Outer Space and India

8/12/2019 Outer Space and India

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A PROJECT REPORT ON

LAW OF OUTER SPACE AND INDIA

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Aims and Objectives:

The aim of the project is to preset a !etai"e! st#!$ coset as !efece i fami"$ "a%& thro#'h

'eera" pricip"es( stat#tes (!ecisios( stat#tes( ame!mets( s#''estios a! !ifferet %riti's

a! artic"es)

Scope and Limitations:

Tho#'h this is a immese project a! pa'es ca *e %ritte o+er the topic *#t *eca#se of certai

restrictios a! "imitatios I %as ot a*"e to !ea" %ith the topic i 'reat !etai")

Sources of Data:

The fo""o%i' seco!ar$ so#rces of !ata ha+e *ee #se! i the project,

-) Artic"es

.) /oo0s

1) We*sitesMethod of Writing:

The metho! of %riti' fo""o%e! i the co#rse of this research paper is primari"$ aa"$tica")

The researchers ha+e #se! !octria" metho! i their research( that is( e2tesi+e #se of "iterar$

so#rces a! materia"s) The researchers mai"$ #se! seco!ar$ so#rces to pro+i!e s#*stace to

the research aa"$sis) The researchers ha+e a"so p#t !o% immese effort i or!er to #!ersta!

the terms a! cocepts re"ate! to the s#*ject %hich eriche! the st#!$ to a 'reat e2tet)

I some case the researchers sha"" *e *o#! to e2tract materia"s !irect"$ from the "iterar$ %or0 of

certai a#thors %hich the researchers ite! to a!e3#ate"$ cite a! otif$ i !#e co#rse of time)

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The researchers a"so ite! to co!#ct the st#!$ o a more micro "e+e" i or!er to ma0e the st#!$

more o*jecti+e a! precise i re"atio to 4THE LAW O O!TE" S#A$E A%D &%D&A'(

Mode of $itation: The researcher has fo""o%e! a #iform mo!e of citatio thro#'ho#t the

co#rse of this research paper)

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION555555555555555555555)67

LAW OF OUTER SPACE5555555)))555555555)))))68

DEFINITION 9 DELI:INATION55555555))))55555))6;

E REE :OON5)))55555555))555-7

CONSENSUS555555555))5555555555555-8

CONCLUSION555555555)5555555555555-;

/I/LIO=555555555555555555555)).-

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&%T"OD!$T&O%

O#ter space ma$ *e !efie! as that area of the #i+erse %here the atmosphere of the earth e!s)

I other %or!s( %here aeria" so+erei't$ of the state e!s( o#ter space *e'is) It ic"#!es a""

space a*o+e the "o%est peri'ee achie+e! *$ a$ sate""ite p#t ito or*it) Ce"estia" *o!ies a! the

moo a"so form parts of space)

So far as the 3#estio of air space is cocere! it has *ee ma!e c"ear ear"ier that the state

cocere! e2ercise comp"ete cotro" o+er it) The other states ca 'et some ri'hts o+er it o"$

thro#'h some a'reemet of treaties) There is o c#stomar$ r#"e of the iteratioa" "a% i re'ar!

to 'i+i' iocet passa'e thro#'h the territoria" air space) As apt"$ poite! o#t *$ E!%ar!

Co""is( 4States ha+e comp"ete "e'a" cotro" o+er the air space( o+er their territor$( other states

ha+e o"$ ri'hts i it as are ac3#ire! of treat$) There is o c#stomar$ ri'ht of iocet passa'e

thro#'h territoria" airspace)&-

At oe time it %as *e"ie+e! that the States e2ercise! so+erei't$ o+er its o#ter space to the

#"imite! e2tet) The rapi! pro'ress of sciece a! techo"o'$ has ma!e these +ie%s

meai'"ess) :a$ efforts ha+e *ee ma!e to coc"#!e iteratioa" a'reemet i re'ar! to the

o#ter space) The first phase of the space !e+e"opmets starte! o - stOcto*er -;@( %he the

So+iet Uio "a#che! its first sp#ti0) Sice the efforts ha+e *ee ma!e to achie+e

iteratioa" co,operatio i this fie"!) The ear"$ perspecti+es %ere pro+i!e! *$ j#rists a!

ite""ect#a"s) S#*se3#et"$ the Uite! Natios thro#'h +ario#s reso"#tios cr$sta""ie! these

spec#"atios ito "e'a" pricip"es).As ear"$ as o -1 Decem*er( -;8( the


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Peacef#" Uses of O#ter Space from 1@ to ?@) O the same s#*ject( the Assem*"$ passe! other

reso"#tios o .6 Decem*er( -;7-(?-? Decem*er( -;7.(a! o -1 Decem*er( -;71)7The "ast

reso"#tio i)e( !ate! -1 Decem*er( -;71( etit"e! 4Dec"aratio of Le'a" Pricip"es


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The f#!ameta" pricip"e of air "a% re"ates to the comp"ete so+erei't$ of the s#*jacet state)

This is 3#a"ifie! *$ the +ario#s m#"ti"atera" a! *i"atera" co+etios %hich permit air"iers to

cross a! "a! i the territories of the cotracti' states #!er reco'ie! co!itios a! i the

"i'ht of the accepte! re'#"atios) /#t there is a"so aother 3#a"ificatio a! oe that s#*statia""$

mo!ifies the usque and coelu cocept( %here*$ so+erei't$ e2te!e! o+er the airspace to a

#"imite! hei'ht) This cetres #po the creatio a! !e+e"opmet of the "a% of o#ter space)

E+er sice the USSR "a#che! the first earth sate""ite i -;@( space e2p"oratio has !e+e"ope! at

a e+er icreasi' rate)8Sate""ites o% cotro" comm#icatios a! o*ser+atio et%or0s( %hi"e

"a!i' ha+e *ee ma!e o the moo a! iformatio see0i' space pro*es !ispatche! to s#r+e$

p"aets "i0e Ge#s a! Sat#r) The research materia" 'athere! #po s#ch !i+erse matters as earth

reso#rces( ioospheric acti+ities( so"ar ra!iatio( cosmic ra$s a! the 'eera" str#ct#re of space

a! p"aet formatios has stim#"ate! f#rther efforts to #!ersta! the at#re of space a! the

cosmos);

This immese icrease i a+ai"a*"e iformatio has a"so "e! to the !e+e"opmet of the "a% of

o#ter space( form#"ati' 'eera""$ accepte! pricip"es to re'#"ate the iterests of the +ario#s

states i+o"+e! as %e"" as ta0i' ito acco#t the cocer of the iteratioa" comm#it$ as a

%ho"e)

THE DE&%&T&O% A%D DEL&M&%AT&O% O O!TE" S#A$E

&-ote the role plaed the - Coittee on the 5ea!efl ses of Oter Spa!e estalishedin 1#(& and !onsisting !rrentl of si6t 8e states. 9he !oittee has a LegalS!oittee and a S!ienti! and 9e!hni!al S!oittee.#9he : has noted, for e6aple, that, ;for pra!ti!al prposes the liit .?

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acti+ities comp"$ %ith iteratioa" "a%) The !e+e"opi' atios are cocere! that the space

fari' atios %i"" moopo"ie space reso#rces)

)EOSTAT&O%A"* O"+&T ALLO$AT&O%

Sate""ites i 'eostatioar$ or*itm#st a"" occ#p$ a si'"e ri' a*o+e the e3#ator( appro2imate"$

1(866 0m ito space) The re3#iremet to space these sate""ites apart meas that there is a "imite!

#m*er of or*ita" Hs"otsH a+ai"a*"e( th#s o"$ a "imite! #m*er of sate""ites ca *e p"ace! i

'eostatioar$ or*it) This has "e! to cof"ict *et%ee !ifferet co#tries %ishi' access to the

same or*ita" s"ots co#tries at the same "o'it#!e*#t !ifferi' "atit#!es) These !isp#tes are

a!!resse! thro#'h the ITU a""ocatio mechaism) Co#tries "ocate! at the Earths e3#ator ha+e

a"so asserte! their "e'a" c"aim to cotro" the #se of space a*o+e their territor$) I -;@7( co#tries

"ocate! at the Earths e3#ator create! the /o'ota Dec"aratio( i %hich the$ asserte! their "e'a"

c"aim to cotro" the #se of space a*o+e their territor$)

#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union


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THE "E)&ME O O!TE" S#A$E

/e$o! the poit separati' air from space( states ha+e a'ree! to app"$ the iteratioa" "a%

pricip"es of res counis, so that o portio of o#ter space ma$ *e appropriate! to the

so+erei't$ of i!i+i!#a" states)

This %as ma!e c"ear i a #m*er of


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!oes ot esta*"ish as s#ch a precise *o#!ar$ *et%ee airspace a! o#ter space *#t it pro+i!es

the frame%or0 for the iteratioa" "a% of o#ter space)-

Artic"e ? pro+i!es that states parties to the Treat$ a'ree ot to p"ace i or*it aro#! the earth

a$ o*jects carr$i' #c"ear %eapos or a$ other 0i!s of %eapos of mass !estr#ctio( ista""

s#ch %eapos o ce"estia" *o!ies( or statio s#ch %eapos i o#ter space i a$ other maer)

There are( ho%e+er( !isa'reemets as to the meai' ofthis pro+isio) -7The artic"e *as o"$

#c"ear %eapos a! %eapos of mass !estr#ctio from o#ter space( the ce"estia" *o!ies a!

from or*it aro#! the earth( *#t artic"e - !oes emphasise that the e2p"oratio a! #se of o#ter

space sha"" *e carrie! o#t for the *eefit a! i the iterests of a"" co#tries a! it has *ee

ar'#e! that this ca *e iterprete! to mea that a$ mi"itar$ acti+it$ i space cotra+ees the

treat$)-@

U!er artic"e ?( o"$ the moo a! other ce"estia" *o!ies m#st *e #se! e2c"#si+e"$ for peacef#"

p#rposes( a"tho#'h the #se of mi"itar$ persoe" for scietific a! other peacef#" p#rposes is ot

prohi*ite!) There are miima"ist a! ma2ima"ist iterpretatios as to ho% these pro+isios are to

*e #!erstoo!) The former( for e2amp"e( %o#"! ar'#e that o"$ a''ressi+e mi"itar$ acti+it$ is

*ae!( %hi"e the "atter %o#"! prohi*it a"" mi"itar$ *eha+io#r) Artic"e 7 pro+i!es for iteratioa"

resposi*i"it$ for atioa" acti+ities i o#ter space( ic"#!i' the moo a! other ce"estia" *o!ies(

%hether s#ch acti+ities are carrie! o *$ 'o+ermeta" a'ecies or *$ o,'o+ermeta" etities(

a! for ass#ri' that atioa" acti+ities are carrie! o#t i coformit$ %ith the Treat$) The

acti+ities of o,'o+ermeta" etities i o#ter space( ic"#!i' the moo a! other ce"estia"

*o!ies( re3#ire a#thorisatio a! coti#i' s#per+isio *$ the appropriate state part$ to the

Treat$) Whe acti+ities are carrie! o i o#ter space( ic"#!i' the moo a! other ce"estia"

*o!ies( *$ a iteratioa" or'aisatio( resposi*i"it$ for comp"iace %ith the Treat$ is to *e

*ore *oth *$ the iteratioa" or'aisatio a! *$ the states parties to the Treat$ participati' i s#ch

or'aisatio)-8

1(See e.g. Christol, Aodern International Law, !hapter 2. See also Oppenhei?s InternationalLaw, p.&2&1+9he isse e!ae parti!larl !ontro8ersial in the light of the S Strategi! efen!eInitiati8e "Star Wars$, whi!h aied to de8elop a range of antisatellite and antiissileweapons ased in spa!e.17See e.g, Aar!oJ, Traite, pp.3+1 J.1&See e.g, B. Cheng, ;/rti!le )I of the 1#+7 9reat %e8isited?, ornal of Spa!e Law,p.7

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U!er artic"e 8( states retai j#ris!ictio a! cotro" o+er persoe" a! +ehic"es "a#che! *$

them ito space a! #!er artic"e @ the$ remai resposi*"e for a$ !ama'e ca#se! to other

parties to the Treat$ *$ their space o*jects)-;

This aspect of space "a% %as f#rther !e+e"ope! *$ the Co+etio o Iteratioa" Lia*i"it$ for

Dama'e Ca#se! *$ Space O*jects si'e! i -;@.( artic"e I- of %hich pro+i!es for the pa$met

of compesatio i accor!ace %ith iteratioa" "a% a! the pricip"es of j#stice a! e3#it$ for

a$ !ama'e ca#se! *$ space o*jects) Artic"e II pro+i!es for a*so"#te "ia*i"it$ to pa$ s#ch

compesatio for !ama'e ca#se! *$ a space o*ject o the s#rface of the earth or to aircraft i

f"i'ht( %hereas artic"e III pro+i!es for fa#"t "ia*i"it$ for !ama'e ca#se! e"se%here or to persos

or propert$ o *oar! a space o*ject) This Co+etio %as i+o0e! *$ Caa!a i -;@; fo""o%i'

the !ama'e a""e'e!"$ ca#se! *$ So+iet Cosmos ;?) As a reiforcemet to this e+o"+i' s$stem

of state resposi*i"it$( the Co+etio o the Re'istratio of O*jects La#che! ito O#ter Space

%as opee! for si'at#re i -;@( comi' ito force i -;@7) This "ai! !o% a series of

stip#"atios for the re'istratio of iformatio re'ar!i' space o*jects( s#ch as( for e2amp"e(

their p#rpose( "ocatio a! parameters( %ith the Uite! Natios secretar$ 'eera") I -;;1( the

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ao#cemet re'ar!i' space persoe" i !istress as %e"" as the imme!iate pro+isio of

assistace) It a"so co+ers search a! resc#e operatios as %e"" as a '#aratee of prompt ret#r)

The Co+etio a"so pro+i!es for reco+er$ of space o*jects)

O!TE" S#A$E T"EAT* O ,-./

O Decem*er -;( -;77( the


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The Co+etio o the Re'istratio of O*jects La#che! ito Space for the E2p"oratio

or Use of O#ter Space-;@?

The A'reemet


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It is p"ae! that I!ias o moo %i"" *e i .6.6) /$ .6- I!ia %i"" se! its o% astroa#t ito

space)

DRAFT PRINCIPLES ON RE:OTE SENSIN< OF T>E EART> FRO: OUTER SPACE

I a!!itio to the a*o+e co+etios( !raft pricip"es o remote sesi' %as a!opte! i -;87 *$

the Le'a" S#*,Committee of the Peacef#" Uses of the O#ter Space) Later( o Decem*er 1( -;8@(

the


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#a*"e to achie+e coses#s o !isc#ssio of a e% comprehesi+e space a'reemet( a! it is

a"so #"i0e"$ that the S#*committee %i"" *e a*"e to a'ree to ame! the O#ter Space Treat$ i the

foreseea*"e f#t#re) :a$ space fari' atios seem to *e"ie+e that !isc#ssi' a e% space

a'reemet or ame!met of the O#ter Space Treat$ %o#"! *e f#ti"e a! time cos#mi'(

*eca#se etreche! !iffereces re'ar!i' reso#rce appropriatio( propert$ ri'hts a! other iss#es

re"ati' to commercia" acti+it$ ma0e coses#s #"i0e"$)

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$O%$L!S&O%

Space 1a2 is a area of the "a% that ecompasses atioa" a! iteratioa" "a% 'o+eri'

acti+ities i o#ter space) Iteratioa" "a%$ers ha+e *ee #a*"e to a'ree o a #iform !efiitio

of the term Ho#ter space(H a"tho#'h most "a%$ers a'ree that o#ter space 'eera""$ *e'is at the

"o%est a"tit#!e a*o+e sea "e+e" at %hich o*jects ca or*it the Earth( appro2imate"$ -66 0m 7.

mi)

The iceptio of the fie"! of space "a% *e'a %ith the "a#ch of the %or"!s first artificia"

sate""ite *$ the So+iet Uioi Octo*er -;@) Name! Sputni"( the sate""ite %as "a#che! as part

of the Iteratioa" i'h costs are ot the o"$ factor

pre+eti' the ecoomic e2p"oitatio of space it is ar'#e! that space sho#"! *e cosi!ere! as a

pristie e+iromet %orth$ of protectio a! coser+atio( a! that the "e'a" re'ime for space

sho#"! f#rther protect it from *ei' #se! as a reso#rce for Earths ee!s) De*ate is a"so foc#se!

o %hether space sho#"! coti#e to *e "e'a""$ !efie! as part of the 4commo herita'e of ma(&

17
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geophysical_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geophysical_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space


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a! therefore #a+ai"a*"e for atioa" c"aims( or %hether its "e'a" !efiitio sho#"! *e cha'e! to

a""o% pri+ate propert$ i space)

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+&+L&O)"A#H*

BOOKS

/garwal r. D. O.K FInternational Law Dan %ightsGK 14th Edition 2**7K

Central Law 5li!ations

:apoor r. S. %. K FInternational Law Dan %ightsGK 17 th Edition 2**#K

Central Law /gen!

Shearer I. /.K FStarMe?s International LawGK 11 thEdition 1##4K O6ford

oshi :. C.K FInternational Law Dan %ightsGK 2**+ EditionK Eastern BooM

Copan

WEBSITES ACCESSED

www.internationallaw help.!o

www.sh8oong.!o

www.ritanni!a.!o

www. law!afe.in

www. Nornals.!aridge.org

www.Mlwerlaw.!o

1#
http://www.internationallawhelp.com/http://www.internationallawhelp.com/http://www.shvoong.com/http://www.britannica.com/http://www.internationallawhelp.com/http://www.shvoong.com/http://www.britannica.com/

Outer Space and India

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