.14 [0.04, 0.57]0.61 [0.30, 1.25]1.07 [0.49, 2.34]0.81 [0.64, 1.01]0.52 [0.28, 0.96]1.01 [0.74, 1.39]0.50 [0.15, 1.61]0.93 [0.61, 1.39]0.80 [0.44, 1.44]
0.74 [0.58, 0.93]
Year
1979198619911996199619982000200420042004200820092012
Early EN Delayed/None Risk Ratio Risk RatioM-H, Random, 95% CI
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10Favors Early EN Favors Delayed/None
Infectious Complications
Mortality
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The Gut as Regulator of Inflammatory Response
Feed the Gut: inflammation
Gut disuse:
inflammation
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THE COMMON VICIOUS CYCLE - GI ISSUES
Unnecessary NPONone or little enteral
feedings
No Luminal Nutrient GI intolerance
Multiple causes
• Right time• Best route• Determine Deficits• Protocols• Team approach
GI Dysfunction and
its consequences
Nutrition therapy – Not ‘If” But ‘When’
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RD
Meet the Fab RDs
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Hemodynamic Instability
Low Flow state: requires pharmacologic or mechanical support
Clinical Signs: hypotension, abnormal heart rate, cold extremities, peripheral cyanosis, mottling, decreased UOP
Fluid Resuscitation Ischemic Reperfusion Injury (IRI)
McAllister et al. Ann of Pharm 2005;39:383.
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Consequences of IRI
Weisner et al. Radiology 2003;226:635
Microvilli height shortened, integrity compromised = bacterial translocation and malabsorption Esposto et al. J Leukocyte Bio 2007;81:1032
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Feeding on Pressors
Vasopressin (alone): Increased splanchnic vasoconstriction and
decreased blood flow Increased lactate release/acidosis
Norepinephrine (Levophed) – 1st line therapy for septic shock: Increases pH Increases microcirculation if fluid resuscitated Decreases microcirculation if volume depleted
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Feeding the Critically Ill Patient
Study conclusions:• Defined “high-dose”
catecholamine 12.5 mcg/min ≅of
norepinephrine
• Patients receiving higher doses of IV vasopressors and
dopamine or vasopression
should be monitored closely
for signs of GI intolerance if
receiving EN
• Incidence of bowel ischemia/perforation was low (0.9%)
Mancl EE. JPEN, 2013.
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Non-Occlusive Bowel Necrosis
Incidence 0.3 – 1.5%
Symptoms – often after out of ICU/off pressors: diarrhea, abd distention high NGT out, hypotension, lactic acidosis
Mortality near 90%
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Feeding on Pressors
1. Fluid resuscitate first if patient in shock
2. Start slow 10-20 ml/hr w/ isotonic formula
3. If multiple being used - delay advancement beyond trophic amount
4. If only low dose of levophed needed (or aiming for higher MAP) and evidence of end organ perfusion --- advance toward goal
5. Physical Exam
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Early enteral feeding in patients with open abdomen Multicenter Prospective
cohort study – pts w/ exp lap
Evaluating safety and effect of immediate EN
1000 patient study (Glue Grant) 100 patients met criteria
32 immediate EN / 68 delayed EN (> 36 hours)
Similar severity of injury
Results:Time to closure: 6.47
vs 8.55 days (NS)No difference in MOF,
ICU days, Ventilator days, mortality
Rate of pneumonia 43.8 vs 72.1 % (p=0.008)
Conclusion:Immediate EN safeTrend toward faster
closure Significant reduction
in pneumonia
Dissanaike S et al J Am Coll Surg 2008
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Protein loss from open abdominal exudate – BJH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 200
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Average Daily Protein (g) lost/day/patient
Gra
ms o
f P
rote
in
Taylor and Southard, unpublished
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Feeding Across a New Anastomosis
• Meta-analysis evaluating surgical outcomes following nutritional provision provided proximal to anastomosis within 24 hrs of GI surgery compared to traditional postop management
• Examined 15 studies with 1240 patients
• No significant difference in Mortality/Anastomic Leak……this is a good thing!
Osland, E et al. JPEN 35:2011
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OR for Anastomotic Leak
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Nutritional AssessmentSet Goals of Therapy
• Caloric requirements
25-30 Kcal/kg/d
Published predictive equations no more accurate
Indirect calorimetry
• Protein requirements
Greater emphasis
(at least 80%)
Higher doses
1.2–2.5 gm/kg/d
MJ Allingstrup (Clin Nutr 2012;31:462) P Weijs (JPEN 2012;36:60
M. Nicolo (JPEN 2015 epub)
Survival1
Pt’s getting >80% prescribed protein x 4 days in ICU, 33% less risk of dying
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Yeh D. et al JPEN 2015 epub
News Flash
“Adequate”
Feeding in the
SICU – may
keep you alive
and get you
home!!
Prospective, observational cohort study
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Nutrition Outcomes (all patients)
Total CanadaAustralia and NZ
USAEurope and
South Africa
Latin America
Asiap values†
N3174 361 602 670 416 442 683
Prescribed kcal/kg/day Mean (SD)
24.1(5.5) 23.3 (5.3) 25.5(5) 21.5 (6.2) 24.6(5) 24. 5(4.6) 25.4 (5.2) <0.001
Adequacy of calories % Mean (SD)
56 (30.6 ) 63.4(27.3 ) 59.5(27.7 ) 47.8(27.2 ) 54.4(30.3 ) 53.4(27.9 ) 59.8(37.2 ) <0.001
Adequacy of protein % Mean (SD)
51.5(29.2 ) 59.7(27.2 ) 53.9(27.3 ) 44.1(27.0 ) 49.5(29.6 ) 51.1(28.1 ) 53.9(32.7 ) <0.001
Prevalence of iatrogenic underfeeding 2467 (77.7%) 255 (70.6%) 450 (74.8%) 599 (89.4%) 309 (74.3%) 372 (84.2%) 482 (70.6%) <0.001
Time to initiate EN from ICU admission in hours
Mean (SD) 41.7 (43.6) 37.0 (42.8) 32.6 (39.9) 52.3 (43.8) 39.5 (41.7) 48.6 (42.3) 39.2 (46.4) <0.001
78% of patients failed to meet ≥ 80% of energy
target
www.criticalcarenutrition.com
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Need for EN in High Risk Patients:Utilize Strategies to Increase EN Delivery
• Over-order calories• Volume-based feeding
(vs rate-based)
• Multi-Strategy De-escalation (Top-Down or PEP-uP) Start at goal Start with prokinetics Volume-based feed Probiotics (oropharynx and tube) Caloric balance Small peptide formula SB infusion Elevate HOB
• Nurse-driven protocols for EN (Set ramp up, vol, GRV, NPO, etc)• Alter NPO status for diagnostic tests, procedures, surgery• Bundle with nutrition elements (set of action statements)
McClave (JPEN 2014; Online June 1) Heyland (CCM 2013;41:2743)
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FIGURE OUT YOUR BARRIERS THEN STRATEGIZE!
Confucius says: When it is obvious that the goals cannot be reached, don’t adjust the goals,
adjust the action steps!
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Barriers to Early ENTube Occlusion
Timely Tube Placement
Gastric Residual Volume
Emesis
Diarrhea
Surgery
Tests/Procedures
Tube
Issues
GI Issues
NPO ileus
New anastomosis
Pressor Use
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Small Bowel vs Gastric Risk Factors for Aspiration
Intubation Decreased level of consciousness Neuromuscular diseases Structural abnormalities of the upper GI Recent stroke Recent major abdominal surgery History of aspiration Prolonged supine position Persistently high GRV (your threshold)
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Tube Placement TeamQuicker Bedside Placement!
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SB Tube Team at BJH Too much for one person – too many
patients and patient areas Coverage 365 days a year, 24 hours a
day Same care – no matter the day or time,
or intensive care unit RDs and RNs – both competent To date our NSS team has placed over
9000 tubes in intensive care patients Overall success rate is 86% Success rates (1st attempt) vary with
experience - not discipline: dietitian 1- 93%, dietitian 3 – 80%, ICU RN- 87%
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Successful bedside SB tube placement
✔ Early enteral feeds – good for ICU pts
✔ Team approach to small bowel tube placement – best way to go!
✔ RDs can lead the team OR lead the effort to form a team
✔ Teams can be multidisciplinary
✔ Bedside placement safest and most convenient approach
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Barriers to Early ENTube Occlusion
Timely Tube Placement
Gastric Residual Volume
Emesis
Diarrhea
Surgery
Tests/Procedures
Tube
Issues
GI Issues
NPO ileus
New anastomosis
Pressor Use
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No GRVs! Wonder how that will go over?
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Data on GRVs
• GRVs should not be used as part of routine care1
Montejo Multicenter RCT 1 GI Complications %Goal Feeds500cc GRV (n=160) 47.8% * 89% *
200cc GRV (n=169) 63.6% 83%
Reignier Multicenter RCT 2 VAP Infect Mortality DeficitNo GRV used (n=227) 16.7% 26.4% 27.8% 319
kcalRoutine GRV (n=222) 15.8% 27.0% 27.5% 509
kcal
1 JC Montejo (Intens Care Med 2010;36:1386) 2 J Reignier (JAMA 2013;309:249)
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What to Use Instead? Use your abdominal physical assessment skills
If you are not sure ask for 2nd opinion Presence of diarrhea or constipation – know
causes and treatments; drive the discussion!
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EN Formula Selection
• Avoid routine use commercial mixed fiber formula for prophylaxis
• Persistent diarrhea
Consider mixed fiber formula (3 trials)
Inconsistent data – 1 trial diarrhea better 1, 2 no different 2,3
Consider small peptide/MCT
Avoid BOTH soluble/insoluble fiber if high risk for ischemia
1 Chittawatanarat K (Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2010;19:458)2 Dobb GJ (Int Care Med 1990;16:252) 3 Schultz AA (Amer J Crit Care 2000;9:403)
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Barriers to Early ENTube Occlusion
Timely Tube Placement
Gastric Residual Volume
Emesis
Diarrhea
Surgery
Tests/Procedures
Tube
Issues
GI Issues
NPO ileus
New anastomosis
BJH STICU audit – patients only received 37% of prescribed volume of EN
Pressor Use
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FEED ME PROTOCOL
Feed Early Enteral Diet adequately for
Maximum Effect
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Patient Demographics
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Nutrition Care Practices
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Continuous Quality Improvement Project
Rate-Based Protocol Rate – Based No make up for lost time Info on EN product No info on BG control MDs – practice 1.5
kcal/ml product, goal of 1400 kcal
Feeds to goal in 48 hr Gastric feeds primary RD consult in 48 hrs GRV > 350 ml Prokinetic not automatic
FEED ME Protocol Volume – Based Make up for lost time No EN product info Info on BG control MD – practice 1.5 kcal/ml
product, goal 1400 kcal Feeds to goal in 24 hr Gastric feeds primary RD consult in 48 hrs GRV > 350 ml Prokinetic not automatic
How to make it easy for the bedside nurse?
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Success – Happy Stomachs!
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Implementing a New Protocol
Prospective interventional study (n=5800 ICU days)
NUTSIA Protocol over 3 three-month periods (2005, 2006, 2007)
Before Protocol After Protocol With Enforcement
(n=198 pts) (n=179 pts) (n=195 pts) Results
Rx (kcal/kg/d) 11.4 +7.9 13.9 +8.0 15.4 +9.6 ** ICU kcal balance -7180 +5008 -6133 +3854 -5568 +5194 ** Hosp LOS (days) 31.1 +52.2 24.1 +21.0 23.2 +22.1** ICU mortality 8.1% 10.2% 12.3%
Soguel L, Revelly JP, Berger MM (CCM 2012;40;1-7)
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Who are the Enforcers?
All of us!!!
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Efficacy of EN Protocols
Author/JournalStudy Parameters
Study Design Outcome
Adam and Baston, ICM, 1997 Barriers and Enablers to EN 193 patients % EN deliveredProtocol - 78% No Protocol – 66% P <0.001
Pinilla, JPEN, 2001 Comparisons of 2 protocols with different GRV thresholdsProtocol 1 – GRV 150 mlProtocol 2 – GRV 250 ml
80 patients % EN deliveredProtocol 1 – 70%Protocol 2 – 76%P < 0.02
Arabi, NCP, 2004 Before/After Protocol Implementation
203 patients % EN deliveredBefore – 53.9%After – 64.5 %P = 0.001
Barr, Chest, 2004 Before/After ProtocolImplementation
200 patients % EN deliveredBefore – 68%After – 78%P = 0.11
Martin, CMAJ, 2004 Before/After Feeding AlgorithmPN started if EN not tolerated in 24 hrs
452 patients Use of EN (days), P=0.042Algorithm 6.7 daysNo Algorithm 5.4 daysHosp LOS, P=0.003Algorithm 25 daysNo Algorithm 35 days
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Efficacy of EN Protocols
Author/JournalStudy Parameters
Study Design Outcome
Mackenzie, JPEN, 2005 Before/After Protocol Implementation
123 patients % of pts that received 80% of EN goalBefore – 20%After – 60%P < 0.001
Woien, J Clin Nurs, 2006 Before/After AlgorithmImplementation
42 patients % of EN calories delivered, P=0.047Before – 52%After – 69%
Desachy, ICM, 2008 Comparison of 2 protocolsProtocol 1 – start at goalProtocol 2 – start low rate
100 patients % of EN calories delivered, P=0.0001Protocol 1 – 95%Protocol 2 – 76%
Heyland, JPEN, 2010 Comparison of ICUs with/without EN protocol
269 ICUs & calories delivered from any sourceWith – 61.2%Without – 51.7%P=0.0036
Rice, JAMA, 2012 Comparison of 2 protocolsProtocol 1 – start at goalProtocol 2 – start low rate
1000 patients Avg daily kcal intakeProtocol 1 – 1300 caloriesProtocol 2 – 400 calories
Sheean, J Acad Nutr Diet, 2012 Comparison of 2 protocolsProtocol 1 – standardProtocol 2 – 150% of needs
49 patients Avg daily kcal intakeProtocol 1 – 475 +/- 480Protocol 2 - 1198 +/- 493P=0.007
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Summary
Identify Barriers to EN Meet with key leaders in your area Strategize/Define/Educate/Implement a plan Evaluate Progress toward goal (audit) Revise/Re-Educate
Make it Happen!!!
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Questions