Other Organic Compounds
description
Transcript of Other Organic Compounds
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Other Organic Compounds
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Hydrocarbon derivatives are
organic molecules that contain one or more elements in
addition to carbon and hydrogen.
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A functional group is an atom or group of
atoms in hydrocarbon derivatives that
contain elements in addition to carbon and
hydrogen.
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In developing a general formula
for types of organic
compounds, the symbol R is
used.
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R represents a hydrocarbon fragment. Example:
methyl group
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The symbol R is from the
German radikal.
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A second R group is called R and a third
R group is called R.
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Alcohols
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Alcohols have the general
formula ROH.
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In the case of alcohols, the
hydroxyl group, OH1 is a
substituent on a hydrocarbon.
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Alcohols are named by
replacing the e on the end of the
parent hydrocarbon with
ol.
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Numbering may be necessary. The hydroxyl
group is to be on the lowest
number carbon.
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Example:CH3OH
is methanol because the R
group comes from methane.
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ethanol
CH3CH2OH
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1-propanol
CH3CH2CH2OH
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2-propanolCH3CHCH3
OH
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6-bromo-2-methyl-2-hexanol
CH3
CH3CCH2CH2CH2CH2Br
OH
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Ethers
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An ether is an organic
compound in which two
hydrocarbon groups are joined
to an oxygen.
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The general formula for an
ether is ROR
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It is named with oxy in between the
R group names.
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CH3OCH2CH3
is named methoxyetha
ne
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CH3OCH3
methoxymethane
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CH3CH2OCH2CH
3
ethoxyethane
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Ethoxyethane (commonly called diethyl ether) was
once the ether most widely used
as an anesthetic in surgery.
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Aldehydes
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The carbonyl group is C=O.
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An aldehyde is an organic compound
containing the carbonyl group
bonded to at least one hydrogen.
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The general formula of an aldehyde is
O║
R C H
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Aldehydes are named with the
suffix al instead of the usual
hydrocarbon ending.
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The aldehyde carbon is always assigned as
number one for referencing
substituent positions in the name.
Therefore, numbering is not necessary.
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The name of the parent
chain includes the carbon in the aldehyde.
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CH3CH2CHOis propanal.
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CH3CHO
ethanal
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CH3CH2CH2CHO
butanal
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Ketones
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A ketone is an organic
compound containing the
carbonyl group.
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The general formula of a ketone is
O║
R C R
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Ketones are named with the final e being replaced by one and a number indicates the position of the
carbonyl group where necessary.
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The name of the parent
chain includes the carbon in the ketone.
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CH3COCH2CH3
is called 2-butanone.
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CH3COCH3
propanone
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CH3COCH2CH2CH3
2-pentanone
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Carboxylic Acids
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A carboxylic acid is an organic compound
containing the carboxyl group.
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A carboxylic acid has the
general formulaRCOOH.
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O║
R C OH
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Carboxylic acids are named by changing the suffix of the
parent hydrocarbon to
oic acid.
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The carbons are numbered so the
carbon in the carboxyl group is the number one
carbon.
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CH3COOH is
ethanoic acid.
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CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH
pentanoic acid
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CH3CH2CH2COOH
butanoic acid
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Br CH3
CH3CHCHCOOH
3-bromo-2-methylbutanoic acid
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Esters
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An ester is an organic compound produced by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
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Esters often have a sweet, fruity odor that is in contrast to the often pungent odors of the
parent carboxylic acids.
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An ester has the general
formulaRCOOR.
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O║
R C O R
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Esters are named by
naming the R groups on either
side of the COO group.
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The R group bonded to the oxygen will have a yl ending and the R group
bonded to the C=O will have an oate
ending.
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The carbon in the carbonyl
group is counted with the carbon
to which it is attached.
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CH3CH2CH2OOCCH3
ispropyl ethanoate
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O║
CH3CO(CH2)7CH3
octyl ethanoate
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HCOOCH3
methyl methanoate
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CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH2COOCHCH3
isopropyl 3-methylbutanoate
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Amines
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An amine is an organic base derived
from ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms
are replaced by organic groups.
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An amine has the general structureRNH2.
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Amines are named with by changing the
parent hydrocarbon’s
suffix to amine.
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CH3CH2NH2
ethanamine
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Amines can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary
depending on the number of NH bonds
that have been replaced by NC
bonds.
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CH3NH2
is a primary amine.
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(CH3)2NHis a
secondary amine.
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(CH3)3Nis a
tertiary amine.
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Amides
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An amide is an organic compound whose molecules have any one of
the following groups:
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CONH2
CONHR CONR2
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Amides are named by
changing the parent
hydrocarbon’s suffix to amide.
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CH3CONH2
ethanamide
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CH3CH2CH2CH2CONH
2
pentanamide
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Nitriles
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Nitriles have the general
formulaRCN.
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Nitriles are named by
adding the word “nitrile” to the
parent hydrocarbon.
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CH3CH2CH2CN
butanenitrile
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CH3CH2CH2CH2CN
pentanenitrile