Our Place in Space
description
Transcript of Our Place in Space
![Page 1: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Our Place in Space Earth: (small) 15 thousand km
(12,000 miles) in diameter Sun: 15 million km in diameter Solar System: about 6 billion km in
diameter
![Page 2: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Our Place in Space Milky Way Galaxy - 1000 quadrillion
km or 100,000 light years in diameter
It would take a beam of light 100,000 years to cross the entire galaxy!
![Page 3: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Milky Way Galaxy
![Page 4: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Deep-Field Camera Photo – Every Dot or “Smudge” is a
Galaxy!
![Page 5: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Constellations Patterns of stars in the night sky Named after mythological beings,
heroes or animals 88 constellations (mostly Greek) are
recognized in the Western world Different cultures grouped stars
differently
![Page 6: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Constellations Ecliptic – plane in which the Sun &
planets travel Zodiac – 12 major constellations in
the ecliptic
![Page 7: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Constellations Astrology (not a science)
uses relative positions of stars and planets to attempt to predict the future
Astronomy & astrology were once the same in the distant past
![Page 8: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Polaris is Part of a Triple-Star System – Artist Concept
![Page 10: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stars
They are other Suns
![Page 11: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Many different type
• Stellar classification– Most stars are currently classified using the
letters O, B, A, F, G, K, and M, where O stars are the hottest and the letter sequence indicates successively cooler stars up to the coolest M class.
– Quick quiz• Arrange in order from hottest to coolest
– A, B, F, G, K– O, M, A– B, A, K,O, M
![Page 15: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Here they are
![Page 16: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Are stars on fire?!
• Dr. Feynman– Oooooook, so are stars on fire Mr. McCormick?
• Not exactly.– Stars turn mass into energy. They really don’t burn
anything.• Stars turn mass into energy
– E = mc2
![Page 17: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
They do this!
![Page 18: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
All stars do this
• Every star, no matter how large or small, no matter where they are; every star starts its life with the proton-proton chain
• Failed stars and so called dark objects, objects that might have become stars if given enough mass, never start the p-p chain.
• Lets make sure we understand this fully.– Take out a piece of paper and draw, IN GOOD
DETAIL, the p-p chain
![Page 19: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Buzz words
• Stars produce light, we can see them.– Go out tonight and look up at the stars, they are
very beautiful.• About 99% of our solar system’s mass is tied up
in the star. – Planets, comets, gas giants, etc…
• So when we look at a galaxy we only see stars and they make up about 99% of the solar system they create.
![Page 20: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Buzz words cont
• So only about 1% of a galaxy should be “dark matter”, stuff that doesn’t make light
• Comets, planets, asteroids, and gas giants.
• However, most of the mass in a galaxy is made up of dark matter………so you know…..that's a problem.
![Page 21: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Bayer designation
• A Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by aGreek letter, followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name
![Page 22: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
example
BayerDesignation
ApparentMagnitude
ProperName
α Ori 0.45 Betelgeuse
β Ori 0.18 Rigel
γ Ori 1.64 Bellatrix
δ Ori 2.23 Mintaka
ε Ori 1.69 Alnilam
ζ Ori 1.70 Alnitak
![Page 23: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• We will learn these symbols.– I think its neat– It’s a dying language– It’s the language of the
discipline of science we are coving
– I think its neat
![Page 24: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Astronomy
![Page 25: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Two words, two ideas
• Astronomy – The study of the stars.– Size– Temperature– Life cycle– Movement– Content– etc
• Cosmology – the study of the universe– Content
• Time frame– Size– Speed– Open, closed, expanding– etc
![Page 26: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What do stars produce?• Radiation - radio waves
– 10^3 – 10^9• Microwaves*
– 10^10 – 10^11• Infrared
– 10^12 – 10^14• Visible light
– ~10^14-10^15• Ultraviolet
– 10^15 – 10^17• X ray
– 10^17 – 10^19• Gamma
– 10^20 – 10^23
• Particles – Before death
• He to Fe– At death
• Fe to Cn
– Before and during• Neutrinos• Cosmic rays
– Beta and alpha particles• Pretty much the entire particle zoo
– Death• Depends on the state.
![Page 27: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
How to capture Radiation • CCD (Charge Couple Device)
– cannot store digitally– Optical telescopes
• Pages 44-46 chapter 2– Infrared– Ultraviolet– X ray– Gamma ray
• Before CCD you used glass plates with sliver nitrate and exposed to light.
• Radio telescopes– Page 47
• Store signals digitally– Computer
• Many types of software do this.• Mainly found in commercial
radio stations.
• **side note– Super easy to create a large
array of radio dishes to collect tons of data.• HOWEVER, not the “good” type
of data.
![Page 28: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Early missions
• Rockets - Two types– Liquid vs solid• Read and know the difference
• Best way to get out of the earth’s atmosphere• Satellites started space race
![Page 29: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
So lets act like baby astronomers
• Wien’s Displacement Law– λmax T = .290 cm K• Where λmax is the maximum wavelength produced by
the star• T is the temperature of the star
• Primarily used by photometry related astronomers.
![Page 33: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
There is a relationship between wavelength and temperature
![Page 34: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Example problems
• We observe a star with surface temperature of ~ 3400 K. – What is its peak wavelength?– What type of star is it?
• We observe a star with peak wavelength of 4.53 X 10^-4 cm– What type of wavelength of light does it produce?– How hot is the star?
![Page 35: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
wavelengths
• Transverse – How light travels
• Wave travels 90degrees perpendicular to direction of displacement
• Longitudinal– How sound travels
• Wave travels in the SAME direction of displacement
![Page 36: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Longitudinal
![Page 37: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Transverse
![Page 38: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Wave, particle, why not both?
• Light acts as both a wave and a particle• Particles with low mass also act as both a
wave and a particle• The more mass, the less wave-like qualities an
object has.• DeBroglie Wavelength
![Page 39: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Exo planets
• Extra solar planets– Exo planets for short– Planets outside our solar system– 25 direct images• Pictures
– 707 photometry or radio velocities– Some 3600 Kepler candidates– . Over 4000 total
![Page 40: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Photometry detection
![Page 41: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Real data!!
![Page 42: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
How cool is this?!
![Page 43: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
KNOW THIS PROBLEM FOR THE TEST
• Some star with radius, r = 12, has a planet that orbits it ever 3 days. If you happen to observe this star for 12 days you will see a transit event. Your CCD detects 100 photons BEFORE the transit and only 80 photons DURING transit. – What percentage of the star is covered by the
planet?– 8th grade only: what is the radius of the planet?
![Page 44: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
solution• 1st – find the percentage difference in the amount of
photons, BEFORE – DURING.– 100 -80 = 20
• So 20% or .20 of the photons are lost due to transit
• 2nd – using the surface area formula solve for the surface area of the star.– 3.14 X 12 X 12 (or 12^2) = 452
• 3rd – multiply area of star by % lost to get the area of the planet.– 452 X .20 = 90
• 8th grade cont to next slide
![Page 45: Our Place in Space](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062815/5681692c550346895de06e4f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
8th grade cont
• Having solved the area of the planet, 90, plug that back into the area formula, this time solving for r. r = square root (area/3.14)– Your answer should be 5.3