OUTLINE I. FACTS CONTROLLERs II. SVC versus STATCOM III...
51
Transcript of OUTLINE I. FACTS CONTROLLERs II. SVC versus STATCOM III...
ST
AT
ICS
YN
CH
RO
NO
US
CO
MP
EN
SA
TO
R
ST
AT
CO
M
pre
sen
ted
by
Dr.
Faru
k B
İLG
İNT
ÜB
İTA
K U
ZA
Y P
ow
er
Ele
ctr
on
ics
Gro
up
OU
TL
INE
I.F
AC
TS
CO
NT
RO
LL
ER
s
II.
SV
C v
ers
us S
TA
TC
OM
III.
ST
AT
CO
M A
PP
LIC
AT
ION
S
IV.
Cu
rren
t S
ou
rce C
on
vert
er
bas
ed
ST
AT
CO
M
V.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
NS
FA
CT
S
Co
ntr
oller
Seri
es
Co
nn
ecti
on
Sh
un
t
Co
nn
ecti
on
FA
CT
S (FlexibleAC TransmissionSystem)
Co
ntr
oll
er
a powerelectronic-basedsystemandotherstaticequipmentthat
providecontrolof oneormoreAC transmissionsystemparameters
FA
CT
S C
ON
TR
OL
LE
R
Sta
tic
Vo
lt-A
mp
ere
Re
ac
tive
Co
mp
en
sato
r
(SV
C)
LVI
ω ωωω= ===
CV
Iω ωωω
= ===
TC
R o
rT
SR
:
TS
C:
SV
C
Sta
tic S
ynch
ron
ou
s C
om
pe
ns
ato
r (S
TA
TC
OM
):
is a staticself-commutatedswitchingpowerconverterwhichis
shunt-connectedto
an AC powersystem
in orderto
produce
controllable
capacitiveorinductivecurrents
totheAC power
systemindependentof thesystemvoltage
ST
AT
CO
M
Ro
tati
ng
Syn
ch
ron
ou
sC
on
den
ser
ST
AT
CO
M
X
EV
If
a
−=
X
VV
Io
−=
Vo
V
I
Vo
V
I
Capacitive
Inductive
Vx
Vx
ST
AT
CO
M
1. V
-I c
hara
cte
risti
cs
I Lmax
I Cmax
0V
I C
2.
Tra
nsie
nt
Sta
bilit
y
SV
C (
Fix
ed
ca
pa
cit
or
+ T
CR
)S
TA
TC
OM
STATCOM maintainfullcapacitivereactivecurrentat lowsystemvoltage
CO
MP
AR
ISO
N b
etw
een
SV
C a
nd
ST
AT
CO
M
3. R
esp
on
se
Tim
e
STATCOM is betterthanSVC duetotheavailabilityof fullycontrollable
powersemiconductorsin STATCOM.
4. C
ap
ab
ilit
yo
f E
xch
an
ge R
eal P
ow
er
STATCOM in contrasttotheSVC, can interfacea suitableenergy
storage(largecapacitor, batteryorsuperconductingmagneticstorage,
etc) withtheAC systemforrealpowerexchange
5. O
pera
tio
nin
Lo
ad
Co
mp
en
sati
on
Duetoitsbetterresponsetime, STATCOM can alsoperform
loadbalancing
orvoltageregulationforvoltageflickerproblem morerapidly.
CO
MP
AR
ISO
N b
etw
een
SV
C a
nd
ST
AT
CO
M
6. L
oss
vers
us
VA
ro
utp
ut
ch
ara
cte
risti
cs
0
10
20
30
40
50 -6
00
-400
-200
0200
400
600
Reacti
ve
Po
wer
(kV
Ar)
Power Loss (kW)
TC
R
ST
AT
CO
M
Ind
uc
tive
Ca
pa
cit
ive
±500kVAr CurrentSourceConverterbasedSTATCOM vs.
SVC with1MVAr TCR + 500kVAr FixedShuntConnectedHarmonicFilter
CO
MP
AR
ISO
N b
etw
een
SV
C a
nd
ST
AT
CO
M
7. P
hys
icalS
ize a
nd
Insta
llati
on
Forthesamecontrollablecapacitiveandinductivereactivepower
STATCOM has a relativelysmallenergystoragein thedc-link
SVC has largecapacitorandreactorbanks
CO
MP
AR
ISO
N b
etw
een
SV
C a
nd
ST
AT
CO
M
STATCOM is a shuntconnectedFACTS controllerwith
min
imu
m e
nerg
ys
tora
ge
•significantreductionin overallsize (30-40%), installationlaborandcost
•improvestherelocabilityof thesystem
Tra
nsm
issio
nS
TA
TC
OM
♦Midpointvoltageregulationto
increasetransmittablepower
♦Endof linevoltagesupportto
preventvoltageinstabilityduetoload
havingpoorfactor.
♦Improvementof transientstability
marginbyincreasingthemaximum
transmittablepower
♦Poweroscillationdamping by
exhangingactive(real) powerwith
powersystem
●compensationof poorloadpowerfactor
●suppressionof harmonicsin loads
●voltageregulation
●loadbalancing
TY
PE
S O
F S
TA
TC
OM
Dis
trib
uti
on
ST
AT
CO
M
All
ST
AT
CO
M a
pp
licati
on
sare
based
on
Vo
ltag
eS
ou
rce
Co
nvert
ers
Singlephase
two-levelH-converter
Three-phase
two-levelconverter
Three-phase
three-levelconverter
ST
AT
CO
M A
PP
LIC
AT
ION
S
ST
AT
CO
M A
PP
LIC
AT
ION
S
EP
RI –
TR
AN
SM
ISS
ION
ST
AT
CO
M –
FIR
ST
IND
US
TR
IAL
AP
PL
ICA
TIO
N
DC-link voltage=6.6kV
Switchingfrequencyis 50Hz
Byusingcomplextransformerconnectionand8 VSC
48-pulsevoltagewaveform
is obtained
±100M
VA
r G
TO
based
thre
ep
hase
two
-levelV
SC
ST
AT
CO
M
EP
RI –
TR
AN
SM
ISS
ION
ST
AT
CO
M –
FIR
ST
IND
US
TR
IAL
AP
PL
ICA
TIO
N
48m
90m
±100M
VA
r G
TO
based
thre
ep
hase
two
-levelV
SC
ST
AT
CO
M
ST
AT
CO
M A
PP
LIC
AT
ION
S
ST
AT
CO
M A
PP
LIC
AT
ION
S
AB
B –
SV
C L
IGH
T-
FL
ICK
ER
CO
MP
EN
SA
TIO
N A
ND
AC
TIV
E F
ILT
ER
Switching
frequency
is 1000Hz
±22M
VA
r IG
BT
based
thre
ep
hase
thre
e-l
evelV
SC
ST
AT
CO
Mc
AB
B –
SV
C L
IGH
T-
FL
ICK
ER
CO
MP
EN
SA
TIO
N A
ND
AC
TIV
E F
ILT
ER
ST
AT
CO
M A
PP
LIC
AT
ION
S
±22M
VA
r IG
BT
based
thre
ep
hase
thre
e-l
evel
VS
C S
TA
TC
OM
22m
16m
Sto
rag
eE
lem
en
ts
Reacto
rfo
rC
SC
Cap
acit
or
for
VS
C
Re
ac
tive
Po
wer
de
pe
nd
so
n s
tora
ge
ele
me
nts
in
co
nve
nti
on
al
SV
C
(su
ch
as
TC
R,
TS
C)
Re
ac
tive
Po
wer
do
es
no
t d
ep
en
do
n s
tora
ge
ele
me
nts
in S
TA
TC
OM
Sta
tic
VA
rC
om
pe
ns
ato
rw
ith
“zero
”o
r“m
inim
um
”en
erg
y
sto
rag
ee
lem
en
t
+CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
-V
SC
ST
AT
CO
M
Po
wer
Sem
ico
nd
uc
tors
CS
C
bip
ola
rvo
lta
ge
blo
ck
ing
un
ipo
lar
cu
rre
nt
flo
w
VS
C
un
ipo
lar
volt
ag
eb
loc
kin
g
bid
ire
cti
on
alc
urr
en
tfl
ow
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
-V
SC
ST
AT
CO
M
Co
up
lin
gE
lem
en
ts
CS
C
AC
cap
acit
ors
pro
vid
e
low
imp
ed
an
ce
for
the
cu
rren
th
arm
on
ics
VS
C
Reacto
rsp
rovid
e
hig
him
ped
an
ce
for
the
vo
ltag
eh
arm
on
ics
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
-V
SC
ST
AT
CO
M
cosδ
M
II
dc
S= ===
X
Mcosδ
V
VI
dc
S− −−−
= ===
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
-V
SC
ST
AT
CO
M
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
vs
VS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
•C
SC
-ST
AT
CO
M p
rovid
es
dir
ect
co
ntr
olo
f ac
sid
ecu
rren
tfo
rre
acti
ve
po
wer
gen
era
tio
n
•C
SC
-ST
AT
CO
M h
as b
ett
er
ac
sid
ecu
rren
tw
avefo
rms
at
rela
tively
low
swit
ch
ing
freq
uen
cy
•C
SC
-ST
AT
CO
M d
oes
no
t n
eed
pre
-ch
arg
ing
at
sta
rt-u
p
•C
SC
-ST
AT
CO
M h
as in
here
nt
sh
ort
-cir
cu
itp
rote
cti
on
du
eto
un
idir
ecti
on
aln
atu
reo
f p
ow
er
sem
ico
nd
ucto
rs
•A
gain
st
the
se, C
SC
-ST
AT
CO
M h
as r
ela
tively
hig
her
po
wer
losses
an
dm
ore
cir
cu
itco
mp
lexit
y
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
-V
SC
ST
AT
CO
M
±±500kVAr
500kVAr CSC
CSC-- STATCOMs
STATCOMswas
wasimplemented
implementedat at two
twodifferent
differentsites
sitesof of
Turkish
TurkishCoal
CoalEnterprises
Enterprisesbybythe
theend
endof of December
December2004
2004TINAZ
Transformer
Substation
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
Fir
st
Fir
st
Ind
ustr
ial
Ind
ustr
ial
Ap
pli
cati
on
Ap
pli
cati
on
of
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
in
o
f C
SC
ST
AT
CO
M i
n t
he
the
wo
rld
wo
rld
InSEKKOY TransformerSubstation, ±±500kVAr
500kVAr CSC
CSC-- STATCOM has
STATCOM has
been
beenoperating
operatingin
in parallel
parallelwith
withTCR
TCR System
System
SEKKOY
Transformer
Substation
TCR System
STATCOM System
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
InTurkishCoalMiningEnterprises,
Someof ElectricExcavators(DraglinesandPowerShovels)
arepowerbyWard-Leonarddrives
ReactivePowerCompensationof theseexcavatorscan be solvedby
connectingVArCompensatortotheMediumVoltagebusfromwhich
theyaresupplied(GroupCompensation)
•Characteristicsof ElectricExcavators:
•-intermittentload
•-no currentharmonicgeneration
•-reactivepowerdemandin bothinductiveandcapacitiveregion
PR
OB
LE
M D
EF
INIT
ION
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
ReactivePower
Consumptionof
PowerShovel
•Ward-Leonarddriveof PowerShovelsis poweredbyAsynchronousMotor.
•Since AsynchronousMotor is partlycompensatedbypermanently
connectedcapacitor, it alwaysdemandsinductivereactivepower.
Ele
ctr
icE
xca
vato
rs:
Po
wer
Sh
ov
el(6
00 k
W)
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
Ele
ctr
icE
xcavato
rs:
Dra
glin
e(2
000 k
W)
ReactivePower
Consumptionof
Dragline
•Ward-Leonarddriveof DaglinesarepoweredbySynchronousMotor
•SynchronousMotor is operatedin over-excitedmodetomaximize
electromechanicaltorque
•Therefore, draglinesbehaveas a capacitiveload
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
Amongthemodern StaticVArCompensatorssuchas
-ThyristorControlledReactor
withShuntConnectedPassiveFilter
-VoltageSourceConverterbasedD-STATCOM,
havingmultiphaseconvertertopology, and/or
complicatedtransformerconnection
is
is chosen
chosenfor
forgroup
groupcompensation
compensationof of Electric
ElectricExcavators
Excavators, ,
supplied
suppliedfrom
fromcommon
commonTransformer
TransformerSubstation
Substation
Cu
rren
tC
urr
en
tS
ou
rce
So
urc
eC
on
vert
er
Co
nv
ert
er
(CS
C)
(CS
C)
ba
sed
ba
sed
ST
AT
CO
M
ST
AT
CO
M
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
In2006,
0 -1500 0 kVAr
kVArCSC
CSC--
STATCOM
STATCOM
was
wasinstalled
installedtoto
Kemerk
Kemerkööy y Thermal
Thermal
Power
PowerPlant
Plantfor
for
reactive
reactivepower
power
compensation
compensationof of coal
coal
conveyor
conveyorbelts
belts
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
PR
OB
LE
M D
EF
INIT
ION
•manyconstantspeedMediumVoltageAsynchronousMotors(0.85 pf)
•althoughvariationsin reactivepowerdemandarein steps, thevalueof
stepsareunpredictiblein ordertomeetthestrictreactiveenergypenalty
limits
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
•S
ch
em
ati
cd
iag
ram
of
imp
lem
en
ted
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
•S
YS
TE
M D
ES
CR
IPT
ION
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
AsymmetricIGCT
VDRM= 4500V
ABB-5SHY35L4510
I TGQM= 4000A
Switching frequency fs=500Hz
FastRecoveryDiode
VRRM= 4500V
EUPEC-D911SH4500
I FAVM= 910A
(NTV-LowTemperatureConnectiontechnology)
As comparedtoSymmetricalIGCT
•resultsloweron-statevoltagedrop
•suitablefornaturalair-cooling
•fortherequiredratings, Symmetric
IGCTsarenot available, yet
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
•tunedtoaround180Hz
•generates250kVAr capacitive
reactivepower
•equippedwithdamping resistors
Lo
wp
ass
Inp
ut
Fil
ter
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
CrowbarCircuitis used
at theoutput
toprovidefreewheelingpathto
dc-link reactorcurrentin thecaseof
commutationfailure
CrowbarCircuit
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
SwitchgearContainer
ControlandPowerStageContainer
FilterResistors
FilterReactors
DC-Link Reactor
•1–HV SwitchgearContainer
•2 –STATCOM Transformer
•3 –LV ControlContainer
•4 –FilterResistors
•5 –FilterReactors
•16 –DC-Link Reactor
10m
12m
Footprintof STATCOM
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
1 111-
GC
T p
art
of
IGC
T (
SH
Y3
5L
45
10
)
(45
00
V,
40
00A
peak)
2 222-
Ga
ted
rive
ro
f IG
CT
3 333-
Hig
hV
olt
ag
eF
as
tR
eco
very
Dio
de
(D9
11
SH
45
) (4
50
0V
, 9
10
Aava
rag
e)
IGC
TIn
teg
rate
dG
ate
Co
mm
uta
ted
Th
yris
tor
GC
TG
ate
Co
mm
uta
ted
Th
yris
tor
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
IGC
Ts
of
up
pe
rh
alf
bri
dg
e
DIO
DE
so
f u
pp
er
ha
lfb
rid
ge
Fro
nt
vie
wo
f P
ow
er
Sta
ck
RC
sn
ub
be
rs
RE
D H
ea
tsin
k:
ca
tho
de
of
IGC
T
BL
UE
He
ats
ink
:
an
od
eo
f D
IOD
E
BL
AC
K
He
ats
ink
pro
vid
es
se
rie
sc
on
ne
cti
on
be
twee
nIG
CT
an
dD
IOD
E
di/
dt
lim
itin
gre
ac
tors
IGC
T p
ow
er
su
pp
lie
s
Cro
wb
ar
Cir
cu
it
CS
C S
TA
TC
OM
Op
era
tin
gP
rin
cip
les
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
θ θθθπ πππ
θ θθθ= ===
φ φφφφ φφφ
= ===region
capacitive
for
-
region
inductive
for
where
MI
V23
Pdc
− −−−= ===
region
capacitive
for
MI
V23
region
inductive
for
MI
V23
Q
dc
dc
−requireshigherswitching
frequencies
−relativelyhighcontrol
circuitcomplexity
−fastertransientresponse
−allowsdecoupledactiveand
reactivepowercontrol
−allowsactivedamping for
theinputfilter
M and φ φφφ
−slower transient response
−coupled active and
reactive power control
−lacks active damping for
the input filter
−allows optimized fixed PWM
−allows drastically low
switching frequencies
φ φφφ
dis
ad
van
tag
es
ad
van
tag
es
co
ntr
ol
vari
ab
les
Co
ntr
olV
ari
ab
les
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
Op
era
tin
gP
rin
cip
les
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
Se
lec
tive
Ha
rmo
nic
Eli
min
ati
on
(fo
re
lim
ina
tio
no
f 5
th,
7th
, 1
1th
, 1
3th
ha
rmo
nic
s)
Op
era
tin
gP
rin
cip
les
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
ImplementedControlSystem
•TMS320LF2407A DSP
•ReactivePowerLimiter–lim
itsreactivepowergeneratedbySTATCOM
•DC-CurrentLimiter
–lim
itsdc-currentnot to
exceedtheratingof dc-link
reactorcurrent
•θ–Limiter
–usedto
limit dc-link currentin case
of
failure
in feedback
Op
era
tin
gP
rin
cip
les
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
LineCurrentHarmonicsof STATCOM at theCommonCouplingPoint(31.5kV bus)
5%
15
%5
.62
%T
DD
0.6
%2
%1
%2
3
1.5
%5
%3
.5%
19
1.5
%5
%0
.5%
17
2%
5.5
%0
%1
3
2%
5.5
%0
.5%
11
4%
12
%1
%7
4%
12
%3
%5
4%
12
%1
.5%
3
I sc/I
L<
20
100
<I s
c/I
L<
10
00
Lim
it r
ec
om
me
nd
ed
by
IEE
E S
td.
51
9-1
99
2F
ield
Te
st
Re
su
lts
Ha
rmo
nic
N
um
be
r,n
Fie
ldT
est
Resu
lts
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
Va
ria
tio
ns
in T
ota
l D
em
an
dD
isto
rtio
nF
ac
tor
of
ST
AT
CO
M L
ine
Cu
rre
nt
at
31
.5k
V s
ide
0123456 -60
0-4
00
-20
00
20
04
00
60
0
Rea
ctiv
e P
ow
er o
f S
TA
TC
OM
(kV
Ar)
TDD (%)
Ind
uc
tive
Ca
pa
cit
ive
Fie
ldT
est
Resu
lts
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
Fie
ldT
est
Resu
lts
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
PowerLoss
vs ReactivePowerOutputof STATCOM
25% -Coupling
Transform
erLosses
30% -ConverterLosses
(includingsnubber
andIGCT power
supply)
10% -OtherLosses
15% -InputFilterLosses
20% -DC-Link Reactor
Losses
Efficacy
(total powerloss/reactivepowergenerated)
variesfrom
2% to7% overtheentire
operatingrange
Tr≅ ≅≅≅
50 m
sec
From
fullinductive
to
fullcapacitive
step response
Mp≅ ≅≅≅
0%
ReactivePowerCompensationPerformance(transientresponse)
Fie
ldT
est
Resu
lts
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
ReactivePowerCompensationPerformance(transientresponse)
From
fullcapacitive
to
fullinductive
step response
Tr≅ ≅≅≅
60 m
sec
Mp≅ ≅≅≅
5%
Fie
ldT
est
Resu
lts
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
ReactivePowerCompensationPerformance(steady-state)
STATCOM successfullyfollowsthechangesin
reactivepowerdemandof load
Fie
ldT
est
Resu
lts
of
CS
C-S
TA
TC
OM
•ThefirstdesignedanddevelopedmediumpowerCurrentSouce
ConverterbasedSTATCOM , verifiedbyfieldtest results
•designedanddevelopedCSC-STATCOM with
-singlefull-bridgeconverter
-simplestcouplingtransformerconnections
-acceptableefficacyfigures
-verylowTotal DemandDistortionfactors
-fastreactivepowercompensationresponse
servesas a technologicallynewfullsubstituteof conventional
VoltageSourceConverterbasedSTATCOMshavingcomplicated
transformerconnectionsand/ormultiphaseconvertersforload
compensationof balancedloads.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
NS
Thank
Thank
Thank
Thank
You
You
You
You
