Outline - iitg.ac.in · Increase in workstation performance 1100 DEC Alpha 21264/600 1000 1200 800...
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OutlineOutline
• Computer Generations• Computer Generations
• Landmark developmentsp
• Picture Gallery• Looking into future• Introduction to MIPS Instruction Set• Introduction to MIPS Instruction Set
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Five Generations of ComputersFive Generations of Computers
• History of computer development divided into 5 generationsg
• Each generation characterized by a major technological developmenttechnological development
• Fundamental changes in terms ofSi C P Effi i R li bili– Size, Cost, Power, Efficiency, Reliability
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First Generation – 1940’s and 50’s:First Generation 1940 s and 50 s: Vacuum Tubes
• Expensive, bulky, unreliable, power guzzlers, p g
• Used punched cards/tapes magneticcards/tapes, magnetic drum memories, machine languagelanguage
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Second Generation – 1950’s andSecond Generation 1950 s and 60’s: Transistors
• Smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy‐efficient gyand more reliable as compared to vacuum ptubes
• Assembly languagesAssembly languages, early versions of FORTRAN and COBOLFORTRAN and COBOL
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Third Generation – 1960’s andThird Generation 1960 s and 70’s: Integrated Circuits
• SSI, MSI, LSI
• Speed and efficiency• Speed and efficiency drastically increased
• Keyboards and monitors
• Operating systemsOperating systems
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Fourth Generation – 1970’s toFourth Generation 1970 s to Present: Microprocessors
• LSI and VLSI
• Made homeMade home computing and embeddedembedded computing possible
• Graphics and mouse• Graphics and mouse
• Hand held devices
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Fifth Generation ‐ Present and d f l llBeyond: Artificial Intelligence
• Voice input/outputVoice input/output
• Natural language i t/ t tinput/output
• Parallel computing
• Dual Core/Quad Core
• Centrino, Atom, GPUGPU
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Relative performance per unit costRelative performance per unit cost
Year Technology Perf/costYear Technology Perf/cost1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 VLSI 2,400,000
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Growth in DRAM CapacityGrowth in DRAM Capacity100,000
16M 64M
y
10,000
16M
4M
64M
t cap
acity
10001M
256K
Kbit
100
256K
64K
1016K
64K
1996199219901988198619841982198019781976
Year of introduction
1994 1996
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Increase in workstation performance
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SUN-4/� MIPS �MIPS � IBM�100
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300DEC Alpha 5/300
DEC Alpha 4/266IBM POWER 100
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HP 9000/750260 M2000M/120 RS6000
100DEC AXP/500
Year
019971996199519941993199219911990198919881987
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Computer HistoryComputer History
• http://www computerhistory org/timelinehttp://www.computerhistory.org/timeline
Slid C i• Next Few Slides on Computer History
11
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Year Inventors/Inventions Description of EventYear Inventors/Inventions Description of Event
1936 Konrad Zuse - Z1 Computer
First programmable computerComputer computer.
1944H. Aiken & G. Hopper Harvard Mark I Harvard architecture.1944 Harvard Mark I Computer
Harvard architecture.
J.P.Eckert, 1946
,J.W.Mauchly ENIAC 1 Computer
18,000 vacuum tubes
1947/48
J. Bardeen, W. Brattain & W. Shockley Th T i t
This invention greatly affected the history of
t/48 The Transistor computers.
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Year Inventors/Inventions Description of EventYear Inventors/Inventions Description of Event
1936 Konrad Zuse - Z1 Computer
First programmable computerComputer computer.
1944H. Aiken & G. Hopper Harvard Mark I Harvard architecture.1944 Harvard Mark I Computer
Harvard architecture.
J.P.Eckert, 1946
,J.W.Mauchly ENIAC 1 Computer
18,000 vacuum tubes
1947/48
J. Bardeen, W. Brattain & W. Shockley Th T i t
This invention greatly affected the history of
t/48 The Transistor computers.
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Year Inventors/Inventions Description of EventYear Inventors/Inventions Description of Event
1951J.P.Eckert, J.W. Mauchly First commercial
t1951 Mauchly UNIVAC Computer computer.
1953 IBM 701 EDPM IBM enters into 'The 1953 Computer History of Computers.
1954 John Backus & IBM First successful HLL1954 FORTRAN First successful HLL.
1955 Stanford Research First bank industry1955used 1959
Institute, Bank of America, and GEERMA d MICR
First bank industry computer - also MICR.ERMA and MICR
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Y I t /I ti D i ti f E tYear Inventors/Inventions Description of Event
1958Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce Otherwise known as 1958 Noyce The Integrated Circuit 'The Chip'
Steve Russell & MIT1962
Steve Russell & MIT Spacewar Computer Game
The first computer game invented.
1964Douglas Engelbart Computer Mouse &
Nicknamed the mouse because the tail came p
Windows out of the end.1969 ARPAnet The original Internet.g
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Year Inventors/Inventions Description of EventYear Inventors/Inventions Description of Event
1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory
The world's first available DRAM chipMemory available DRAM chip.
1971 Faggin, Hoff & Mazor Intel 4004
The first microprocessor.Intel 4004 microprocessor.
1971 Alan Shugart &IBM Flexible Disk
Nicknamed "Floppy" for its flexibility.y
1973R. Metcalfe & Xerox Ethernet Computer Networking.pNetworking
g
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Year Inventors/Inventions Description of EventYear Inventors/Inventions Description of Event1974/
75Scelbi, Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100
The first consumer computers75 IBM 5100 computers.
1976/77
Apple I, II & TRS-80 & Commodore Pet
More first consumer computers.77 & Commodore Pet computers.
1978
D.Bricklin, B. Frankston Paid for itself in two 1978 VisiCalc Spreadsheet
weeks.
1979Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby Word Processors.WordStar Software
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Year Inventors/Inventions Description of EventYear Inventors/Inventions Description of Event
1981 IBM The IBM PC -Home Computer
Personal computer revolutionHome Computer revolution
1981Microsoft MS-DOS Computer Operating system of
th t1981 MS DOS Computer Operating System the century.
1983 Apple Lisa The first home 1983 ppComputer computer with a GUI.
1984 Apple Macintosh More affordable home 1984 ppComputer computer with a GUI.
1985 Microsoft Windows MS begins the friendly 1985 Microsoft Windows g ywar with Apple.
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IBM´s SSEC : Selective Sequence ( )Electronic Calculator:(ElecMechCal )
P d d iti t blProduced moon‐position tables used for the course of1969 Apollo flight to the moon.
Speed: 50 mults per second
Input/ cards punched tapeInput/output:
cards, punched tape
Techno‐ 20,000 relays, 12,500 ec ology:
, y , ,vacuum tubes
Floor 25 feet by 40 feetspace:
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UNIVAC I : (UNIVersal Automatic )Computer)
d / dSpeed: 1,905 ops / second
Input/t t
mag tape, printeroutput:
Memory size:
1,000 12‐digit words in delay linesy
Techno‐logy:
vacuum tubes, delay lines, magnetic tape
Floorspace:
943 cubic feet
Cost: $750K + $185K for a highCost: $750K + $185K for a high speed printer
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IBM 360 CDC6600( l )(Control Data Corporation)
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ILLIAC IV (Illinois Automatic Computer)ILLIAC IV (Illinois Automatic Computer)
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PDP 8 HP 2115( d )(Programmed Data Processor)
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Xerox Alto CRAY‐1 dSaymour Cray Founder
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Looking into FutureLooking into Future
• Grid computing• Grid computing
• Nano technologygy• Quantum computing
• DNA computing
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InstructionsInstructions• Language of the Machineg g
• Primitive compared to HLLs
l d b h d• Easily interpreted by hardware
Instruction set design goalsInstruction set design goals• Maximize performance
• Minimize cost,
• Red e desi n time• Reduce design time
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Type of InstructionsType of Instructions
• Instructions for arithmetic• Instructions for arithmetic
• Instructions tomove dataInstructions to move data
• Instructions for decision making
• Handling constant operands
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Example: Instruction Set ArchitectureExample: Instruction Set ArchitectureMIPS
• Representative of architectures developed since the 1980's
• Used by NEC, Nintendo, Silicon Graphics, Sony
• Real architecture but easy to understandReal architecture but easy to understand
MIPS: Microprocessor without Interlocked pPipeline Stages : ISAMIPS: Millions Instructions Per Sec:
Measure
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MIPS ArithmeticMIPS Arithmetic
• All instructions have 3 operandsAll instructions have 3 operands
• Operand order is fixed (destination first)
Example:C code: A = B + CC code: A = B + CMIPS code: add $s0, $s1, $s2
(associated with variables by compiler)
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MIPS ArithmeticMIPS Arithmetic
• Simplicity favors regularitySimplicity favors regularity
• Operands must be registers, only 32 registers provided (smaller is faster)provided (smaller is faster)
• Expressions need to be broken
C code MIPS codeA = B + C + D; add $t0, $s1, $s2
E = F ‐ A; add $s0, $t0, $s3 sub $s4, $s5, $s0$ , $ , $