OUMH1203 Notes

OUMH1203 ENGLISH FOR WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Topic 1 Introduction to Written Communication Some Basic Principles11 Introduction to Communication Communication is Defined = as giving receiving or exchanging information opinions or ideas Purpose = so that the ldquomessagerdquo is completely understood by everybody involvedImportance of the Message in Communication

12 Problems in Communication a) StatusRoleb) Cultural Differencesc) Choice of Communication Channelsd) Length of Communicatione) Use of Languagef) Disabilitiesg) Known or Unknown Receiverh) Individual PerceptionsAttitudesPersonalitiesi) AtmosphereNoiseDistractionj) Clarity of Messagek) Lack of Feedback

13 The Communicator Behaviour 1) Be yourself read everythings2) Do not worry about grammar and spelling when you start out fix it later3) Get your thoughts down first talk through your topic and type the way you speak4) Edit and refocus the piece later5) Practise writing everyday

14 Written Communication Communication by means of written symbols that is communicated by or to or between people or groups

written communication is the presentation of ideas or essays that make a clear point supply details supporting that point and demonstrate unity coherence of thought

Elements of written communication The mastery of good or standard written english Ability to comprehend Write about information acquired through readingnote-taking and listening

Ways to Improve Written Communicationa Improve written communication skills

Continually practise writing in the language write with a clear purpose that meets the needs of the reader Decide what you want to say and put this in a logical and suitable sequence

b Three important stages of written work planning stage

Ringkasan Nota Modul daripada FKC Kumpulan 3 (2009) 1

Message is successfully received and comprehended only when both the sender and the receiver perceive it in the same way

Understand what your message What audience you are sending How massege will be perceived


writing stage editing stage

c written document should have efficiency equity and effectivenessd Avoid four common errors

Reports Reports intended for readers who are external to the

organisation are often written as letter reports Usually on the organisations letterhead May present a problem proposal solution or reply to

a request Standard of letter report the seven basic parts of a

business letter The writerEcircs address The date Reader address Salutation Body Complimentary close Signature block

Memorandum Used for routine information Includes information about a special issue problem

or information needed for decision - making and problem - solving within an organisation

The memorandum report format is the least formal report format

Standard of a short memorandum report includes five components Reader name Writer name Date Subject line or title Body

Formal and Informal ReportsTo write a good report the following three stages must be discussed

Planning Writing Editing

Documentation1 Some work kept for research purposes2 Some historical work kept for posterity3 Some for others to know and see4 Used to keep abreast with ongoing projects for remembrance

acknowledgement and as a teaching-learning tool to improve onersquos writing skill


Confusing words that can mislead the reader

Cause communication breakdown or barriers between the writer and the reader

a Ambiguousb Bombasticc Vagued Sexiste Trendyf Exaggeratedg inflated and archaic

Solution1 Use the familiar word to the far-fetched2 Concrete word to the abstract3 Single word to the circumlocution4 The short word to the long

use of too many words overuse of words interferes with

understanding interrupt the reader understanding

Too much information Reader becomes overwhelmed and confused Cause frustration and cast doubts on the writer credibility

SolutionIn order to produce a clear concise and relevant written work

writing fragments instead of completesentences and writing sentences that lack unity

sentence(s) short and compact to ensure that they are correct logical and easy to read

SolutionWords ave to be structured to the extent that what precedes should be in accordance with those that follow


5 As avenues to project our ideas or opinions to be shared with others as well as establish and defend our points of view

Helping Other People Communicate with You Think carefully about all the possibilities Consider all aspects of the communication process

(interpretation understanding feedback) Consider the possible barriers Consider the complexity of the subject matter and how it

might be best conveyed Ask Who Why What and How Consider whether it is going to be in the form of a letter

e-mail memo or report

Problems Other People May Have Writing to You People may not want to write to you for a variety of

reasons Some of these reasons have been stated earlier in the

text while others may appear in the following forms Onersquos weaknesses as a writer (for example language

deficiencies) Too much information in the text Too many grammatical errors and mistakes Barriers between the sender and receiver (for example

cultural status role) Message not clear or precise Wrong choice of channelformat deliverance Past experiences (for example treatment received) Documents not structured messy or not well laid out

Using Questions to Overcome Problems Where did it go wrong Why was the message not understood or interpreted by

the receiver Was the timing wrong Did I use the correct channel to deliver the message Are there many errors or mistakes in the document Many other questions of this nature can shed some light

on the problems faced by the communicators

Flow of Questions document is report writing we may want to ask questionssuch as

What is the report about What are you trying to say To whom is the report addressed Who are you writing for Who will read the report How is the content of the report How long can the report be What type of information is to be included in the report How shall I gather and present it What sort of language should I use Has the report been proofread What is the minimum length of the report When should the report be sent

Communication with People at All Organisational LevelsTo achieve a powerful effect and to ensure that your document is easy to readmake sure to provide the following A clear indication of your purpose Accurate and objective information Suitable headings A suitable order of information

Giving and Receiving Good Instructions Instructions must be clear and precise In commenting on papers a teacher can show

students precisely where their meaning is unclear pose questions designed to illuminate problems underlying the unclear communication provide models for expressing analysis more

clearly

Communicating at Your Own Organisational LevelsForms and documents should be accurate complete and clear in meaning

When Written Communication is Most Importantsuch as Memorandum of understanding (MOU) Memorandum of agreement (MOA) Letters of agreement and appointment Job applications



Topic 2 Letter Writing21 The Basics of Letter WritingWe write letters to each other when we want to1) Inform others (the readers) 2) Persuade others to take actionto promote an

idea3) Propose your ideas 4) To contact the reader whom we cannot meet in

person5) They allow us to structure our thought in

accurately6) Can file or keep to and refer back when

needed

Begin writing a formal letter 1) Analyse your audience2) Determine your purpose3) Gather information you want to include in your letter4) Create an outline5) Write a draft6) Revise it

211 Write Your Letter PersuasivelyThings to consider(a) Try to anticipate the readerrsquos reaction to your letter (b) Think of the readerrsquos benefit first yours second (c) Adjust language and use reader familiar terms concepts(d) Write with a positive attitude and show confidence (e) Do not condescend and talk down to the reader (f) Show humility but not too much(g) Do not preach your ideas (h) Be service - oriented

212 How to Write the Introduction 1) The Letterhead or Return Address - name address

phone number2) The Inside Address3) Attention Line4) Salutations ndash lsquoDear Sir or Madamrsquo5) The Subject Line - Use a concise and precise phrase

213 How to Write the Body of the Letter 1) The Introductory Paragraph - one idea per piece2) BodyMiddle of the Letter - supports that

introduction idea by giving it more detail and justification

3) End The Letter ndash conclusion express your gratitude add a salutary close lsquoYours sincerely or Sincerely rsquo

23 Letter Writing Activities How to Add Substance to Your Plan Sheet - transfer the sentences or ideas into a language that is more fitting for formal letter by translating the plans into more appropriate languageMaking some things clear in your letter These things include The actual reason you are writing Convincing someone is by making your requests clear State the aim of your request

24 Formal Replies and Follow-Ups To reply to business letters follow some basic steps1) Make sure you understand what your client requires2) Think of ways you can fulfill their request if at all3) Express your plan or ideas in clear precise and easily

understood language

Follow up letter Why1) Your letter may have been unnoticed2) To make sure that your contacts have information

about your business 3) Give other person a chance4) Cheaper that getting legal council



Topic 3 Models of Writer Communication The Elements of Good Communication Models

31 Claude Shannonrsquos Model Information is transmitted from an information source

through a channel to a receiver

33 A Model Based on Ulric Neisserrsquos Work Explore our world or specific phenomenon guided by

our desires needs ideas images of the world and such and this exploration gives us a perception or new information of the world

The new information in turn affects our needs desires images and such thus changing our perception of the world and so we begin our exploration again

This cycle goes on and on as long as we are still learning and exploring

32 Roman Jakobsonrsquos Model Information is transmitted from an information source


34 A Model Based on Michael Polanyirsquos Work A person discovers meaning in an experience The person expresses the meaning he gained from

his experience in writing (a poem a novel an essay a letter a journal entry etc)

Someone reads the text and discovers meaning in it The reader may be the writer himself or herself

Or a complete stranger Text does not convey the original experience to the

reader Instead it conveys meaning to the reader

35 Some Ideas About CommunicationSigns Symbols Metaphor

Anything that is used to point tostand for something else (to representideas experiences images objects feelings concepts and everything else)

To refer to complex things

Symbols have complex meanings in addition to the literal ones

The more significant or important the symbol the more meanings it embodies

It is a statement phrase or word that stands for something else

353 Understanding Explanation Meaning and Interpretation 1) Make sure reader understands your literal meaning and plainly understand your message2) If he does not you need to explain yourself3) You have to define your words supply background information or supply the reader with additional information

he needs to understand your text (Interpretation)



Topic 4 Report Writing 41 The Process of Preparing a Report1 Stages of Report Preparation researched gathered presented in a coherent and easily understood way to

the relevant partiesexecute a plan and carry out a project

2 Gathering the Data Tips Data Gathering Note your opinions and information relating to your opinions Make note of how you want your data presented in the report Keep progress notes Document your plan in detail

3 Analysing and Sorting the Results

Choosing relevant data and then review your earlier opinions in relation to the report you want to writeFollowing steps

1) Write down results and observations in no particular order2) Note down all the opinions 3) Note down new opinions4) Choose the ones that you need5) Arrange all your data in the order of their importance6) Sort out the data you want to put into your conclusion7) Turn your points into illustrations8) Outline your final report and draft it

4 Outlining the Report A clear report is logically organised concise and easy to read Natural progression from analysis and sorting Outline should contain descriptive headings of each significant part of the

report and your expanded outlinea complete scope of the reportb relation of the various parts of the work discussedc amount of space to be given each partd order of treatmente places for inclusion of illustrationsf conclusions

three levels of headings and subheadings for simplicity and clarity stick to just

Main Heading Subheading Run-in heading This heading is indented on the same line as

the first line of the paragraph Below run-in heading This heading is indented on the same

line as the first line of the paragraph5 Writing the Rough Draft First draft

Start writing soon after finishing your outline Keep writing follow your flow of ideasSecond draft Check for style Remember your audience (they be able to understand your draft easily or not) Behonest Be tactful Be concise and logical

6 Revising the Rough Draft The Three Stages of RevisionStage One - Check for materialStage Two - Check for organisation mechanics and conventionsStage Three - Check your language



42 The Report Style ndash Style determine the success

of report

Good reports are

clear

concise

flow smoothly

written from an objective point of view

43 Report Introduction Your introduction is important because it guides the readers to what they will encounter

in the rest of the paper

It prepares the reader to easily receive what the

writer intends to present

It launches you immediately into the task of

relating your readers to the subject matter of the

report

It makes clear the precise subject to be

considered indicates the reasons for

considering the subject and lays out the

organisation and scope of the report

It tells your readers what you plan to tell and

why and how you will tell it

It focuses your readers attention on the subject

to be treated It should enable them to approach

the body of the report naturally and intelligently

Primary functions of the introductionStatement of Subject

Statement of Purpose

Statement of Organisation and Scope

Style and Length

Format1 Arrangement of Your Report - Title Abstract

Introduction Method (and logistics) Results

Discussion and Conclusion

2 Citing References

3 Content and Style

44 The Writing Style Use words and phrases that come naturally to

you

Concentrate on conveying your exact meaning

Get to your point quickly

Always emphasise your main ideas

Keep your facts and opinions separate

Only add figures and tables that are

valuable to your reports

never repeat something

Choose to present

your data in a way that is easiest for your reader

to understand

If your report is multimedia Technical films

videotapes video clips and animations can be

very informative



Topic 5 The Language of Business Writing51 The Language of Business Writing job-related writing it usually represents a direct communication between one person and another

511 Process of Writing Business Letters First establish your purpose your reader Es needs and your scope Second prepare an outline Third write a rough draft from the outline Fourth set the draft aside for a ldquocoolingrdquoperiod The cooling period is especially important in the case of a letter

written in response to a problem Fifth revising the rough draft go over your work carefully checking for sense as well as grammar spelling and

punctuation

512 Choice of Words and Tone In general the active voice creates a friendlier more courteous tone than thepassive which tends to sound impersonal and unfriendly Polite wordingsuch as the use of please also helps to create goodwill

513 Direct and Indirect Patterns More effective to present good news directly and bad news indirectlyBad news present directly would cause an abruptly phrased rejection early in the letter may prevent us from re-establishing an amicable relationship

514 ParagraphSentence Structure The way of writing a bad news letter is to manipulate paragraphsentence structure A better general structure of writing a bad news letter is as follows1 Buffer - either neutral information or an explanation that

makes the bad news understandable2 Bad news - puts the bad news in perspective or makes

the bad news seem reasonable maintains3 Goodwill between the writer and the reader

The pattern for good news business letters should be as follows1 Good news2 Explanation or facts3 Goodwill

52 The Format of Business Letters Punctuation StylesGrammar Those are mechanics of writing

In business accuracy and attention

to detail are equated with

carefulness and reliability

The kindest conclusion a reader

can come to about a letter

containing mechanical errors is

that the writer was careless

Do not give your reader cause to

form such a conclusion

Parts of a LetterLayoutAlmost all business letters

have at least five major parts

heading

inside address

salutation

body

complimentary close

BlockModified Block Layout Full block style every line begins

at the left margin and is suitable

only with letterhead stationery

Modified block style the return

address date and complimentary

close are placed to the right of the

centre of the page The remaining

elements are aligned at the left

margin



53 Business Letters

A good letter is better understood if Clear - clear idea Concise - the language is simple Correct - are no errors conversationtioninalthe tone is friendly courteous convincing

Tips to write a good business letter

Use Plain English simple EnglishThe Reader is Your Priority 1 find the correct one use appropriate

2 language and insert just enough facts or information to suit your audience

Short Plain and Straight to the Point 1 focused on the information that supports your main aim come up with a guideline or outline plan

2 Styles may be adopted Use contractions(add the human touch the closepersonal and

human feel to your writing) Use personal references (use words such as I weyou your my

and our in your writing) Use direct questions( direct question to get a

reaction from your reader and to give your writing impact)

Responding to Enquiries 1 Treat them equally and with grace2 providing the materials or information that the perspective client has

asked for

Letter of Enquiry

(a) The Beginning Dear Sir Madam Ms Mr YbgProfDatoETan Sri (if they carry such titles)

(b) Giving Reference With reference to your advertisement (ad) in the Straits Times dated14th June Tuesday 2005frasl Regarding your advertisement in the Star dated9th May 2005frasl could youfrasl

(c) Requesting a Catalogue Brochure etc After the reference add a comma and continuefraslwould (could) you pleasesend me frasl

(d) Requesting Further Information I would like to know frasl Could you tell me whetherfrasl(e) Signature Yours Faithfully 1048835 (very formal as you do not know the

personwhom you are writing to)



Topic 6 Short Forms of Written Communication 61 E-mails Electronic mail and is a method of composing sending and

receiving messages over electronic communication systems Electronic mail has evolved from only able to send short

(c) To Forward1 Click on the message subject then click forward2 This will take you to a forward

Message screen and you can forward the message



messages to can be used to send messages and data thatcan range from pictures to animation to programmes

Kinds of e-mails1) Personal e-mail2) Legitimate business e-mail3) Subscription (approved by recipient)4) Unknowingly approved by recipient5) Spamming not approved by recipient and6) Virus mail (sent by infected systems)

Update and protect your systems with the latest virus programmes to assured that e-mails are clean and free from any viruses----------------------------------------------------------------------------

611 Selecting and Narrowing Topics Select one topic per e-mail Do one thing at a time Not to compress everything into one e- mail Write three

separate ones with three different titles Easy for

Your reader or his secretary can read each mail and categorise them according to hisher own system and priority of tasks to be completed

------------------------------------------------------------------------------612 To Read Reply Forward and Delete E-mail (a) To Read - click on the message subject(b) To Reply Reply

1 Click on the message subject then click reply 2 Replying message screen appear and you can write back to

the sender of the message reply all

1 To send a reply to the original recipients of the message2 Useful tool for group communication

to one or more people(d) To Delete Click delete button to delete one message a time

when they are open Click check box in box view to delete a selection of

messages and then click delete Deleted e-mail(s) will be transferred from inbox to

your trash folder -------------------------------------------------------------------

613 Evaluating and Making Notes from Sources of Information To ensure that your material is relevant and your

sources are acknowledged Forwarding e-mails is great for keeping in contact with

friends and relatives Not good in the business context because they may

clutter your recipients inbox and this gives himher more work to do to clear hisher inbox (wasting your readerrsquos time )

Advantages1 Get message to the readerquickly2 They are cheap3 They can carry massive amounts of information4 You can send a single piece of information to

several different people at once5 They are easy to store6 Enable you to contact your clients or business

contacts easily 1049137

62 Memorandum and Executive Summaries The memorandum = communication in appropriate language that you send

to people who work with you(your colleagues bosses

workers and everyone else in your organisation

Appropriate language = language that suits the purpose and context

you are working in Basic Appropriate languageUse Gender-neutral Language

Gender specific actor actress chairman Chairwoman and some terms of references that are the same mr and mrs

Try to use language that does not differentiate or discriminate between the sexesUse Slang-free Language

Slang is a local variation of a language Working in a company consisting of a multinational workforce - avoid using too much Manglish Try to use the standard adopted by our school system when write memos

Professional

Formal Tone

1 Firstly courteous to fellow workers for able to be sincerely courteous to people outside your organisation

2 Secondly memo is a record of the communication with fellow workers for us in future to refer to this



piece of writing and bring it up in a meeting or report (avoid embarrassment)

3 Thirdly get support and approval from people in organisation impressing the people in your organisation with proofread your memos for style mechanics and content before send them (Never send embarrassing memos to create a positive image with your colleague)

Feedback Share drafts with your colleagues and get their comments to improve your writing

Sure that they will understand what you wish to convey

Helps your colleagues as writing is not an easy thing to do for many people and often an also helping each other to start

Make yourself important to your colleagues because provided them with reference or a source of valuable information

Format not need an addressbut to know where the memo is from

indicate your department position and project code when sending memos to people outside your department

Executive Summaries1) To provide a condensed version of the content of a longer report

2) Are written for someone who most likely DOES NOT have time to read the original

3) Be called an abstract when it accompanies a scholarly document

4) An abstract is a shortened form of a work that retains the general sense and unity of the original

5) An abstract is basically a miniature version of the original and it looks like the original

6) An executive summary let the reader in on

What the real significance of the report is

What is the reader expected to respond to

The reader is a decision - maker who will have the responsibility of deciding on some issue(s) related to the report

7) The executive summary

Must not longer than 10 of the original document Can be 1-10 pages depending on the length of the report

They are self- contained stand-alone documents

Accuracy is essential because decisions made by people based summary and who have not read the original

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(a) Functions of an Executive Summary

Gives readers essential contents of document in 1-10 pages

Previews the main points to enable readers to build a mental framework for organising and understanding the detailed information

Helps readers determine the key results and recommendations reported

(b) Processes of Writing an Executive Summary

Write after research is finished Try to

1) Scan research to determine content structure and length of report

2) Highlight key points determine purposecentral theme of the report

3) Review research and determine what the key ideas or concepts

4) Group ideas in a logical fashion and prepare a point-form outline of the summary

5) Edit the outline to eliminate secondary or minor points (keep the summary concise)

6) Determine subtitles bullets selective bolding of organisational structure to the clarity to summary

7) Write the summary in your own words using professional style

8) Read aloud or record yourself reading your summary

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

(c) Elements of an Executive SummaryYou should choose the elements depend on the

1) Purpose and nature of your document purpose and scope of document

2) Methods

3) Results

4) Conclusion

5) Recommendations

6) Other supportive information

Topic 7 Persuasive Writing Ringkasan Nota Modul daripada FKC Kumpulan 3 (2009) 12


72 Type of Persuasive Writing

Assertion ConcessionRebuttal Proof

when the writer asserts a certain opinion to the reader

state the problem or controversy and may appear clearly and succinctly

expressed in the thesis statement

writer does not exaggerate or distort the opponentrsquos view

do not defend the opposing side but fairly and reasonably state what these views are

presents the evidence for the assertion

using a series of facts examples instances and observations to support the argument

compelling restatement of the assertion

Element for good Arguments (a) Element Evidence In order to convince the reader to agree with you You must ensure that your evidence is convincing amp satisfy the following questions Enough evidence The evidence trustworthy Reliable

Informed valid sources Evidence verifiable

(B) Element Appeal To AuthorityTo clear the uneasiness authoritative we must consider the following elements They are Do people question your authority on a particular subject Is your expert opinion current or up to date Do your peers accept and respect your opinion Is your expert advice free of bias

(C) Element Improper Evaluation Of Statistics Use them ethically accurately amp as objective as possible Have samples which are pool representative and unbiased Have statistics accurately tabulated and see that the

statistics are not taken out of context

Reasons for and Purposes of Persuasive Writing 1) To influence or change an audiencersquos thoughts or actions 2) Want people to believe us remember what we have written

and will take the necessary action based on our written work

Types of Reasoning Processes Deduction Mode

begins with a general principle or premise and draws a specific conclusion from it

Induction Mode

supports a general conclusion by examining specific facts or cases

The process itself Appeal to Reason argument is an appeal to personrsquos sense of

reason its a measured logical way of trying to

persuade others to agree with you choose one side of an issue clearly in an

effort to persuade othersAppeal to Emotion evoking emotion in our reader is to use

vivid imagesAppeal to Good PersonalityCharacterThe appeal to our good behaviour or our ethics can occur at one or more of the following levels in any argument Are you a reasonable person (Are you

willing to listen compromise and concede points)

Can someone reason with you (Are you ready to listen)

Are you authoritative (Do you have the mandate or power to stand by your decisions)

Are you an ethicalmoral person Are you concerned for the well-being of

your audience (Do you have them at heart)

72 Persuasive Strategies Possible persuasive strategies include

1 Emphasising Readers Benefits

explains to readers how they will benefit from performing the actiontaking the positionpurchasing the product recommended

readers are members of organisation stress organisational objectives and growth needs

2 Addressing Readers Concerns

predict what thereaders responses

to counteract any negative thoughts or arguments that arise in readers minds

3 Showing Sound Reasoning

writer needs to persuade readers that the decisions or actions recommended will actually bring about benefits and explain why

4 Presenting Reliable Evidence

o readers are willing to accept Reliable evidence depending on the field

o A writer needs to use common sense to determine what type of evidence is needed


Evidence must validreliable sufficient trustworthy and can be verified


73 The Reasoning Process ( 2 basic types or reasoning processes deduction and induction refer to 72 )In order to have confidence in the writer readers must understand the

(a) Writerrsquos Claim The claim is the position the writer wants readers to accept

(b) Evidence The evidence consists of observations facts and other information provided in support of the claim

(c) Line of Reasoning The line of reasoning is the connecting link between the claim and the evidence the reasons given for believing that the evidence proves the claim

74 Direct and Indirect Patterns of Organisation (a) Organising to Create a Positive Response carefully choose the organisational pattern which best

suits your purpose Ensure that all the parts of your persuasive piece fit

together tightly

(b) Direct Pattern Organisationo In a direct pattern of organisation the writerrsquos main

point is started firsto Evidence and other related information are given

afterwards o The direct organisational pattern works well when

the readerrsquos initial response is all important you recommend a course of action or presenting

an analysis which you expect your readers to view favourably

(c) Indirect Pattern of Organisation Indirect pattern of organisation postpones the bottom-

line statement until all the evidence and related information have been presented

You first discuss the situation then make your recommendations after presenting your arguments

The writer can prepare readers for the recommendations about to be made

Indirect pattern is particularly useful when you convey information which your readers might view as threatening

The indirect pattern avoids of inciting the readerlsquos initial negative reactions

It can frustrate the reader who wants to know the abottom line first

75 Voice and CredibilityBe a credible and can be trusted writer1) Consider the Reasoning Process and Types of Reasoning - to think and consider how he reasons out his writing2) Choosing an Appropriate Voice 3) Establishing Credibility Belief your readers have regarding whether you are a good source of information and ideas When people believe you are credible they are more likely to accept the things you say If people do not find you credible they may refuse to consider your ideas seriously-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Topic 8 Writing and Presenting Proposals 81 Definitions of Terms Proposals and Feasibility Studies Proposals are informative and persuasive writing because they attempt to educate the reader and to convince that

reader to do something

a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study

All research proposals must address the following questions1 What do you want to do

2 What do you plan to accomplish

3 Why do you want to do it

The Good proposal should

1) have sufficient information to convince your readers to

research idea good grasp of the relevant literature and

major issues and methodology is sound

2) The quality of your research proposal depends on the



4 How are you going to do it

5 What is the subject of the proposal

6 For whom the proposal intended

quality of proposed project and proposal writing

82 Writing a Proposal

----------------------------------------------------------------

83 Proposal Writing to Fit the Needs of Organisation or Clients

a) Main Concerns of Proposal Writing

people who will carry out the work of the proposal who

could be your tutor or supervisor

the supervisor or whoever you are dealing with is

b) Recognition of Critical Factors in Proposal Assessment

A clearly outlined evaluation process can help to clarify goals define objectives and refine procedures during the initial development of the proposal

Evaluation serves a number of useful purposes

Assessment assists everyone in understanding what made the project successful and why and what hindered its success

Ask a few questions yourself

c) Problems in Proposal Writing and Getting a Proposal Together

1 Problem to get the right title

Weak title Improving English Education in Primary Schools

Better title Innovative Instructional Materials to Improve English Education in Primary Schools

2 Problems keep on cropping up

3 Tough time in organising documents

4 What should or should not be included

5 Cannot organise their material in a logical way

Major points that a researcher has to address

1) The filtration process for writing a thesis proposal

2) Keep on filtering redefine your title and content so that it becomes a doable project

3) Talk to yourself middot keep on selling your ideas to your friends or supervisor Talking assists in clarifying your ideas

4) Write a brief note about your idea in one or two pages especially on your area of interest Try to read through and put it aside for a moment (as if to forget about it) come back to it and think whether you have done a good job

5) Keep on reading middot spend time in the library read through various texts and

6) Attend to your areas of interest Take notes (never forget to reference the texts)

7) Mull through the write-up because you might find some things to change



reputable and will be able to fulfill that contract the

people in the institution submitting the proposal

8) Discipline which is sorting out the various topics so that they are in order

9) Referencing so that you acknowledge other peoplersquos work

84 Informal and Formal Proposals A formal proposal is usually submitted by or through an

organisation such as a school college university non-profit organisation or museum to an organisation such as a foundation funding agency or corporation

A proposal often begins with a person acting upon a wholehearted desire to fulfill a need to do something for onersquos own benefit and for the benefit of others

Motivated by deep personal convictions people experiencing this strong desire often recognise that solving a pressing problem performing critically important research or achieving a particular goal can make the world a better place

The researcher will go all out and is willing to devote his or her personal time and energy to satisfy this burning desire

841 Nature of FormalInformal Proposal (Differentiate)Formal Proposal Informal Proposal

1 to be written in a formal business-like manner

2 means you have your to right and clear

3 present it to the board or to whoever it is for

4 from the beginning to the methods and the instruments

1 written neatly and structured like the formal one it may be done on a smaller scale and normally carries less weight compared with a formal proposal

2 it consumes almost the same amount of time

3 the informal proposal is prepared not to seek funding or for an academic degree

4 done to undertake a small research project on something

5 can be completed sooner than a formal one

842 Business Proposal Proposal writing is a lengthy process and costs time and money

every time you are not awarded the contracttender It takes researchers a long time to set up Present business proposal in well laid-out looks highly

professional and is compelling Lay out specific terms within the law to prevent being taken for a

ride With the right proposal you will be assured of winning the

contract Business proposals are developed for two possible reasons (June

Campbell 2002)1 A business company has

called for tenders or has invited you to submit an RFP (Request for Proposal)

Your proposal must stand out among possibly dozens of submissions

Goal is to be shortlisted

2 You have an idea concept or project that you want to propose to someone with the goal of gaining support

No competitive bidding process

Make a favourable impression and explain all

85 Funding of Proposals Internal funding from hisher own employer

If done outside onersquos institution heshe has to look for external

sponsors

Sponsorshipfunding may come from

Ones own employer

Business establishment

Multinational companie

External sources (such as ford foundation rockefeller

foundation or other renowned sponsors)

86 Feasibility Studies And Reports feasibility means Feasibilityrsquos 3 parts meaning

capable of being done

executed or effected

1 The degree to given alternative

mode management strategy

design or location is economically

justified

capable of being

managed utilised or

dealt with successfully

2 The degree to an alternative is

considered preferable from an

environmental or social perspective

reasonable likely 3 The degree to construction and

operation of such an alternative can

be financed and managed

(a) There are two general types of feasibility study reports1 Interim reports document findings and if appropriate

general interest reports made during the course of feasibility

studies

2 Final reports should contain an executive summary or

should briefly define the study approach briefly summarise

the types of analysis methods used summarise the results

and state a conclusion

(b) Problems in feasibility report1 Write a good introduction ndash situation audience overview

2 State requirements - factors that influence the decision

3 Indicate how option being compared

4 Organise the comparison - using the point-by-point approach

5 state the best choice of each comparative section

6 include a key data summary in table form and provide



funding or an alliance aspects of your proposed concept clearly and quickly

Business proposal guidelines Clarity Strive to communicate not to impress Error free Print and bind Layout

Visual elements Title page Be politically correct Jargon free Technology

technical background

7 Discuss the background of the problem or opportunity

8 Include sections of definitions descriptions

9 Include a conclusion section

10 Include a recommendation section

861 What is a Feasibility Study1Designed to provide an overview of the primary issues related to a business idea

2To identify any make or break issues that would prevent your business from being successful in the marketplace

3Be considered a brief formal analysis of a prospective business idea4To give the entrepreneur a clear evaluation of the potential for sales and profit of a particular idea

5Provides a lot of information necessary for a business plan

6A feasibility study looks at three major areas

Market Issues OrganisationalTechnical Issues Financial Issues

Market analysis begins by

asking

1What precisely is the

market

2The more specific you

can be the better it is

3Is the market growing

shrinking or staying the

same

4Is it worth your while

5Is the market enough to

make it worth the time

Key questions to answer include 1 What organisational structure is right for your project

2 Who will manage the business

3 What qualifications needed to manage business

4 Who will sit on the board of directors What are their

qualifications

The cost and availability of technology may be of critical

importance to the feasibility of a project

Key issues to answer include1 What technology needed

2 What other equipment needed

3 Where to obtain this technology amp equipment

4 When can acquire it

5 How much equipment amp technology cost

Third and final step of a feasibility analysis is to take a

look at key financial issues

Start-up costs

Costs incurred at start of new business

Operating costs

Ongoing costs such as rent utilities

wages

Revenue projections

How will you price goods and services

Source of financing

Need to borrow money

Profitability analysis

Will the business bring enough revenue

Will it break even lose money or make a

profit

862 Benefits of Feasibility Studies

Benefit cost analysis developed during a feasibility

study may well attract more attention and produce

more controversy than any other product of the study

Benefit cost analysis is generally considered the most

objective and credible product of such studies

Implementing feasibility studies can

1 Map out for lenders your proposalecircs strengths

and potential

2 Realistically analyse the impact of expansion

3 Show you the pros and cons

863 The Feasibility Study



4 Analyse the business data

Topic 9 The Fundamentals of Writing A Research Paper 91 Researching for a Paper

Research Papers Documented Essays

Students search for and use outside

sources to support their main argument

Sources are cited within the paper

Publication information about each

source or reference is included at the

end of the paper in a a works ldquocitedrdquo

page

Student uses quotes

from one or more

sources that he or

she has read in a

class

92 What is a Research Paper1 An extended essay that summarises information about a

particular subject in order to prove a point

2 A sustained inquiry about a particular subject

3 Research paper not an ldquoenglishrdquo assignment

4 A tool for the student to use as he explores one of the

content areas of the curriculum something he is interested

in

93 Choosing a Topic Generally Read the assignment very carefully and select a topic or a

thesis that fits within the assignment Choose topic that you are interested amp capable of adequately

pursuing in the space you have Avoid topics that too broad or too narrow Better to do something more narrowly focused

Key feature of successful researchYou need to choose a topic that1 Fulfills the course requirements and2 Is doable3 Has available resources in the library or on the internetIs not too extensive and in actuality is several topics in one so that it is manageable in the time available



Ask Question(1) have a strong opinion (2) read a newspaper article that tested your curiosity(3) have a personal issue problem (4) have a research paper due in a class this current (5) Is there an aspect of one of your courses that you are interested in learning about moreWrite down any words or phrases that may be of interest to youBe aware of certain overused topic ideas

Read a general encyclopedia article on the top two or three topics you areconsidering

Limit a topicgeographic regionculturetime frame discipline and population groupTopic more difficult if itlocally confined recent broadly interdisciplinary amp popularIf uncertainties discuss topic with your tutorinstructor amp librarian

Keep track of the words that are used to describe your topic words that best describe your topic synonyms broader and narrower terms to expand your search capabilities Keep a list of these words

modify research topic during the research process

develop a more focused interest in an aspect of something relating to that word and then begin to have questions about the topic

Use the key words need some research and reading before you select your final topic

Write your topic as a thesis statement Development of a thesis assumes is sufficient evidence to support the thesis statement The title should clearly convey the focus purpose and meaning of your research

Remember to discuss and follow any specific instructions from your instructor

94 Research and Analysis 1 Reason = to provide evidence to prove your thesis2 Ways to research or analyse = methodology3 Research

Include looking up other research on the same or similar topic

To find out what other people have said about it Can help you prove your thesis clarify your methodology

or even find contrary opinions you need to disprove

Research Suggestions Start Out by Reading a General Study or Two on Your Subject Treat Research Like a Detective Story Look at the Most Recent Books and Journal Articles First Photocopy Important Material

95 Research Sources 1) Reference Works materials in the reference room are valuable resources for

beginning to structure the basic outline or your topic Language

encyclopedias and dictionaries are one of the many resources

2) Books OUM Virtual System (VLS) Headings for ways to cross-

5) News magazines and Newspapers not good sources of analysis check with tutor to ensure that these are considered acceptable

sources

6) World Wide Web (WWW) Electronic Resources Government bureaucracies Network government resources


Methodology include laboratory research surveys close textual analysis and psychoanalytic search


reference your search for books

3) Scholarly Journal Articles sources of new information and analysis

4) Government Publications a report of a government agency hearing or reports of a

parliamentary committee the PAC (Public Accounts Committee) the transcript of the proceedings of Parliament or a document from a government printer

Malaysian government linksIncluded data references Author of the web page Date of the web page Title of the web page and complete url

7) Miscellaneous Sources References to sources that are not found in your library

8) External Sources Conduct an interview with a decision-maker or some other

relevant person

9) Thesis StatementA thesis statement in an essay is a sentence that explicitly identifies the purpose of the paper or previews its main ideasimportant to lets the reader know There is one main point rather than several main points Your position on a particular issue What exactly you are trying to prove or substantiate

The supporting paragraphs should all work to support the thesis statement Its can Clarify your position on an issue Provide key definitions related to the topic Discuss the ldquohowrdquo and ldquowhyrdquo aspect of the thesis statement Discuss patterns or inconsistencies in development

Thesis Statement1) Makes an argumentative assertion about a topic2) States the conclusions that you have reached about your

topic3) Makes a promise to the reader about the scope purpose and

direction of your paper4) Is focused and specific enough to be proved within the

boundaries of your paper5) Is generally located at the end of the introduction6) Is expressed in several sentences or in an entire paragraph

and7) Identifies the relationships between the pieces of evidence

that you are using to support your argument

10) Outlining and Organisation Introduction establish your topic and state your thesis Move to the body of paper in a clear logical manner Prove your thesis step by step and convince your reader End with a conclusion

11) Argument convince your organise your thoughts logically and provide evidence Look for gaps in your own argument and try to fill those in Avoid errors in reasoning (stereotypes invalid assumptions

hasty generalisations or appeals to the emotions)12) Writing 1) Not to write in a colloquial style unless it is necessary 2) Avoid lots of choppy short sentences and paragraphs 3) Each paragraph has a central idea and that paragraphs are4) Clearly connected5) Avoid using the same words repeatedly6) Double check your paper for grammatical punctuation spelling and other errors13) Citation a) To lsquocitersquo is to point to evidence authority or proof b) need to collect and assemble details of where your

information came from and note this in your textc) Citing to protect ourselves against charges of plagiarism

It is also vital to prove that our work has a substantial factual basis show the research we have done reaches our conclusions allow our readers to identify and retrieve the references for

their own used) There are two main styles of citing

Harvard Is a type of author-date style Requires only the name of the author(s)

and the year of publication (with no punctuation between the two items)

Requires citations to be placed at the end of a sentence (before the concluding

96 Looking for a Paper 1 Means that you as a writer have to do some background

reading think hard and speak with your tutor or instructor in order to identify a good topic

2 Begin by reading in the field3 Read a few books or articles on topics you find of interest 4 Follow up by reading on the course syllabus or the footnotes

or bibliographies of the texts you are reading for the course5 Speak to your tutor or instructor about some of your general

ideas and the possible research directions you are thinking about pursuing

Typical Structure1) Start with a paragraph that summarises the key results in the

context of the question (s) you asked in the introduction2) Compare and contrast with others in the literature 3) List the limitations might resolve them4) Discuss implications in other fields such as culture and



punctuation) Example adnin (1990 564) has argued thathellip

Vancouver A footnoteendnote style References are numbered in the order in

which they are cited in the text

e) For Notes Footnotes and Endnotes Make your argument coherent and sound Since they provide the reader with the sourcesevidence

to back your argument Indicating thoughts and ideas of a secondary nature Explain or to make a comment on something Footnotes(little notes) found on the same page Endnotes (little longer notes ) found on back pages

f) For Bibliographypresents them in a way that permits a prospective reader to see how you did your research

Author (One Only) Title Place Published CompanyYear

14) Presentationa) writing it clearly sentencesb) need also be clear and concisec) checked for syntax punctuation and styled) paragraphs and sentences should flow easily paper is

cleanly typed or printed without any missing pages or errorse) figures or illustrations are clearly labelled

religion5) Hypothesise and speculate on the data (provide a model)

97 Looking for Materials Materials for research can be divided into three categories(a) Background Information - brief and to the point that a summary either

Explains why the topic that you chose is significant Provides a brief history of your chosen topic

(b) Supporting Information Drive your argument forward Validates your opinion(more believable and plausible)

(c) Opposing Information Its useful to strengthen your position on an issue Include opposing information Useful tactic to persuade the reader to take your side

98 The Craft of Note-Taking One note card should be used for each major point Information incidentbe written in a corner of the note card

(name of book or article place and year published and published company

process of note-taking(a) Examine the Books and Articles Skim sources locating useful material then make good

notes of it (icluding quotes amp nformation for footnotes ) Make these notes on separate cards for each author(b) Take Care in Note-taking Be accurate and honest(not distort the authorrsquos

meaning) do not want to collect only those things that will support

your thesis while ignoring other facts or opinions (c) Get the Right Kind of Material Get facts not just opinions Compare the facts with the authorrsquos deas

opinionsDeliberationsQuotationsClosure conclusions

981 How to Take Research Notes 1) Write down all the bibliographical information (authorrsquos name publisher

date amp place of publication) on a 3-by-5 index card ldquosource cardrdquo

2) Number all your source cards

3) Skim each source for information on your subject

4) Write down the information you wish to note on an

5) ldquoinformation cardrdquo (using a direct quote a paraphrase)

6) Jot down the page number of the source from information card

7) Number each information card to refer back to the source

8) Organise your information cards according to subject matter

99 Writing a Research Paper Clarity in writing

Be written in the third person

Good writing can be divided into three parts effort style considerations and technical matters



910 Looking at Different Sets of Research Papers

Step 1 Choose a Topic Select a subject you can manage Avoid subjects that are too technical learned or specialised very narrow

range of source materials

Step 2 Find Information a) evaluate web sites critically and to search effectively on the Internetb) Use Search Engines to search in the Net for general or background information check out useful URLs

general information online almanacs or encyclopedias onlinec) check out materials available in your own universityEs library or in other librariesd) jot down full bibliographical information

Step 3 State Your Thesis Do some critical thinking and write your thesis statement in one sentence

Step 4 Make a Tentative Outline

INTRODUCTION a BODY and a CONCLUSION

Step 5 Organise Your Notes

a) Organise according to your outline and critically analyse your research datab) Check for accuracy and verify that the information is factual up to date and correctc) Effectively communicate your thoughts ideas insights and research findings to others through written

words or through spoken words as in an oral or multimedia presentation with audio-visual aidsd) Jot down detailed bibliographical information for each cited paragraph and have it ready to transfer to your

word cited page

Step 6 Write Your First Draft

a) Use a technique that suits you to Summarise paraphrase or quote directly for each idea you plan to use in your paper

b) Put all your note cards or paper in order of your outlinec) well-organised research paper completed exactly as outlined

Step 7 Revise Your Outline and Draft

a) Read your paper for any errors in content b) Arrange and rearrange ideas to follow your outline c) Reorganise your outline if necessary but always keep the purpose of your paper and your readers in mindd) Re-read your paper for grammatical errorse) Correct all spoted errors and improve the overall quality of the paper f) Get someone else to read it over

Step 8 Type Final Paper a) be type-written using a word processor or in a rare case a typewriterb) Read the assignment sheet again c) Proof read your final paper carefully for spelling punctuation missing or duplicated wordsd) ensure that your final paper is clean tidy neat and attractive

911 Writing Your Research Paper in Four Steps Step 1 Select a Paper Topic Topic which is of interest to you

Consult your course instructor or tutor you are writing the paper for before you see the advisorStep 2 Locate Relevant Academic

Literature Deepen the understanding of your chosen topic Reviewing the existing literature

Step 3 Make an Argument Organise your thoughts present them logically and provide evidence to back them up Be detailed and cite sources and specific things you have found to clearly ground your argument Anticipate counter- arguments or counter-evidence and to argue against those in your paper Avoid errors in generalisations or appeals to emotions

Step 4 Support Your Argument with Evidence

Good argument is only as good as the evidence that supports it Library research advisor can assist you Examples of evidence to support an argument = transcripts of interviews and speeches by

officials


Steps to Ensure a Good Research Paper

OUMH1203 ENGLISH FOR WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Legislative acts court decisions internal memos and other official documents

912 Referencing and Editing Referencing Show evidence of what an author has said Avoid misrepresentation through restatement Save unnecessary writing when ideas have been well-

expressed by the original author

Editing1) Editing is the process of refining a piece of writing so that

it suits a particular purpose It gets your document ready to do its job (Bandy 2004)

2) To reveal hidden mistakes and will ensure that your best possible work is being submitted

3) Find and eliminate all common mistakes from the document as previously stated

4) Proper editing cures inconsistent statements ambiguities poorly written sentences and weak word choices

Three types of editing1 Substantive Editing- deal primarily with the content and

message of the copy2 Stylistic Editing - focuses on matters specifically related to

the actual writing such as clarity flow sentence length and word selection

3 Copyediting - focus on grammar internal inconsistencies headline writing and spelling

According to Bandy once you have finished writing the document you can take the following steps1) Run spell-check2) Let it rest then read for sense and tone3) Reread backwards for the following common mistakes (invalid

sentences non-parallel constructions bad apostrophes and wrong words)

4) Run spell-check again

Topic 10 Writing Collaboratively 101 Stages in Collaborative Writing (Three stages)

The Invention Stage

Learners are engaged in preliminary discussions of ideas and approaches usingNote sharing Brainstorm about the topics first then trade notes

and materials with the othersPreliminary debating Prepare a debateidea on a topic Group members gather support for their positions

which then becomes shared materials for papersThe Drafting Stage

Three modelsChunk mode - divides the writing of a project into sections Good everyone involvedBad-result in an incoherent paperBlended model-learners be present in the same place and discuss every aspect of the paperCompiler model-each group member does the whole assignment final best product be selected to create the final draft

The Revision Stage

Group members have to revise the paper1) The group members can revise one anotherlsquos

drafts2) The best writer of the group can become the chief

editor of the draft3) Other group members can give comments or

suggestions

Andrew Booth (2002) divides collaboration into two types

102 Team Communication Effective writing teams know what they intend to accomplish They know their responsibilities resources strengths and

weaknesses and know how to communicate well But such problems can include

1) unsatisfactory negotiations2) non-acknowledgement of ideasopinions3) over-zealous editing

105 Management of TimeWritingDocuments Time - deadlines affect group writing tasks constantly Writing - bulletin board to show the writing cpmpleting

progress using a type of story-board format to post sections of the work Itself

Document - an outline of the steps that will occur in the writing process

When all done they must make decisions Ringkasan Nota Modul daripada FKC Kumpulan 3 (2009) 23


4) missed deadlinesnon-delivery and5) non-understanding of subject matter

103 Team Building Practising democracy is another aspect of team building Every member needs to be given the chance to speak and

respect must be shown for each personrsquos ideas or opinions More creative energy as well as better quality product will

emerge as a result of team- work Students working as a team will maximise use of resources

and improve their profile

104 Analysis of Task The group must analyse the task to be done so that each

member has the same interpretation They must consider the major questions to be answered

concerning the writing project

1) Group versus Individual Work decide activities to be done by group and by individual group

members2) Equivalency of a Task

Each group member have an equal amount of work complete the job as quickly as possible and will ensure

fairness3) Best Use of Individual Skills

Match up individual skills with a job that utilises those skills If group members are comfortable with each other they will be

less hesitant to state their own strengths and weaknesses

106 Managing Collaborative Writing Projects

107 Practice in Writing Step-By-Step Instructions Develop a style and format guide at the very beginning of

the writing project questions to consider

1) What style guide Which spelling conventions2) What size for font type margins and headings 3) Will abbreviations be allowed and which ones4) Which technical terms necessary to define5) Will processes be explained in point form or paragraph

form

108 Conflict Management Groups need to face these conflicts with patience

understanding and respond to them directly

Take steps to resolve the conflict as soon as they become

1012 Writing as a Group Writing collaboratively tends to take a bit more time than

writing alone

Each writer might have different ideas on what to write how



aware that it exists

Process

Find the source of the problem

What is the issue

Where did it come from

Who started it

109 Collaborative Writing Practice Group members need to know what they are supposed to do

following is an example of a group project

Get students to work as a team to brainstorm research

outline draft and revise the material which will be submitted

to the tourism board

1010 Preparing Manuals and Other Forms of Team Writing Guidelines in the manual should be clear straightforward

and easy to understand

Guidelines to be considered when preparing a manual

1) Purpose

2) Amount of detail

3) Heading

4) Format

5) Inclusion of diagram

6) Level of language

7) User friendliness

8) Other appriopriate consideration

to write and how much to write

Group should lay out a detailed series of deadlines and

dates for meeting in order to eliminate as much of the last-

minute rush as possible

Collaborative writing also has the potential to be far superior

to individual writing because

The weaknesses and inadequacies of individuals are

checked upon by one another

The strengths of the individuals are pooled together

Tips for

9)


Topic 1 Introduction to Written Communication Some Basic Principles

Topic 2 Letter Writing


Topic 4 Report Writing

Topic 5 The Language of Business Writing


writing stage editing stage

c written document should have efficiency equity and effectivenessd Avoid four common errors

Reports Reports intended for readers who are external to the

organisation are often written as letter reports Usually on the organisations letterhead May present a problem proposal solution or reply to

a request Standard of letter report the seven basic parts of a

business letter The writerEcircs address The date Reader address Salutation Body Complimentary close Signature block

Memorandum Used for routine information Includes information about a special issue problem

or information needed for decision - making and problem - solving within an organisation

The memorandum report format is the least formal report format

Standard of a short memorandum report includes five components Reader name Writer name Date Subject line or title Body

Formal and Informal ReportsTo write a good report the following three stages must be discussed

Planning Writing Editing

Documentation1 Some work kept for research purposes2 Some historical work kept for posterity3 Some for others to know and see4 Used to keep abreast with ongoing projects for remembrance

acknowledgement and as a teaching-learning tool to improve onersquos writing skill


Confusing words that can mislead the reader

Cause communication breakdown or barriers between the writer and the reader

a Ambiguousb Bombasticc Vagued Sexiste Trendyf Exaggeratedg inflated and archaic

Solution1 Use the familiar word to the far-fetched2 Concrete word to the abstract3 Single word to the circumlocution4 The short word to the long

use of too many words overuse of words interferes with

understanding interrupt the reader understanding

Too much information Reader becomes overwhelmed and confused Cause frustration and cast doubts on the writer credibility

SolutionIn order to produce a clear concise and relevant written work

writing fragments instead of completesentences and writing sentences that lack unity

sentence(s) short and compact to ensure that they are correct logical and easy to read

SolutionWords ave to be structured to the extent that what precedes should be in accordance with those that follow




















clearly









needed










understood language














































of report

Good reports are

clear

concise

flow smoothly








report













Style and Length




2 Citing References

3 Content and Style


you








Choose to present


to understand



very informative






punctuation



















heading

inside address

salutation

body

complimentary close









margin



53 Business Letters











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Formal Tone


























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Induction Mode

































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she has read in a

class







in


























sources












relevant person









































































word cited page













officials



















The Invention Stage





The Revision Stage




suggestions




























form





writing alone





Process


What is the issue


Who started it









1) Purpose

2) Amount of detail

3) Heading

4) Format














Tips for

9)


























clearly









needed










understood language














































of report

Good reports are

clear

concise

flow smoothly








report













Style and Length




2 Citing References

3 Content and Style


you








Choose to present


to understand



very informative






punctuation



















heading

inside address

salutation

body

complimentary close









margin



53 Business Letters











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Professional

Formal Tone


























--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------















-------------------------------------------------------------------------



2) Methods

3) Results

4) Conclusion

5) Recommendations























Induction Mode

































together tightly
































----------------------------------------------------------------






























































sponsors


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justified

capable of being

managed utilised or










studies




























asking


market





same








qualifications










Start-up costs


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wages

Revenue projections


Source of financing





profit









and potential















page

Student uses quotes

from one or more

sources that he or

she has read in a

class







in


























sources












relevant person









































































word cited page













officials



















The Invention Stage





The Revision Stage




suggestions




























form





writing alone





Process


What is the issue


Who started it









1) Purpose

2) Amount of detail

3) Heading

4) Format














Tips for

9)












needed










understood language














































of report

Good reports are

clear

concise

flow smoothly








report













Style and Length




2 Citing References

3 Content and Style


you








Choose to present


to understand



very informative






punctuation



















heading

inside address

salutation

body

complimentary close









margin



53 Business Letters











asked for

Letter of Enquiry











































Professional

Formal Tone


























--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------















-------------------------------------------------------------------------



2) Methods

3) Results

4) Conclusion

5) Recommendations























Induction Mode

































together tightly
































----------------------------------------------------------------






























































sponsors


Ones own employer











justified

capable of being

managed utilised or










studies




























asking


market





same








qualifications










Start-up costs


Operating costs


wages

Revenue projections


Source of financing





profit









and potential















page

Student uses quotes

from one or more

sources that he or

she has read in a

class







in


























sources












relevant person









































































word cited page













officials



















The Invention Stage





The Revision Stage




suggestions




























form





writing alone





Process


What is the issue


Who started it









1) Purpose

2) Amount of detail

3) Heading

4) Format














Tips for

9)

















































of report

Good reports are

clear

concise

flow smoothly








report













Style and Length




2 Citing References

3 Content and Style


you








Choose to present


to understand



very informative






punctuation



















heading

inside address

salutation

body

complimentary close









margin



53 Business Letters











asked for

Letter of Enquiry











































Professional

Formal Tone


























--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------















-------------------------------------------------------------------------



2) Methods

3) Results

4) Conclusion

5) Recommendations























Induction Mode

































together tightly
































----------------------------------------------------------------






























































sponsors


Ones own employer











justified

capable of being

managed utilised or










studies




























asking


market





same








qualifications










Start-up costs


Operating costs


wages

Revenue projections


Source of financing





profit









and potential















page

Student uses quotes

from one or more

sources that he or

she has read in a

class







in


























sources












relevant person









































































word cited page













officials



















The Invention Stage





The Revision Stage




suggestions




























form





writing alone





Process


What is the issue


Who started it









1) Purpose

2) Amount of detail

3) Heading

4) Format














Tips for

9)











punctuation



















heading

inside address

salutation

body

complimentary close









margin



53 Business Letters











asked for

Letter of Enquiry











































Professional

Formal Tone


























--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------















-------------------------------------------------------------------------



2) Methods

3) Results

4) Conclusion

5) Recommendations























Induction Mode

































together tightly
































----------------------------------------------------------------






























































sponsors


Ones own employer











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capable of being

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studies




























asking


market





same








qualifications










Start-up costs


Operating costs


wages

Revenue projections


Source of financing





profit









and potential















page

Student uses quotes

from one or more

sources that he or

she has read in a

class







in


























sources












relevant person









































































word cited page













officials



















The Invention Stage





The Revision Stage




suggestions




























form





writing alone





Process


What is the issue


Who started it









1) Purpose

2) Amount of detail

3) Heading

4) Format














Tips for

9)








53 Business Letters











asked for

Letter of Enquiry











































Professional

Formal Tone


























--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------















-------------------------------------------------------------------------



2) Methods

3) Results

4) Conclusion

5) Recommendations























Induction Mode

































together tightly
































----------------------------------------------------------------






























































sponsors


Ones own employer











justified

capable of being

managed utilised or










studies




























asking


market





same








qualifications










Start-up costs


Operating costs


wages

Revenue projections


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profit









and potential















page

Student uses quotes

from one or more

sources that he or

she has read in a

class







in


























sources












relevant person









































































word cited page













officials



















The Invention Stage





The Revision Stage




suggestions




























form





writing alone





Process


What is the issue


Who started it









1) Purpose

2) Amount of detail

3) Heading

4) Format














Tips for

9)











































Professional

Formal Tone


























--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------















-------------------------------------------------------------------------



2) Methods

3) Results

4) Conclusion

5) Recommendations























Induction Mode

































together tightly
































----------------------------------------------------------------






























































sponsors


Ones own employer











justified

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Tips for

9)









Process


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Who started it









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2) Amount of detail

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4) Format














Tips for

9)







OUMH1203 Notes

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Transcript of OUMH1203 Notes