Our Closest Relatives, The Neanderthals

7/30/2019 Our Closest Relatives, The Neanderthals

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Our Closest Relatives,

the Neanderthals

By: Stephen Thai


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Introduction

Homo Neanderthalensis

Lived in Europe and Southwestern Asia

138,000 to 28,000 years ago

Mostly an Ice Age Never numbered more than 100,000

1856, Neander Valley, Germany 1st Neanderthal skulls discovered


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Neanderthals and Humans

Common Ancestor

Homo Antecessor

465,000 600,000 years

ago

378 unit mtDNA strand

Humans did not evolvefrom Neanderthals

No evidence of

interbreeding (yet)


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Out of Africa Theory

1 million years ago Homo antecessormigrates

out, evolves into Neanderthals

Remaining homo antecessor

in Africa evolve into Homo

sapiens

100,000 years agoHumans migrate out, replacing

other hominids


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Neanderthal Bodies Relative to

Humans

5 ft, 185 lbs

Larger noses, heads, bones,muscles Bulkier, stronger than humans

Efficient and well suited to coldenvironments

Less agile Short limbs, wide pelvises


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Language

Hyoid Bone

Allows humans to produce wide range of

sounds necessary for language FOXP2

Language gene

Responsible for humans cognitive ability tounderstand complex language

Both present in Neanderthals

Did they speak a language?


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Brains

Approximately 20% larger than human brains But proportionally, Neanderthal brains were smaller

Back of the brain Deals with sight and touch

Well developed Front of brain

Deals with speech and thought

Relatively small compared with back

Left side of brain larger than right Right handed

Shorter childhood Less time to develop cognitive abilities


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Brain Sizes


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Culture

Social UnitConsisted of extended family members

Took care of the sick and injured

Mostly lived inside caves Like humans

Knew how to use fire

Constructed complex

temporary structures forshelter when migrating

Skinned animals

Lacked art


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Burials

1st known hominids to bury dead

Was it a ritual or simply to avoid attractingscavengers?

Sites contain multiple individuals Usually inside caves/ rock shelters

Some filled with items and pollen Intentional or no?

Occasional cannibalism


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Interaction with Humans

Usually avoided each other whenpossible Increasing numbers of humans in

Neanderthal habitats madeavoidance harder

Culture ChangesAdoption of bone and ivory tools

Puncturing holes into animal bonesfor decoration Early form of art for Neanderthals


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Hunting

Mostly hunted, occasionally foraged

Well suited to walking, running, hunting Thickness and high density of leg bones

Killed using stone point spears andaxes Rarely used ivory or bone until human

interaction

Women and sometimes even children

hunted Both men and women sustained numerous

injuries from hunts broken limbs

Few lived older than 30 years


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Extinction Theories

Climate Change Sudden swings between warm and

cold rapidly changed environment

Killed off many species that

Neanderthals depended on for food Not intelligent enough to develop

technology for surviving cold, esp.

compared to humans

Extinction coincided w/ coldest

period of Ice Age

Natural selection would favor

humans

Fails to explain extinction in Middle

East/ SW Asia


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Extinction cont.

Competition with Humans

Homo sapiensmore technologically advanced

Better tools for hunting and survivalDivision of labor

Human women did not hunt gatherers

Neanderthal women hunted higher rates of death

Result: reduced birth rates and survival rates ofyoung children for Neanderthals

More humans competing with less Neanderthals


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Sequence the Neanderthal genome DNA extracted from femur bone of

38,000 year old male fossil, Croatia

Helped in discovery of FOXP2gene

Neanderthal Genome Project

DNA similarities Human and Chimpanzee: 98.77%

Human and Neanderthal: 99.5%

Possible interbreeding?


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Summary Common ancestorHomo antecessor

465,000 600,0000 years ago 1st migration out of Africa evolved into Neanderthals

2nd Migration evolved into humans

Neanderthals bigger, stronger, bulkier

May have spoken a language Had hyoid bone and FOXP2 gene

Proportionally smaller brains

Culture Social units essential to survival

First known hominid burials

Both men and women hunted

Extinction Theories Climate Change

Competition with humans

Neanderthal Genome Project


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References Hall, Stephen S. "Last of the Neanderthals." 2008. National Geographic. Accessed 2 Nov. 2008

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/10/neanderthals/hall-text

Krause, Johannes. "The Derived FOXP2 Variant of Modern Humans Was SharedwithNeandertals." Science Direct. 6 Nov. 2007. Elsevier Ltd. Accessed 24 Nov. 2008

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=articleurl&_udi=b6vrt-4pxn9tn-5&_user=961305&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=c000049425&_version=1&_urlversion=0&_userid=961305&md5=ce8c9f9e49901592bc557891c8948c9e

Kreger, C. David. "Homo Neanderthalensis." Archaeology.Info. 2008. Accessed 8 Oct. 2008http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homoneaderthalensis.htm

Mellars, Paul. "The Fate of the Neanderthals." Nature. 8 Oct. 1998. Accessed 3 Nov. 2008http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v395/n6702/full/395539a0.html

"Neanderthal." BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon. BBC. Accessed 2 Nov. 2008http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/neanderthal_prog_summary.shtml

"Neanderthal Men, An Extinct Race." Old and Sold. Accessed 3 Nov. 2008http://www.oldandsold.com/articles32n/history-outline-24.shtml

"Neanderthals." Ecotao. 7 July 2008. Accessed 30 Oct. 2008http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm

Noonan, James P. "Sequencing and Analysis of Neanderthal Genome DNA." Research Article. 17Nov. 2006. Science Mag. Accessed 24 Nov. 2008http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/publications/noonanetal06.pdf

O'Neil, Dennis. "Neandertals." Evolution of Modern Humans: Neandertals. 17 Oct. 2008.Accessed 24 Nov. 2008 http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_2.htm

Tattersall, Ian, ed. "Neandertals." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation.Accessed 3 Nov. 2008 http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701702357_2/neandertals.html
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Our Closest Relatives, The Neanderthals

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