THE UNIVERSE ,OUR THE UNIVERSE ,OUR GALAXY AND OUR GALAXY AND OUR

SOLAR SYSTEM SOLAR SYSTEMPresented ByPresented By

K. PRAHLAD. PAIK. PRAHLAD. PAI

CONTENTSCONTENTS INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION OUR SOLAR OUR SOLAR

SYSTEMSYSTEM GALAXYGALAXY SUNSUN MOONMOON PLANETSPLANETS ASTEROIDESASTEROIDES METEORITESMETEORITES BLACK HOLEBLACK HOLE COMETSCOMETS STARSSTARS CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION REFERENCEREFERENCE

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONThe universe is a group of planets, The universe is a group of planets,

moons and different types of cosmic moons and different types of cosmic bodies out of which many are bodies out of which many are

unknown to man . Lets have an unknown to man . Lets have an overview of our solar system.overview of our solar system.

Formation of the Solar Formation of the Solar SystemSystem

The solar system was born in The solar system was born in a great cloud of gas and dust a great cloud of gas and dust

about 5000 million years about 5000 million years ago. There are many clouds ago. There are many clouds like this, called nebulae in like this, called nebulae in

the space between the stars.the space between the stars.

OUR SOLAR SYSTEMOUR SOLAR SYSTEM

The Milky Way is an The Milky Way is an example of a gigantic example of a gigantic

collection of stars, collection of stars, gas, and dust that we gas, and dust that we call a galaxy. And this call a galaxy. And this

is our galaxy.is our galaxy.

GalaxiesGalaxies

The Milky WayThe Milky WayThere are more than 200 billion There are more than 200 billion

stars belonging to our galaxy, The stars belonging to our galaxy, The Milky Way. The Milky Way is Milky Way. The Milky Way is

about 1,00,000 light years across. about 1,00,000 light years across. Earth lies about 30,000 light years Earth lies about 30,000 light years

from the centre. Astronomers from the centre. Astronomers have recently determined that a have recently determined that a

huge object, possibly a Black Hole huge object, possibly a Black Hole lies in the centre of the Milky Way.lies in the centre of the Milky Way.

AndromedaAndromeda

The Andromeda is our The Andromeda is our nearest galaxy. It contains nearest galaxy. It contains hundreds of billions of stars hundreds of billions of stars

and it is 14 quintillion km and it is 14 quintillion km from here.from here.

GAS GIANTSGAS GIANTS

The last four planets The last four planets (Jupiter, Saturn, (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) of Uranus, Neptune) of the solar system are the solar system are known as the ”Gas known as the ”Gas Giants” because they Giants” because they are the largest in the are the largest in the solar system.solar system.

OUR STAR, THE SUNOUR STAR, THE SUNThe sun was born along with The sun was born along with the rest of the solar system, the rest of the solar system,

about 5000 million years about 5000 million years ago. It has been shining ago. It has been shining

steadily ever since. The sun steadily ever since. The sun is 10 times bigger across is 10 times bigger across than jupiter and it could than jupiter and it could

swallow more than a million swallow more than a million earth.earth.

THE NINE PLANETSTHE NINE PLANETS

MERCURYMERCURYMercury is the planet closest Mercury is the planet closest

to the sun. It is also the to the sun. It is also the fastest moving planet, fastest moving planet,

whizzing round the sun in whizzing round the sun in just 88 days. Mercury has an just 88 days. Mercury has an oval orbit . At times it travels oval orbit . At times it travels as far as 70 million km away as far as 70 million km away

from the sun. At others, it from the sun. At others, it gets as close as 46 million gets as close as 46 million

kmkm. .

MERCURIE’S OVAL ORBITMERCURIE’S OVAL ORBIT

MERCURY DATAMERCURY DATADiameter at equator : 4,880 kmDiameter at equator : 4,880 kmAverage distance from sun : 58 million kmAverage distance from sun : 58 million kmMinimum distance from Earth : 91 million Minimum distance from Earth : 91 million

kmkmLength of day:59 Earth daysLength of day:59 Earth daysLength of year : 88 Earth yearsLength of year : 88 Earth yearsTemperature:185 degree c to 430 degreeTemperature:185 degree c to 430 degreeSatellites: 0Satellites: 0

VENUSVENUS

Venus is the closest planet to Venus is the closest planet to earth. We often see it shining in earth. We often see it shining in

the western sky after sunset. the western sky after sunset. Which is why it is known as the Which is why it is known as the evening star. Venus clouds are evening star. Venus clouds are

made up of tiny droplets of made up of tiny droplets of sulphuric acid, one of the sulphuric acid, one of the strongest acid we know.strongest acid we know.

VENUS DATAVENUS DATA

Diameter of equator: 12,100 kmDiameter of equator: 12,100 kmAverage distance from sun:108 million kmAverage distance from sun:108 million kmMinimum distance from Earth: 42 million Minimum distance from Earth: 42 million

kmkmTurns on axis : 243 Earth daysTurns on axis : 243 Earth daysCircles sun: 225 Earth daysCircles sun: 225 Earth daysSurface temperature: 480 degree cSurface temperature: 480 degree c

EARTHEARTH

From space our planet From space our planet earth seems to be blue in earth seems to be blue in colour.This is because of colour.This is because of colour of oceans which colour of oceans which covers over 2/3 of the covers over 2/3 of the

Earth surface. Earth surface.

How has Earth How has Earth changed?changed?

Earth formed about 4,600million years Earth formed about 4,600million years ago when bits of matter in space ago when bits of matter in space

came together. At first it was a great came together. At first it was a great molten ball. It gradually cooled and molten ball. It gradually cooled and atmosphere and oceans eventually atmosphere and oceans eventually

formedformed..

CRATERS ON EARTH CRATERS ON EARTH

EARTH DATAEARTH DATA

Diameter of equator: 12,756 kmDiameter of equator: 12,756 kmAverage distance from sun: 149.6 million kmAverage distance from sun: 149.6 million kmTurns on axis: 23hrs 56minTurns on axis: 23hrs 56minYear length: 365.25 daysYear length: 365.25 daysSurface Temperature: -86 deg c to 58 deg c Surface Temperature: -86 deg c to 58 deg c Satellites: MoonSatellites: Moon

MOONMOONAny object or planet which Any object or planet which orbits a planet is called a orbits a planet is called a moon .Our moon circles moon .Our moon circles earth once a month. Our earth once a month. Our

moon has no atmosphere, moon has no atmosphere, no weather and no lifeno weather and no life..

Formation of the MOONFormation of the MOON

Conspiracy TheoryConspiracy Theory

This theory was proposed against This theory was proposed against NASA by some experts. This NASA by some experts. This

theory gives many evidences to theory gives many evidences to prove that man never landed on prove that man never landed on

MOON.MOON.

FIRST STEP ON FIRST STEP ON MOONMOON

Astronauts landed on the Astronauts landed on the moon for the first time on moon for the first time on July 20, 1969. They were July 20, 1969. They were

Edwin Aldrin and Neil Edwin Aldrin and Neil Armstrong. Armstrong was Armstrong. Armstrong was the first human to stand on the first human to stand on

the moon. the moon.

MOON DATAMOON DATADiameter at equator: 3476 kmDiameter at equator: 3476 kmMinimum distance from earth : 3,56,000 kmMinimum distance from earth : 3,56,000 kmTime to circle earth : 27.3 earth daysTime to circle earth : 27.3 earth daysSurface Temperature: -170 degree c to 110 Surface Temperature: -170 degree c to 110

degree c degree c

MARSMARSSmall and red in colour Small and red in colour

MARS is more like MARS is more like earth. Although people earth. Although people believe there is life on believe there is life on

MARS, it’s too cold MARS, it’s too cold there and the there and the

atmosphere is too thin atmosphere is too thin for life to exist. for life to exist.

Why is MARS called Why is MARS called the ‘Red Planet’ ? the ‘Red Planet’ ?

MARS is called as the red planet because MARS is called as the red planet because of its colour. Its surface is reddish orange. of its colour. Its surface is reddish orange. This colour comes from the rust like iron This colour comes from the rust like iron minerals in the surface rocks and soils. minerals in the surface rocks and soils.

MARS DATAMARS DATA Diameter of equator: 6,789 kmDiameter of equator: 6,789 km Average distance from sun: 228 million kmAverage distance from sun: 228 million km Minimum distance from earth: 56 million kmMinimum distance from earth: 56 million km Turns on axis: 24 hrs 37 minTurns on axis: 24 hrs 37 min Circles sun: 687 earth daysCircles sun: 687 earth days Surface Temperature: -110 degree c to 0 Surface Temperature: -110 degree c to 0

degree cdegree c Satellites: 2Satellites: 2

Jupiter is by far the largest of Jupiter is by far the largest of the planets. It has more mass the planets. It has more mass

than all other planets put than all other planets put together. It could swallow together. It could swallow

more than 1,300 bodies the more than 1,300 bodies the size of earth. It takes less size of earth. It takes less than 10 hrs to spin round than 10 hrs to spin round

once. This means its surface once. This means its surface is spinning at a speed of is spinning at a speed of

45,000km an hour45,000km an hour

JUPITERJUPITER

What’s the Great Red What’s the Great Red Spot?Spot?

It is a gigantic swirling It is a gigantic swirling storm like a huge storm like a huge

hurricane on earth. It hurricane on earth. It measures about 40,000 measures about 40,000 km across, 3 times km across, 3 times

the size of earth.the size of earth.

JUPITER DATAJUPITER DATADiameter at equator: 1,42,800 kmDiameter at equator: 1,42,800 kmAverage distance from sun: 778 million kmAverage distance from sun: 778 million kmMinimum distance from earth : 590 million Minimum distance from earth : 590 million

kmkmTurns on axis: 9 hrs 60 minTurns on axis: 9 hrs 60 minCircles sun: 11.9 earth years Circles sun: 11.9 earth years Temperature : 150 degree cTemperature : 150 degree cSatellites known : 63 Satellites known : 63

SATURNSATURNSaturn is the second Saturn is the second biggest planet after biggest planet after

Jupiter . It is a giant ball of Jupiter . It is a giant ball of gas. It is the favorite gas. It is the favorite among astronomers among astronomers

because of its shining because of its shining rings. It is largely made of rings. It is largely made of

ice. Saturn’s biggest ice. Saturn’s biggest satellite Titan is the second satellite Titan is the second

largest moon in the solar largest moon in the solar system. system.

What are Saturn rings What are Saturn rings made of ?made of ?

Only three out of many rings Only three out of many rings can be seen from the earth. can be seen from the earth. The rings are made up of The rings are made up of

millions of bits of ice whizzing millions of bits of ice whizzing round the planet at a high round the planet at a high

speed. speed.

SATURN DATASATURN DATA Diameter at equator: 120,000 kmDiameter at equator: 120,000 km Diameter of visible rings: 270,000 kmDiameter of visible rings: 270,000 km Average distance from sun: 1427 million kmAverage distance from sun: 1427 million km Minimum distance from earth: 1200 million kmMinimum distance from earth: 1200 million km Turns on axis: 10 hrs 40 minTurns on axis: 10 hrs 40 min Circles sun: 29.5 Earth yearsCircles sun: 29.5 Earth years Temperature: -170 degree cTemperature: -170 degree c Satellites known : 63Satellites known : 63

URANUSURANUS

Uranus is the third biggest planet Uranus is the third biggest planet and 4 times bigger than earth. In and 4 times bigger than earth. In

1977 Uranus rings were 1977 Uranus rings were discovered. It has a thick discovered. It has a thick

atmosphere containing hydrogen, atmosphere containing hydrogen, helium and methane ice.helium and methane ice.

URANUS DATAURANUS DATA Diameter at equator : 51,000kmDiameter at equator : 51,000km Average distance from sun: 2870 million kmAverage distance from sun: 2870 million km Minimum distance from earth: 2600 million kmMinimum distance from earth: 2600 million km Turns on axis: 17 hr 14 minTurns on axis: 17 hr 14 min Circles sun: 84 earth yearsCircles sun: 84 earth years Temperature : 200 degree cTemperature : 200 degree c Satellites : 15Satellites : 15

NEPTUNENEPTUNEAt the edge of solar At the edge of solar

system, Neptune is a system, Neptune is a giant like Uranus .It giant like Uranus .It has a lovely blue has a lovely blue

colour as a result of colour as a result of methane gas in its methane gas in its

atmosphere.atmosphere.

NEPTUNE DATANEPTUNE DATA Diameter at equator: 49,500 kmDiameter at equator: 49,500 km Average distance from sun: 4500 million kmAverage distance from sun: 4500 million km Minimum distance from Earth: 4300 million kmMinimum distance from Earth: 4300 million km Turns on axis : 17 hrs 6 minTurns on axis : 17 hrs 6 min Circles Sun: 165 Earth yearsCircles Sun: 165 Earth years Temperature: -210 degree cTemperature: -210 degree c Satellites: 8 Satellites: 8

NOW PLUTO IS NOT ONE NOW PLUTO IS NOT ONE OF THE NINE PLANETS OF THE NINE PLANETS Pluto used to be considered one of Pluto used to be considered one of the nine planets but, due to recent the nine planets but, due to recent

discoveries and new facts about the discoveries and new facts about the planet, it is now classified a dwarf planet, it is now classified a dwarf

planet. Scientists have been wrongly planet. Scientists have been wrongly classifying celestial bodies for classifying celestial bodies for

centuries. An asteroid one day, centuries. An asteroid one day, could become, a moon another day. could become, a moon another day.

We don’t know much about We don’t know much about Pluto because its so far Pluto because its so far

away at its farthest. It was away at its farthest. It was discovered in 1930. It discovered in 1930. It

travels more than 7000 travels more than 7000 million km from the sun. million km from the sun.

Even in powerful telescope Even in powerful telescope it looks like a faint star. No it looks like a faint star. No space probes have ever space probes have ever

visited Pluto.visited Pluto.

PLUTO DATAPLUTO DATA Diameter of equator: 2250 kmDiameter of equator: 2250 km Average distance from sun: 5900 million kmAverage distance from sun: 5900 million km Minimum distance from Earth: 4300 kmMinimum distance from Earth: 4300 km Turns on axis: 6 Earth days and 9 hoursTurns on axis: 6 Earth days and 9 hours Circles sun: 248 Earth years Circles sun: 248 Earth years Surface temperature: -230 degree cSurface temperature: -230 degree c Satellites: 1Satellites: 1 Diameter of the orbit: 15000 million kmDiameter of the orbit: 15000 million km

StarStarWhen a near by star explodes, When a near by star explodes, a shock wave travels through a shock wave travels through the cloud. The cloud begins to the cloud. The cloud begins to shrink to form a new star. The shrink to form a new star. The Sun, a small yellow star burns Sun, a small yellow star burns hydrogen more steadily. The hydrogen more steadily. The speed at which the stars burn speed at which the stars burn

hydrogen determines how hydrogen determines how long they will live. long they will live.

A Black HoleA Black HoleAfter a very heavy star uses After a very heavy star uses

up its hydrogen and explodes up its hydrogen and explodes as a supernova, its core as a supernova, its core

becomes smaller and smaller becomes smaller and smaller until, finally it is smaller than until, finally it is smaller than the head of a pin. The star the head of a pin. The star

however still has gravity. This however still has gravity. This is so strong that even light is so strong that even light

from a few km around the star from a few km around the star cannot escape. This is called cannot escape. This is called

a Black Hole.a Black Hole.

AsteroidsAsteroids

The solar system has many The solar system has many different members, the different members, the smallest of which are smallest of which are

asteroids and meteorites. asteroids and meteorites. Most asteroids lie in the Most asteroids lie in the

enormous space between enormous space between the orbits of Mars and the orbits of Mars and

Jupiter.Jupiter.

MeteoritesMeteoritesMeteorites are dust particles in Meteorites are dust particles in

space. When a meteoroid space. When a meteoroid encounters the Earth’s upper encounters the Earth’s upper atmosphere at high speed ,it atmosphere at high speed ,it usually burns up and forms a usually burns up and forms a

bright meteor . Some people call bright meteor . Some people call this brief streak of light a this brief streak of light a

“Shooting Star”.“Shooting Star”.

CometsCometsComets are icy balls that Comets are icy balls that sweep through the solar sweep through the solar

system. As the comet system. As the comet journeys towards the Sun, the journeys towards the Sun, the solar wind blows a stream of solar wind blows a stream of dust and gas away from the dust and gas away from the

comet and the sun .This forms comet and the sun .This forms the comet’s tail.the comet’s tail.

AliensAliens

Aliens are the living beings from Aliens are the living beings from outer space. They are predicted to outer space. They are predicted to

be more stronger and intelligent be more stronger and intelligent than humans. There are stories than humans. There are stories and evidences to say that aliens and evidences to say that aliens

had come to earth long back and had come to earth long back and could return any time in future.could return any time in future.

Unidentified Flying Object Unidentified Flying Object (UFO)(UFO)

An unidentif ied f lying object , or UFO, is any apparent flying object which cannot be identified by the observer and which remains unidentified after investigation. The term f lying saucer is also sometimes used.

A 1952 photo of a purported UFO over Passaic, New Jersey, from an FBI document.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

We believe our solar system is a We believe our solar system is a large place but its nothing when large place but its nothing when compared to the unimaginable compared to the unimaginable

vastness of the universe. Scientists vastness of the universe. Scientists have considered only the first eight have considered only the first eight planets but astrologers still consider planets but astrologers still consider

PLUTO as the ninth planet .PLUTO as the ninth planet .

REFERENCEREFERENCE

www.bbc.co.uk/science/spacewww.bbc.co.uk/science/spacewww.NASA.govwww.NASA.govwww.nasa.gov/kids.htmlwww.nasa.gov/kids.htmlwww.spacekids.comwww.spacekids.comwww.spaceplace.jpl.nasa.govwww.spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov

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