OTHS Academic Chemistry Lab Notebook -...
Transcript of OTHS Academic Chemistry Lab Notebook -...
Name___________________________ Period_____ 3rd Grading Period
OTHS Academic Chemistry Lab Notebook
“The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new
facts as to discover new ways of thinking about them.”
-William Lawrence Bragg-
Table of Contents
Would you like your own pair of goggles?
Order from Flinn Scientific, Models AP3306
and AP3309 are both approved.
http://goo.gl/6Y2Bkd
Lab Protocol: Electronic devices are not appropriate in a laboratory setting and may not be used
or in sight during labs.
Lab safety rules must be followed at all times. Negligence (not wearing goggles
or closed toe shoes), not following instructions, purposeful horseplay, and harmful
behavior will not be tolerated in the lab.
Clean-up: In a chemistry lab, students are expected to take care of the equipment and lab stations. Each lab period, 10 points are allocated for lab clean-up. If the lab is
left in disarray, 10 points will be deducted from the lab grade.
Lost notebooks: Students are given one lab notebook each six weeks. If lost,
students may print labs from the course website, but 5 points will be deducted for each occurrence.
Late labs: 1 day late= Maximum 75, 2 days late= Maximum 50, 3+ days late= zero
Unless specified otherwise, violation of lab protocol will result in a 20 point deduction from the lab grade and/or a discipline referral to the student’s
grade level principal.
Page Lab
1………….…………………. Formulas and Oxidation Numbers 3…………………………..…
…..
Mole Mystery 4………….…………………. Moles and Molecules in Your Name
5………….…………………. Percentage of Sugar in Bubble Gum 7……………………………..
………..
Bizarre Happenings in Mole, NM
Formulas and Oxidation Numbers Activity Procedure
Introduction:
A chemical formula is a combination of symbols and numerical subscripts that represents the composition of a compound. The symbols indicate which elements are present, and the subscripts indicate the numbers of each element in the compound. In an ionic compound, these proportions can be predicted using the oxidation numbers (charges) of the ions present in the compound.
This activity illustrates the relative proportions of ions in ionic compounds. Note carefully the relationships between the shapes* of the puzzle pieces and the oxidation numbers (charges) of the ions.
*some puzzle pieces have prongs (like Al) and some have notches (like O).
Procedure:
1) Using the puzzle pieces in the baggies, form models for the ionic compoundslisted below.
2) Fill in the chart on your student sheet. The first one has been done for you as anexample, but you should still fit the puzzle pieces together.
Combining substances:
1. Aluminum and phosphate2. Copper (II) and chlorine3. Nickel and oxygen4. Sodium and phosphate5. Iron (III) and sulfate6. Aluminum and bromine7. Sodium and oxygen8. Iron (II) and sulfur9. Aluminum and nitrate
10. Potassium and sulfate11. Iron (III) and chlorine12. Ammonium and sulfur13. Aluminum and oxygen14. Magnesium and phosphate15. Copper (II) and nitrogen16. Magnesium and oxygen17. Calcium and oxygen
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Name____________________________ Per. _______ Formulas and Oxidation Numbers Activity -- Student Sheet
Combining substances
Formula and charge of cation (+)
Formula and charge of anion (–)
Chemical formula
Chemical name
Aluminum and phosphate
Al 3+ PO4 3- AlPO4 aluminum phosphate
Copper (II) and chlorine Nickel (II) and oxygen Sodium and phosphate Iron (III) and sulfate Aluminum and bromine Sodium and oxygen Iron (II) and sulfur Aluminum and nitrate Potassium and sulfate Iron (III) and chlorine Ammonium and sulfur Aluminum and oxygen Magnesium and phosphate Copper (II) and nitrogen Magnesium and oxygen Calcium and oxygen
Questions: 1. Do the puzzle pieces with prongs represent: cations (+) or anions (–)? (circle one)2. Do the puzzle pieces with notches represent: cations (+) or anions (–)? (circle one)3. How many prongs does Al have? ____What is the oxidation number (charge) of Al? _____4. How many notches does O have? ____What is the oxidation number (charge) of O? _____5. Puzzle pieces with prongs are elements that: gain or lose electrons. (circle one)6. Puzzle pieces with notches are elements that: gain or lose electrons. (circle one)7. The metals in this activity have puzzle pieces with: prongs or notches (circle one)8. The nonmetals in this activity have puzzle pieces with: prongs or notches (circle one)
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Mole Mystery Introduction In this activity, you will learn to calculate the molar mass of elements based on measured mass and a provided number of moles. You will then identify the elements by using the periodic table.
Procedure 1. Measure the mass of your element sample + container. Leave the sample in the container! Do not open
the container! Record the mass of the element sample in your data table. **Make sure to subtract the mass of the container (written on container) before recording.**
2. Rotate to other tables to get the mass measurements of the other element samples and record in your datatable.
3. Calculate the molar mass of each element by dividing the mass by the moles. Record in your data table.4. Identify each element using the periodic table. Record in your data table.
Data
Table 1 Baggie Label Number of
Moles Mass of
Element (g) Molar Mass of
Element (g/mol) Identity of Element
A 0.200 mol
B 0.300 mol
C 0.150 mol
D 0.500 mol
E 0.250 mol
F 0.500 mol
G 0.350 mol
Questions 1. 1.50 moles of Element X has a mass of 125.7 grams. Identify element X.
2. Samples D and F contain the same number of moles. However, the masses are not equal. Explain whythey are different. (Hint: why would a dozen ostrich eggs and a dozen pigeon eggs not have the samemass?)
3. SHOW WORK: How many atoms are contained in sample A?
Sample C?
Sample F?
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Moles and Molecules in Your Name
Name _____________________________________________ Period ________ PURPOSE: To determine the number of moles and molecules used up when you write your name with a crayon. The predominant substance in crayon wax is:
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2C7H9 PROCEDURE:
1. Record the mass of a crayon to the nearest 0.01 g in the table below.
2. On a separate sheet of paper, write your full name VERY LARGE, and as fancy as you want.
3. Record the mass of your crayon after writing your name.
4. Complete line c of the data table. Do calculations.
Crayon Data and Calculations/Questions DATA TABLE:
a. Mass of crayon (before writing your name)
b. Mass of crayon (after writing your name)
c. Mass of crayon used to write your name (to calculate: line a - line b )
CALCULATIONS: (Show dimensional analysis in # 2 - 4 below)
1. What is the molar mass of CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2C7H9=________________________ g/mol
2. How many moles of wax were used to write your name?
3. How many molecules of wax were used to write your name?
4. How many individual atoms are in your answer to #3?
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Percentage of Sugar in Bubble Gum
Purpose To determine the percentage of sugar in bubble gum.
Hypothesis What is your prediction for the percentage of sugar in bubble gum? _________%
Materials balance, bubble gum
Note: Chewed gum cannot be placed directly on the balance pan; it must be wrapped in paper and the mass of the paper subtracted out.
1. Your teacher will give you one piece of bubble gum. Place the wrapped pieceof gum on the balance.
2. Unwrap your piece of gum, and put the gum in your mouth. Record the mass of the wrapper and unchewed gum.
3. Place your empty gum wrapper on the balance.
Do not throw the wrapper away!
Record the mass of the wrapper.
4. Chew your gum for 15 minutes.Do not throw the wrapper away!
5. After 15 minutes, place your gum back in its wrapper.6. Place your wrapped, chewed gum on the balance. 7. Throw away the gum and wrapper.
Record the mass.
Data Mass (g)
Wrapper and unchewed gum
Wrapper only
Unchewed gum
Wrapper and chewed gum
Chewed gum
TURN OVER FOR ANALYSIS QUESTIONS!
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Analysis and Conclusions
1. What is the total mass of sugar that you removed by chewing?Hint: Subtract chewed gum’s mass from unchewed gum’s mass
2. Calculate the percent error for the mass of sugar. Obtain the actual value forthe mass of sugar in one piece of gum from your teacher:
Actual value = ___________g Experimental value = __________g (use answer for #1 as your exp. value)
% Error = |Actual value – Experimental value| Actual value
x 100
3. (a) What is the percentage of sugar in a piece of gum?Hint: % sugar = Mass of sugar (from #1)
Mass of unchewed gum x 100
(b)How did this compare to your predicted value?
(c) What assumption are we making when we calculate this percentage? Hint: Do you think you removed anything else besides sugar when you chewed the gum?
4. Would a lot of saliva trapped in the chewed gum cause the percentage ofsugar to appear higher or lower than it really is? Why? Hint: Think about which measurement in the data table would be higher, and what would that do to the answer to #1 above?
5. Assume that the sugar in the gum is sucrose, C12H22O11. Using the answerfrom #1 above as a starting point, calculate the molecules of sugar that youremoved by chewing. This is a mole conversion problem! Go from grams tomolecules. It takes 2 steps.
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Bizarre Happenings in Mole, NM
You and your team of medical examiners are called to the scene of an extraterrestrial spacecraft crash in the high desert near Mole, New Mexico. The craft shows evidence of a pre-crash explosion. It is suspected that the victims were recently abducted by aliens from the Avogadro Luxury Resort near Santa Fe. It is believed the aliens wanted Dr. Kozmic, the Nobel Prize winning particle physicist, who had been working at Los Alamos National Lab on a top secret military project. Unfortunately, aside from Sgt. Schott, the others were clearly at the wrong place at the wrong time.
The victims were found in and around the crash. They must be identified by substances found in their belongings or in their bodies, as dental records are not available. The Lab had received a brief communiqué from the spacecraft relaying a scene of chaos on board. One abductee was believed murdered by another, with the estimated time of death about one hour before the crash.
The site of the crash (and alleged explosion) has a compound with the following analysis: 37.1 % carbon, 2.2 % hydrogen, 18.4 % nitrogen, and 42.3 % oxygen
Objectives: You, as the key investigator, are to: 1. determine the empirical formulas (using the % composition data) and identify the compounds found on/with
the victims (use your own paper); assume empirical formula = molecular formula 2. identify each victim (see personal data) - record on Data Sheet3. determine the murder victim – record on Data Sheet4. determine the most probable murderer – record on Data Sheet
Use the DATA SHEET & POSSIBLE COMPOUNDS to solve. SHOW ALL WORK. Due to the sensitive nature of this incident, your results are to remain CONFIDENTIAL, until instructed otherwise. Good luck.
Personal Data on Abductees
Possible Compounds
Name Formula Notes Codeine C18H21NO3 Prescription painkiller Cocaine C17H21NO4 Illegal narcotic Aspirin C9H8O4 painkiller
Aspartame C14H18N2O5 Artificial sweetener Vanilla C8H8O3 Flavoring
Trinitrotoluene C7H5N3O6 Explosive Nitroglycerin C3H5N3O9 Heart medication & explosive
Curare C40H44N4O Poison Thiobromine C7H8N4O2 Chocolate flavoring Strychnine C21H22N2O2 Rat poison
Dimetracrine C10H13N (empirical) Prescription antidepressant Acetaminophen C8H9NO2 Painkiller (Tylenol)
Dr. Ray Kozmic world renowned particle physicist; known to have heart condition
Ima Krazi chemistry teacher; known to have frequent headaches
Sara Lee famous baker
Anne O’Rexia fashion model, addicted to Diet Coke
Macho Pigskin pro athlete, suspended for drug violation
Dee “Diamond” Rugs suspected drug dealer
Sargent Gunner Schott sergeant assigned as Dr. Kozmic’s bodyguard for the duration of the project
M. T. Wallet recently bankrupt Wall Street guru; known to be treated for severe depression
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DATA: Bizarre Happenings in Mole, NM
Victim #/Identity Analysis of Compound Location found
1 C = 67.30 H = 6.98 N = 4.62 O = 21.10 Blood & Luggage
2 C = 63.15 H = 5.30 O = 31.55
C = 46.66 H = 4.48 N = 31.10 O = 17.76
Briefcase
Stomach
3 C = 72.15 H = 7.08 N = 4.68 O = 16.03 Pockets
4 C = 15.87 H = 2.22 N = 18.15 O = 63.41 Blood & Pockets
5 C = 75.42 H = 6.63 N = 8.38 O = 9.57
C = 37.01 H = 2.22 N = 18.50 O = 42.27
Blood
Luggage
6 C = 57.14 H = 6.16 N = 9.52 O = 27.18 Briefcase
7 C = 80.48 H = 7.45 N = 9.39 O = 2.68
C = 81.58 H = 8.90 N = 9.52
Briefcase
Luggage
8 C = 60.00 H = 4.48 O = 35.53
C = 63.56 H = 6.00 N = 9.27 O = 21.17
Pocket & Briefcase
Pocket & Briefcase
Murder Victim _____________________________________________________________________
Explain how this happened ________________________________________________________________________________________
Probable Murderer ________________________________________________________________
8
9
122B
133A
144A
155A
166A
177A
188A
10 111B
He
Hg
Cd
Zn
Au
Ag
Cu
Pt
Pd
Ni
Tl
Ga
Pb
Sn
Ge
Bi
Sb
As
Po
Te
Se
At
Br
Rn
Xe
Kr
Al Si P S Cl Ar
B C N O F Ne
Yb
No
Tm
Md
Er
Fm
Ho
Es
Dy
Cf
Tb
Bk
Gd
Cm
Eu
Am
Mass numbers in parentheses are those of the most stable or most common isotope.
Si
Silicon
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Symbol
Atomic number
Name
28.086Atomic mass
In I
K Ca
Na Mg
Li Be
22A
H
11A
Sc
33B
Ti
44B
V
55B
Cr
66B
Mn
77B
Fe
8
Co
9
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os
Fr Ra Rf Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Pr
Pa
Nd
U
Pm
Np
Sm
Pu
Rh
2
80
48
30
79
47
29
78
110
46
28
81
49
31
82
50
32
83
51
33
84
52
34
85
53
35
86
54
36
13 14 15 16 17 18
5 6 7 8 9 10
19 20
11 12
3 4
1
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
55 56 72 73 74 75 76
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
45
77
4.003
26.982 28.086 30.974 32.066 35.453 39.94822.990 24.305
10.812 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.1806.941 9.012
1.008
65.3863.54658.693 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.79839.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933
(281)(223) (226) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276)
112.412107.868106.42 114.818 118.711 121.760 127.60 126.904 131.29485.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.96 (98) 101.07 102.906
200.59196.967195.085 204.383 207.2 208.980 (209) (210) (222)132.905 137.328 178.49 180.948 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
Lanthanide Series
Actinide Series
Ce
Th
Ytterbium
Nobelium
Thulium
Mendelevium
Erbium
Fermium
Holmium
Einsteinium
Dysprosium
Californium
Terbium
Berkelium
Gadolinium
Curium
Europium
Americium
Praseodymium
Protactinium
Neodymium
Uranium
Promethium
Neptunium
Samarium
Plutonium
Cerium
Thorium
70
102
69
101
68
100
67
99
66
98
65
97
64
96
63
95
59
91
60
92
61
93
62
94
58
90
173.055
(259)
168.934
(258)
167.259
(257)
164.930
(252)
162.500
(251)
158.925
(247)
157.25
(247)
151.964
(243)
140.908
231.036
144.242
238.029
(145)
(237)
150.36
(244)
140.116
232.038
I r
Helium
Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine ArgonSodium Magnesium
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine NeonLithium Beryllium
Hydrogen
ZincCopperNickel Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine KryptonPotassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt
CadmiumSilverPalladium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine XenonRubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium
MercuryGoldPlatinum Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine RadonCesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium
8B
Ds
Darmstadtium Roentgenium
111
Rg(280)
La
Ac
57
89
(227)
138.905Lanthanum
Actinium
Lu
Lr
Lutetium
Lawrencium
71
103
174.967
(262)
Updated Spring 2016
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
OTHS CHEMISTRY REFERENCE MATERIALS
Copernicium
112Cn(285)
Ununtrium
113Uut(284)
Flerovium
114Fl
(289)Ununpentium
115Uup(288)
Livermorium
116Lv(293)
Ununseptium
117Uus(294)
Ununoctium
118Uuo(294)
This reference and many more can be found at www.othsacademicchemistry.weebly.com10