OSU Plant Clinic 2007 Annual Report

OSU Plant Clinic Activities

2007

Cover illustration: Apple (Malus domestica) with skin lesions due to the San Jose scale insect (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Order Homoptera, Family Diaspididae). Photo by Melodie Putnam

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OSU Plant Clinic Activities, 2007

Summary

In 2007, 2,171 samples were received in the OSU Plant Clinic, 74% of which originated in Oregon and came mostly from Marion, Clackamas and Benton counties. 40% of samples were associated with woody ornamentals or arthropods. Fungal diseases were most prominent, and this year fewer bacterial diseases were diagnosed. Arthropod identification samples increased 91% from 2006, and arthropod related problems accounted for 21% of the total samples received. The expertise of the OSU Plant Clinic was once again sought in the CSREES Asian Soybean Rust Monitoring Program, and this year included diagnostics of three legume viruses. Diagnostic support was provided to the Oregon Department of Forestry and the Washington Department of Natural Resources as part of the National Phytophthora ramorum Early Detection Survey of Forests conducted by the U.S. Forest Service. Diagnostic support was also provided to the Alaska Cooperative Extension Service. Research efforts have resulted in the development of a new protocol for reliably producing symptoms in commercially valuable indicator plants to determine the efficacy of biological and chemical control products against crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and leafy gall (Rhodococcus fascians), two economically significant greenhouse ornamental bacterial diseases. A new virus, Coleus vein necrosis virus, found in Verbena x hybrida was characterized. Two new powdery mildew fungi were described from Leucothoë and Limnanthes. Information available to our clients and the public continues to expand through our website, giving access to detailed diagnostic resources, fact sheets, and the new Insect Identification and Honey Bee Diagnostics sites. OSU Plant Clinic personnel include the Chief Diagnostician, an Insect Diagnostician, one part-time Research Associate, one Senior Faculty Research Assistant (since August 2007), one part-time Faculty Research Assistant, a part time Secretary, a part-time volunteer, and seven undergraduate students. The OSU Plant Clinic continues to provide an essential service to Oregon growers, with expertise highly valued both State-wide and nationally.

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Introduction

The Oregon State University Plant Clinic is a diagnostic facility housed in the department of Botany and Plant Pathology. The Plant Clinic has been operational since 1954. As part of the OSU Cooperative Extension Service, the primary mission of the Plant Clinic is educational. Extended education is provided by helping our clients recognize the nature of their plant problem (diagnosis), whether caused by insects and other arthropods, diseases, or non-pathogenic conditions, and by helping them to manage the disease or disorder using proper control methods, including cultural, biological, and chemical measures. Emphasis is on prevention of problems by proper management.

Our clients include individual growers; field representatives of chemical and fertilizer companies and food processors; home gardeners; and employees of State and Federal organizations in Oregon.

In 2003 the Plant Clinic became part of the newly established National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN), and shortly thereafter it was designated an expert laboratory for the Western Region of the NPDN. As such the Plant Clinic serves as a resource lab and conducts specialized tests for Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska.

In 2003 the Plant Clinic also joined forces with OSU’s Insect Identification Service so that all insect, arthropod, mollusk, and plant samples come to one location.

Operations and Personnel

The Plant Clinic is open to the public from 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. each working day, although the diagnostic activities continue throughout the day. Phone calls received during the afternoon hours are directed to our voice mail system which is checked frequently. Samples may be delivered to the Botany and Plant Pathology main office (Cordley 2064) after 1:00 p.m.

Melodie Putnam is the Chief Diagnostician and oversees the operation of the Plant Clinic.

Maryna Serdani joined the Plant Clinic in August 2007 as Senior Faculty Research Assistant, assisting with plant disease diagnoses. Maryna has more than 11 years experience in plant pathology research. Most recently she worked with Dr. Robert Spotts at the Mid-Columbia Research and Extension Center in Hood River on diseases of pears and cherries.

James Young is the Insect Diagnostician. He provides identification of insects and arthropods submitted to the Plant Clinic, and instruction services for the University, Extension, and the Master Gardener Programs.

Susan Jepson, Research Associate, has a half-time appointment managing the Plant Clinic diagnostic information and resources to increase their accessibility for our extension faculty and state clients.

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Marilyn Miller, part-time Faculty Research Assistant works on grant funded applied research projects involved with bacterial diseases of plants. The late Jennifer Kraus held a position as half-time Research Associate and also worked on grant funded research, investigating bacterial and viral diseases of nursery plants.

Jenni Heinen, a part-time secretary, aided with the administrative activities of the Plant Clinic, which include receiving and logging in samples, invoicing, answering the phone, and maintaining the Distance Diagnostics through Digital Imaging database system through which we communicate with the National Plant Diagnostic Network.

Gene Newcomb has volunteered his services each morning for over ten years, assisting with logging the arrival of samples, answering the phone, sending out replies and billing, seeing to overdue invoices, and managing the databases. Gene’s assistance over the years has been invaluable, as he has provided much needed continuity in office functions.

Assistance with laboratory operations has been ably provided by undergraduate students Molly Elliott, Cecily Decker, Tara Salehpour, Shannon Proctor, Vi Bui, Ben Doron, and Megan Lamb.

We are also grateful to the faculty and staff who continue to generously contribute their expertise to the Plant Clinic (Table 1) on an as-needed basis.

Table 1. Faculty and staff who assisted with diagnoses of samples submitted to the Plant Clinic in 2007

Number of samples

Department of Botany and Plant Pathology

Richard Halse 1 Everett Hansen 4 Jeff Stone 9 Jay Pscheidt 4 Chris Mundt 1 James Young 6 Paul Reeser 5

Department of Crop and Soil Science

Glenn Fisher 1

Department of Horticulture

Patricia Skinkis 1

Hermiston Agricultural Research & Extension Center

Stacy Gieck 2

USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit

Robert Martin 6

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USDA-ARS Beltsville

Robert Davis 1 Texas A & M University

Larry Barnes 2

Samples submitted 2171 samples were received during 2007 (Figure 1). This was similar to the numbers we received in 2004 and 2006. The larger numbers we received in 2005 would appear to have been an exception, owing to large number of soil samples from outside Oregon. In addition to the physical samples, we received around 600 phone enquires and over 200 e-mailed messages from the general public.

Figure 1. Number of samples processed by the OSU Plant Clinic

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Special projects Website The Plant Clinic website has continued to expand (http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/Plant_Clinic/index.htm). Again in 2007, detailed sample data was added to the Oregon county pages, and, where available, high quality images of actual samples were linked to the diagnoses. We plan to add data for 2008, however such a large body of data will soon become overwhelming for users, necessitating the introduction of a modified and more condensed format that will hopefully retain the level of information users need. In August 2007 the Insect Identification (http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/insect_clinic/index.htm) and Honey bee Diagnostics (http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/insect_clinic/bees.htm) sites were launched. The information available on these sites will increase over time, to include

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fact sheets and information about the most common submissions from home and commercial clients.

Figure 2. Number of visitors to the Plant Clinic website

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We are encouraged by the increased number of visits to our websites in 2007 (Figure 2). Currently we have counters on three of the main pages: there were 6082 visitors to the Plant Clinic index page, an increase of 17% over 2006; there were 4864 visitors to the Oregon County page, which is the gateway to the detailed plant disease diagnosis and insect identification data with linked images, an increase of 450% over 2006; and there were 470 visitors to the new Insect Identification and Honey Bee Diagnostics site in 4 months. Soybean rust monitoring For the second year running we participated in the CSREES Asian soybean rust (SBR) monitoring program. SBR (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) is spread by air-borne spores, and occurs on a wide range of hosts including snap and dry beans which are grown in Oregon. This year a pilot project was added: legume viruses. Eight sentinel plots were planted and monitored in Benton, Marion, Malheur, and Jefferson counties and data were uploaded to the USDA Pest Information Platform for Extension and Education (http://www.sbrusa.net) for SBR, soybean aphid, Bean common mosaic, Beet curly top, and Alfalfa mosaic virus. As expected, neither SBR nor soybean aphids were detected in the plots. Although some plots contained plants that tested positive for Beet curly top virus, the plants were asymptomatic and the infections were not confirmed. Networking of the Extension Plant Pathology Image Collection In 2006 the Extension Plant Pathology Image Collection was digitized. In 2007 Cerious ThumbsPlus image software was used to organize and keyword this collection. This database is networked through COSine for use by the Plant Clinic personnel and Extension Plant Pathology faculty. Approximately 6000 high quality images are searchable and editable for use in the Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Handbook and in extension presentations.

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P. ramorum diagnostics Phytophthora ramorum is a quarantine status pathogen that has been found, over the years, in nurseries primarily in California, Washington, and Oregon. The Plant Clinic has participated in P. ramorum diagnostics for other states in past years, and has once again in 2007. Stream bait (rhododendron leaves floated in streams) samples were received and analyzed, using PCR, as part of the National Phytophthora ramorum Early Detection Survey of Forests conducted by the U.S. Forest Service. Diagnostic support was provided to the Oregon Department of Forestry and the Washington Department of Natural Resources. Additional support was provided to growers and the general public whenever P. ramorum was a concern. Alaska Cooperative Extension Service The OSU Plant Clinic provides diagnostic support for personnel in the Alaska CES. Digital samples are received and, if necessary, are followed by physical samples. Research The Plant Clinic has become a national resource for diagnosticians and growers for the detection and confirmation of crown gall disease (caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens) and leafy gall disease (caused by the bacterial pathogen Rhodococcus fascians). This has been a result of our applied research program with these two diseases, and many of the out of state samples involve one or both of these bacteria. Often, plants used as indicators for these pathogens are those that are not used in the nursery trade (e.g. tobacco or Arabidopsis), and symptoms may not be produced on all plants inoculated. This year we developed a protocol for reliably producing symptoms in commercially valuable indicator plants so that we can determine the efficacy of a number of biological and chemical control products. In a separate project, Jennifer Kraus was successful in characterizing an unknown virus in Verbena x hybrida. The symptomatic plant was obtained in one of our prior research projects. Additionally, two new powdery mildew fungi were described. The publications resulting from our research efforts are presented in the Appendix.

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Statistics

Samples per year 2171 samples were processed in 2007. As we expect, most samples were received from April through September, although an average of 99 samples per month were received at the beginning and end of the year (Figure 3). Only in April and December

were more than half the samples received from outside Oregon, and only in April and June were more than 100 out-of-state samples received, most months accounting average of 32 out-of-state samples. Outside the busiest months of the year, most samples were requests for Rho

Figure 3. In-State and Out-of-State samples received monthly during 2007

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dococcus, Agrobacterium or Phytophthora diagnostics, or ther bacterial identifications.

ethod of sample submission

nly

-in fees in 1997, which resulted in a steep

decline of samples from home gardeners.

o M Following a trend seen in past years, most samples were mailed to the clinic, with o29% arriving directly by hand (a slight increase over the 21% from 2006), and 1% arriving by shuttle or by electronic means (Figure 4). Ten years ago over 50% of our samples were submitted by people who visited the Plant Clinic. This decline in walktraffic may be due to the implementation of

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Figure 4. Method of delivery to the Plant Clinic

walk-in29%

mail70%

shuttle/digital1%

Users of the Plant Clinic Samples may be submitted to the Plant Clinic directly by the submitter on their own behalf, or by the submitter on behalf of a client. Both types of submitter are categorized in Table 2.

Table 2. Users of the Plant Clinic

Submitter and Client category Explanation

County and regional Extension agents Problem-solve on behalf of growers and home gardeners

Growers Produce commercial crops and include field, nursery and greenhouse growers

Consultants Help the growers make management decisions; e.g. by scouting the crops for pests and diseases.

Specialists Extension specialists from OSU

Home Home gardeners and non-commercial growers

Research Scientists from OSU and other state or federal agencies, including the USDA and EPA

Other Commercial landscapers and arborists as well as people who did not fit into the previous categories or whose category was unknown

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In 2007 the proportion of submissions increased for agents/specialists (up 9%), consultants (up 2%), home gardeners (up 3%), research faculty (up 3%), and others (up 5%) and consequently samples received directly from growers was reduced from 49% in 2006 to 27% in 2007, although growers remained as the largest category (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Categorization of submitters of samples in 2007 (% of total of 2171)

Agent/Specialist24%

Consultant17%

Grower27%

Home gardener5%

Other15%

Research12%

Origin of samples received 74% of the samples received in 2007 were from Oregon. This was an increase of 10% over 2006. As in previous years the majority of Oregon samples came from Marion, Clackamas and Benton counties (51%), and this year most came from Marion county (24%) in contrast to 2006 when most came from Clackamas county (Figure 6). We are encouraged to see an increase in plant pathology samples from 22 of the other counties, in particular the significant increases from Benton, Clackamas, Jackson, Jefferson, Josephine, Lane, Linn, Malheur, Marion and Polk counties. We are also pleased that the arthropod samples have increased 91% since the new Insect Diagnostician arrived, with the overall proportion of arthropod samples increasing from 10% in 2006 to 20% in 2007. Most of the 557 out-of-state samples were received from Florida and Washington, with small numbers from Michigan, Utah, Georgia, Iowa, California, Ohio, Montana, Nevada, Minnesota, Maine, Idaho, Alaska and Colorado. The ODF samples in Figure. 6. represent the stream bait samples from the National Phytophthora ramorum Early Detection Survey of Forests (see page 11).

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Figure 6. County of origin of samples received during 2007 (Total = 2171)

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Insects/arthropods

Plant Pathology

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Types of samples received Arthropods and woody ornamentals were equally abundant and accounted for 40% of the samples (Figure 7). Soil, bacterial and water pathogen tests were mostly herbaceous ornamental related and together with herbaceous ornamentals accounted for 29% of samples. Combined with the woody ornamentals received, samples relating to ornamentals comprise 49% of the total number of samples. The remaining samples were mostly small fruits and vegetables (21%), with small numbers (10%) of fruit and nut trees, field crops, seed crops and turf.

Figure 7. Types of samples received

field crops2%

fruit/nut trees4%

seed crops1%

soil pathogen tests15%

small fruits12%

turf1%

vegetables9%

woody ornamentals20%

bacterial identification5%

miscellaneous2%

water pathogen tests1%

arthropods20%

herbaceous ornamentals

8%

Causal agent In 2007, we saw fewer bacterial diseases, and more arthropod related samples than in 2006. Otherwise the cause of disorders of the plant samples we received were in similar proportions to those we have seen in the past (Figure 8.). The “healthy” category refers to samples that tested negatively for a specific pathogen.

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Figure 8. Cause of disorders of samples received

abiotic15%

bacteria8%

fungi26%healthy

22%

arthropod21%

other3%

virus3%

poor/dead sample2%

Response time Despite having only one diagnostician January through July 2007, nearly half the samples received were processed within one week, and 81% within 2 weeks. Soil, water and bacterial samples take much longer to process, with some protocols requiring up to eight weeks.

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APPENDIX I Peer reviewed publications

Kraus, J., I.E. Tzanetakis, M.L. Putnam, and R.R. Martin. 2008. Complete nucleotide sequence of an isolate of coleus vein necrosis virus from verbena. Archives of Virology 153:381-384.

Putnam, M.L. 2007. Brown stripe downy mildew (Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae) of maize. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2007-1108-01-DG. 7 pp.

Putnam, M.L. and M.L. Miller. 2007. Rhodococcus fascians in herbaceous

perennials. Plant Disease 91:1064-1076. (Feature article; invited) Putnam, M.L., and D.A. Glawe. 2007. New North American records of anamorphic

powdery mildew fungi (Erisiphales) parasitizing species of Leucothoë and Limnanthes. Pacific Northwest Fungi 2:1-6.

Abstracts presented

Kraus, J., I.E. Tzanetakis, M.L. Putnam, and R.R. Martin, 2007. Sequence analysis of a new Carlavirus that infects Verbena x hybrida. Phytopathology 97:S60.

Kraus, J., E. Sandberg, M.L. Miller, Q. Huang, , and M.L. Putnam, 2007. 16S rDNA

phylogenetic analysis of isolates of Rhodococcus fascians. Phytopathology 97:S60.

Miller, M.L., M.L. Putnam, and J. Kraus, 2007. Survival and spread of Rhodococcus

fascians in greenhouse grown herbaceous perennials. Phytopathology 97:S77. Harmon, C.L., J.M Bryne, D.E. Hershman, H. Schwartz, and M.L .Putnam, 2007.

Soybean Rust: Detection and Diagnosis in the U.S. NPDN 1st National Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. Plant Management Network http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/proceedings/npdn/2007

Putnam, M. 2007. Brown Stripe Downy Mildew of Corn. NPDN 1st National Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. Plant Management Network http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/proceedings/npdn/2007/

Tidwell, T., C. Blomquist, J. Falacy, U. Kodira, N. Osterbauer, and M. Putnam. 2007.

Phytophthora ramorum in the USA: A Time Line of Knowledge and Events. NPDN 1st National Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. Plant Management Network http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/proceedings/npdn/2007/

APPENDIX II Summary of Samples and Diagnoses for 2007

Woody Ornamentals p. 19 Field Crops p. 27 Grasses p. 28 Vegetables p. 29 Small Fruits p. 31 Fruit/Nut Trees p. 33 Herbaceous Ornamentals p. 34 Abiotic Disorders p. 38

Disease does not occur by itself. In all cases there are circumstances which have predisposed the plants to infection. These records cannot indicate the entire ecology of disease, and no claim is made that the organism reported in association with the plant listed was necessarily the cause of the symptom given. Instead, this is more of a report of the organisms found in association with diseased plant material. In some cases the organism was responsible for the symptoms (e.g. Phytophthora species), but in other cases the relationship is less clear. We include all organisms here as a matter of interest; their contribution to the disease listed may be revealed with time.

WOODY ORNAMENTALS SUMMARY, 2007

Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of

samples alder, red Alnus rubra stem canker Phomopsis sp. 1 almond, flowering Prunus triloba brown rot Monilinia fructicola 1 Angel's trumpets Brugmansia sp. leaf mosaic Potyvirus 1 arborvitae Thuja occidentalis leaf & twig dieback Pestalotiopsis sp. 2 aspen, quaking Populus deltoides leaf blight Marsoonina sp. 1

dieback oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi 1

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barberry, Japanese Berberis thunbergii leaf spot Phoma sp. 1 bacterial blight Pseudomonas syringae 1 boxwood Buxus sp. whole plant dieback Phytophthora sp. 1 boxwood, English Buxus sempervirens root rot & dieback Phytophthora sp. 2 branch dieback Phytophthora sp. 1 leaf blackening Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 boxwood, Korean Buxus microphylla var.

koreana cutting rot Fusarium lateritium 1

dieback Phytophthora sp. 1 broom Cytisus sp. dieback, root rot Pythium sp. 1 dieback, root rot Thielaviopsis basicola 1 cedar, deodar Cedrus deodara dieback, root rot Phytophthora sp. 1 cedar, incense Calocedrus decurrens branch canker Sphaeropsis sp. 3 cherry, ornamental Prunus sp. blossom blight Monilinia fructicola 1 stem canker Phytophthora sp. 1 leaf blackening Pseudomonas fluorescens 1 bud and leaf dieback Pseudomonas syringae 2 cherry, Yoshino flowering Prunus x yedoensis bud and leaf dieback Pseudomonas syringae 1 crabapple Malus sp. fire blight Erwinia amylovora 2 cypress, true Cupressus sp. tip dieback Seiridium cardinale 1 daphne, Burkwood's Daphne x Burkwoodii no symptoms Cladosporium sp. 1 no symptoms Geotrichum sp. 1

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no symptoms Phoma sp. 1 dogwood, Chinese Cornus angustata root rot Cylindrocarpon sp. 1 root rot Fusarium sp. 1 dogwood, Eastern Cornus florida root rot Phytophthora sp. 1 dogwood, red osier or red-twig Cornus stolonifera stem cankers Pseudomonas sp. 1 dogwood, Tartarian Cornus alba leaf spot Septoria cornina 1 Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii heart rot Phaeolus schweinitzii 1 root death Phaeolus schwenitzii 1 conk ID Phellinus pini 1 laminated root rot Phellinus weirii 1 elm, American Ulmus americana branch canker Nectria galligena 1 elm, English Ulmus procera Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma sp. 1 elm, Siberian Ulmus pumila Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma sp. 2 false-cypress, Hinoki Chamaecyparis obtusa branch canker & dieback Phytophthora sp. 1 leaf necrosis & root rot Phytophthora sp. 1 fir, noble Abies procera twig swellings balsam woolly adelgid 1 twig canker Phomopsis sp. 1 stem & branch canker Phytophthora sp. 4 top dieback & root rot Phytophthora sp. 1 needle cast Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii 1 fir, true Abies sp. twig galls & poor growth Adelges picea 1

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hebe, boxleaf Hebe buxifolia leaf spot Stemphylium sp. 1 hemlock, Canadian Tsuga canadensis stem canker Phytophthora sp. 1 holly, hybrid Ilex x meserveae branch canker Phytophthora ilicis 1 honeysuckle Lonicera sp. root rot Phytophthora sp. 1 honeysuckle, Himalayan Leycesteria formosa leaf spot Phoma sp. 1 honeysuckle, northern bush Diervilla lonicera leaf spot Septeria diervillae 1 honeysuckle, sweet-berry Lonicera caerulea whole plant dieback Phytophthora sp. 1 huckleberry, evergreen Vaccinium ovatum leaf spot Pestalotiopsis sp. 1 hydrangea, garden or florists Hydrangea macrophyllum leaf distortion no virus detected 1 Irish moss Sagina subulata web blight Rhizoctonia sp. 1 juniper Juniperus sp. branch dieback, root rot Phytophthora sp. 1 witches broom unknown 2 tip dieback unknown- insect feeding? 1 kinnikinick Arctostaphylos uva-ursi branch dieback Phytophthora sp. 1 laurel, English cherry- Prunus laurocerasus root rot Phytophthora sp. 1

leaf tip necrosis, shot hole Pseudomonas sp. 1

leaf spots, shot hole Pseudomonas syringae 2 leaf necrosis, root rot Thielaviopsis basicola 1

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lavender, English Lavandula angustifolia cutting rot Phoma sp. 1 leucothoe, drooping Leucothoe fontanesiana powdery mildew Oidium ericinum 2 lilac Syringa vulgaris leaf spot Botrytis sp. 1 leaf spot Cladosporium sp. 1 bacterial blight Pseudomonas syringae 1 linden or basswood, American Tilia americana bleeding canker Phytophthora citricola 1 linden, little leaf Tilia cordata bubbly bark, cankers Fusarium lateritium 1 bubbly bark, cankers Phoma sp. 1 locust, hybrid Robinia x ambigua brown bud scars Cladosporium cladosporoides 1 maackia, Amur Maackia amurensis branch cankers Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 1 branch dieback Verticillium dahliae 1 madrone Arbutus menziesii branch cankers Cytospora sp. 1 maple Acer sp. poor growth, root rot Fusarium sp. 1 maple, Amur Acer tataricum ssp.

ginnala anthracnose Kabatiella apocrypta 1

maple, Japanese Acer palmatum stem canker Botrytis cinerea 1 stem canker Botrytis sp. 1 stem canker Discula sp. 1 stem canker Fusarium lateritium 1 root rot Fusarium sp. 1 stem canker Fusarium sp. 1 anthracnose Kabatiella apocrypta 1

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stem canker, wilt Nectria cinnabarina 1 tip dieback Phoma sp. (likely secondary) 1 stem canker Phomopsis sp. 1 root rot Phytophthora sp. 2 top dieback, root rot Pythium sp. 1 root rot Pythium sp. 1 wilt Verticilium dahliae 3 maple, Norway Acer platanoides wood discoloration wetwood 1 maple, red Acer rubrum brank cankers & dieback Pseudomonas following cold

injury 1

wilt Verticillium dahliae 1 Mayday tree Prunus padus var.

commutata cutting rot Rhizoctonia solani 1

mountain-ash, American Sorbus americana stem canker fungal (secondary)

following flat headed borer 1

ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius powdery mildew Podosphaera sp. 1 leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians 1 ninebark, Pacific Physocarpus capitatus leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians 1 oak, Northern red Quercus rubra mushroom ID Bulgaria inquinans 1 oak, pin Quercus palustris oak leaf blister Taphrina caerulescens 1 phlox, creeping Phlox stolonifera ring spots viral (undetermined) 1 photinia Photinia x fraseri crown gall Agrobacterium sp. 1

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pine Pinus sp. tip blight Sphaeropsis sapinea 1 pine, limber Pinus flexilis tip dieback Hormonema sp. 1 pine, mugo or Swiss mtn. Pinus mugo needle necrosis Sclerophoma sp. 1 pine, Scots Pinus sylvestris needle necrosis Sclerophoma sp. 1 pine, shore Pinus contorta needle browning Lophodermium sp. 1 needle cast Sirococcus sp. 1 poplar, hybrid Populus hybrids root rot Pythium sp. 1 redbud Cercis canadensis leaf malformation insect injury 1 redwood, giant Sequoiadendron giganteum dieback Cylindrocarpon sp. 1 rhododendron Rhododendron sp. leaf spot Cladosporium sp. 1

stem swelling & malformation no Rhodococcus detected 1

rock-rose, Skanberg's Cistus skanbergii leaf mosaic Potyvirus 1 rose, garden Rosa sp. root galls Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1 stem cankers Coniothyrium spp. 1 petal tip necrosis thrips feeding injury 1 rose-of-Sharon Hibiscus syriacus leaf blight Pseudomonas syringae 1 rupture wort Hernaria glabra leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians 1 Russian-olive Elaeagnus angustifolia root galls Actinorrhizae 1

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sage, herb Salvia officinalis dieback fungus gnat feeding injury 1 leaf distortion no Rhodococcus detected 1 silverberry Elaeagnus pungens branch cankers Botrytis cinerea 1 smoke tree Cotinus coggygria stem canker Cylindrocladium sp. 1 snowbell, Japanese Styrax japonica root rot Pythium sp. 1 root rot Thielaviopsis basicola 1 spiraea, white-flowered Spiraea albiflora cutting rot Fusarium sp. 1 spruce Picea sp. needle necrosis Sclerophoma pithiophila 1 spruce, blue Picea pungens needle blight Rhizosphaera pini 1 spurge, Japanese Pachysandra terminalis leaf blight Volutella sp. 1 sumac, fragrant Rhus aromatica branch dieback Phoma sp. 1 branch dieback Phomopsis sp. 1 sumac, staghorn Rhus typhina stem lesions Cylindrocarpon destructans 1 viburnum, David's Viburnum davidii leaf spot Phoma sp. 1 walnut, black Juglans nigra twig cankers Fusarium sp. 1 twig cankers Leptographium sp. 1 willow Salix sp. stem canker Pseudomonas syringae 1 willow, Purple osier Salix purpurea stem breakage no Agrobacterium detected 1 yew, English Taxus baccata root rot Phytopthora sp. 1

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zelkova, Japanese Zelkova serrata stem canker Pseudomonas marginalis 1

FIELD CROPS SUMMARY, 2007

Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of

samples alfalfa Medicago sativa mosaic Alfalfa mosaic virus 1 crown rot Fusarium solani 1 poor growth Fusarium sp. 2

crown rot, spring black stem Phoma sp. 2

poor growth Pythium sp. 1 crown rot Rhizoctonia sp. 2 barley, meadow Hordeum brachyantherum stripe rust Puccinia striiformis 1 chickpea Cicer arietinum wilt Fusarium oxysporum 1 root rot Fusarium solani 2 clover, red Trifolium pratense crown & root rot Fusarium sp. 1 hops Humulus lupulus rhizome rot Cylindrocarpon sp. 3 poor growth & rhizome rot Phacidiopycnis tuberivora 3 rhizome rot Phoma sp. 1 poor growth Rhizoctonia sp. 1 wilt Verticillium albo-atrum 1 poor growth & wilt Verticillium dahliae 1 peppermint Mentha piperita leaf necrosis Alternaria sp. 2 black stem rot Phoma strasseri 5 black stem Rhizoctonia sp. 1 wilt Verticillium dahliae 8

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spearmint, Scotch Mentha gentilis black stem Phoma sp. 1 black stem Rhizoctonia sp. 1 wheat Triticum aestivum sooty mold Alternaria sp. 1 foliar chlorosis High plains virus 1 foliar chlorosis Wheat streak mosaic virus 1

GRASSES SUMMARY, 2007

Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of

samples bentgrass, creeping Agrostis stolonifera anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola 4

take-all Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae 1

dieback Rhizoctonia sp. 5 bluegrass, annual Poa annua leaf dieback Rhizoctonia sp. 1 bluegrass, Kentucky Poa pratensis leaf necrosis Alternaria sp. 1 leaf necrosis Ascochyta sp. 1

leaf yellowing Barley yellow dwarf virus-

PAV 2

dieback Bipolaris sorokiniana 1 anthracnose Colletotrichum graminicola 2 fescue Festuca sp. take-all Gaeumannomyces graminis

var. avenae 1

slime mold Physarum cinereum 1 fescue, sand Festuca arenaria rust Puccinia graminis 1 fescue, tall Festuca arundinacea leaf chlorosis Barley yellow dwarf virus-

PAV 11

28

patch disease Microdochium nivale 1 ryegrass, Italian Lolium multiflorum brown stripe Cercosporidium graminis 1 scald Rhynchosporium orthosporum 1 ryegrass, perennial Lolium perenne leaf yellowing, stunting Barley yellow dwarf virus-

PAV 8

stunting Fusarium sp. 1 stunting Magnaporthe sp. 1 yellowing Rhizoctonia sp. 1 red thread Laetisaria fuciformis 1 sloughgrass, American Beckmannia syzigachne rust Uromyces beckmanniae 1 velvetgrass Holcus lanatus twist Dilophospora alopecuri 1

VEGETABLES, SUMMARY, 2007

Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of

samples bean, dry Phaseolus sp. no symptoms no soybean rust 26 bean, lima Phaseolus lunatus leaf spot Pseudomonas syringae 1 poor growth, root rot Pythium sp. 1 bean, snap Phaseolus vulgaris leaf mosaic Bean common mosaic virus 3 root rot, dieback Fusarium solani 2 leafy yellowing insect feeding injury 1 no symptoms no soybean rust 36 leaf yellowing thrips feeding injury 1 beet Beta vulgaris stunting & poor growth Fusarium oxysporum 1

29

cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata

stem rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 1

corn, sweet Zea mays leaf chlorosis, seed rot Fusarium sp. 1 cucumber Cucumis sativus wilt Fusarium oxysporum 1 wilt Fusarium sp. 1 stunting, yellowing Fusarium sp. 4

powdery mildew Goloviriomyces

cichoracearum 1

fruit lesions insect feeding injury 1 garlic Allium sativum black rot Aspergillus sp. 1 basal plate rot Fusarium culmorum 1 root rot Fusarium sp. 1 lettuce Lactuca sativa leaf necrosis Botrytis cinerea 1 mosaic Potyvirus 1 onion Allium cepa root rot Fusarium solani 1 basal plate rot Fusarium sp. 1 root rot Fusarium sp. 1 oregano Origanum vulgare leaf blight Pseudomonas syringae 1 parsnip Pastinaca sativa canker Iteronilia perplexans 1 root lesions Pythium sp. 1 root lesions Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 1 potato Solanum tuberosum stunting, leaf curl Potato virus y 2 potato Solanum tuberosum scab Streptomyces sp. 2 radish Raphanus sativus leaf spots Alternaria (alternata type) 1

30

rhubarb Rheum rhabarbarum stunting, root rot Pythium sp. 1 soybean Glycine max no symptoms no soybean rust 45 no virus detected 9 spinach Spinacia oleracea poor growth, root rot Fusarium oxysporum 1 poor growth, root rot Pythium sp. 1 squash Cucurbita sp. insect feeding on stem Diabrotica undecimpunctata 1 stem canker Fusarium solani 1

angular leaf spot Pseudomonas syringae

pv. lachrymans 1

thale-cress Arabidopsis thaliana leaf necrosis & dieback Western flower thrips 2 tomato Lycopersicon esculentum wilt Fusarium sp. 1 ring spots on fruit Tomato spotted wilt virus 1 watermelon Citrullus lanatus root & stem rot Pythium sp. 1

SMALL FRUITS SUMMARY, 2007

Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of

samples blackberry, commercial Rubus ursinus hybrids crown gall Agrobacterium rubi 1 cane and leaf rust Kuehneola uredinis 1 blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum flower & leaf necrosis,

twig dieback Blueberry shock virus 7

twig dieback Botrytis cinerea 1 leaf spots Botrytis cinerea 1 flower and bud necrosis Botrytis cinerea 1 leaf scorch Cladosporium sp. 1

31

leaf spot Epicoccum sp. 1 stunting Fusarium sp. 1 branch dieback Fusarium sp. 1

leaf chlorosis insect feeding injury at

subterranean stem 1

leaf spots insect feeding injury followed

by secondary fungi 3

leaf reddening normal 1 root rot Phytophthora sp. 5

flower & bud necrosis, twig dieback

Pseudomonas syringae 2

dieback Pythium sp. 1 elderberry, black Sambucus nigra leaf blight massive mite infestation 1 grape, wine Vitis vinifera dieback Armillaria sp. 1 root rot Phytophthora sp. 1 poor growth Schizophyllum sp. 1 chlorotic leaf spot unknown 1 kiwi, hardy Actinidia arguta fruit spots thrips feeding injury 1 lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea fruit rot Allantophomopsis

lycopodincia 1

fruit rot Cladosporium sp. 1 fruit rot Coleophoma empetri 1 leaf spots Phoma sp. 1 fruit rot Phoma sp. 2 raspberry, black Rubus occidentalis crown gall Agrobacterium sp. 1 poor growth Cylindrocarpon sp. 1 dieback, root rot Fusarium sp. 2 root rot Phytophthora sp. 2

32

branch dieback, wilt Verticillium dahliae 1 raspberry, red Rubus idaeus stunting & root rot Fusarium sp. 1 root rot Phytophthora fragariae 5 root rot Phytophthora sp. 24 bacterial blight Pseudomonas syringae 1 stunting & root rot Rhizoctonia sp. 1 strawberry Fragaria x ananassa black root rot Fusarium sp. 2 crown rot Phytophthora sp. 1 powdery mildew Podosphaera sp. 2 black root rot Pythium sp. 2 black root rot Rhizoctonia sp. 2

FRUIT/NUT TREES SUMMARY, 2007

Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of

samples apple Malus domestica crown gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1 stem canker Botryosphaeria obtusa 2 stem cankers Botrytis sp. 1 anthracnose Cryptosporiopsis curvispora 2 fire blight Erwinia amylovora 2 stem cankers Fusarium sp. 1 dieback of rootstock Phomopsis sp. 1 collar rot Phytophthora sp. 2 red fruit spots San Jose scale 1 apricot Prunus armeniaca shot hole Pseudomonas marginalis 1 fruit lesions Wilsonomyces carpophilus 1 cherry Prunus sp. cherry leaf spot Blumerrella jaapii 1 stem cankers Botrytis sp. 1

33

stem cankers Fusarium sp. 1 root rot Phytophthora sp. 1 cherry, sweet Prunus avium blossom blight Monilinia fructicola 1 fruit rot Monilinia fructicola 1 root rot Phytophthora sp. 1 leaf spot & shoot dieback Pseudomonas syringae 2 chestnut, edible Chinese Castanea mollissima poor growth, wilt Verticillium dahliae 1 hazelnut or filbert Corylus avellana stem canker Phomopsis sp. 1 root rot Phytophthora sp. 2 stem canker Xanthomonas sp. 1 peach Prunus persica root rot Cylindrocarpon sp. 1 stem canker Pseudomonas sp. 1 pear Pyrus communis fire blight Erwinia amylovora 1 plum, domestic or prune Prunus domestica poor growth & dieback Cylindrocarpon destructans 1 stem swelling normal- branch stub 1 poor growth & dieback Phomopsis sp. 1

HERBACEOUS ORNAMENTALS SUMMARY, 2007

Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of

samples ajuga Ajuga reptans crown rot Phoma sp. 1

bear's-breeches Acanthus mollis crown rot fungus gnat feeding followed by bacterial soft rot 1

bird of paradise, giant Strelitzia nicolai leaf blotch Colletotrichurn sp. 1

34

black snakeroot Cimicifuga racemosa root & crown rot Phoma sp. 1 blanket-flower Gaillardia x grandiflora crown gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens 2 white smut Entyloma sp. 2 calla-lily Zantedeschia aethiopica soft rot of rhizome Erwinia carotovora 1 canna, garden Canna x generalis necrotic leaf stippling Badnavirus 1 mosaic Potyvirus 1 carnation Dianthus caryophyllus leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians 1 chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum

morifolium leaf spots Flavimonas oryzihabitans 1

columbine Aquilegia canadensis phyllody Aster yellows phytoplasma 1 coneflower, purple Echinacea purpurea root rot Fusarium solani 1 phyllody Phytoplasma 1 coral bells Heuchera sanguinea crown rot Phytophthora sp. 1 crown rot Pythium sp. 1 daisy, Shasta Leucanthemum x superbum crown gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens 2 leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians 2 euphorbia Euphorbia sp. downy mildew Peronospora sp. 1 evergreen, Chinese Agalonema sp. leaf spot Colletotrichum sp. 1 fuchsia Fuchsia sp. stem necrosis, root rot Botrytis cinerea 1 stem necrosis, root rot Pythium sp. 1

35

geranium, Renard's Geranium renardii leaf spot Alternaria sp. 1 gladiolus Gladiolus sp. basal plate rot Fusarium sp. 1 basal plate rot Potyvirus 1 grass, blue eyed Sisyrinchium sp. dieback Rhizoctonia sp. 1 hellebore Helleborus sp. leaf spots Coniothyrium hellebori 1

leaf spots Pseudomonas syringae

following cold injury 1

hellebore, hybrid Helleborus x hybridus crown rot Phytophthora sp. 1 heucherella Heucherella sp. leaf necrosis Botrytis cinerea 1 hollyhock Alcea rosea rust Puccinia malvacearum 1 hosta lily or plantain-lily Hosta sp. leaf mosaic Hosta virus x 1 shoot proliferation Rhodococcus fascians 1 hosta lily, Siebold's Hosta sieboldiana leaf mosaic Hosta virus x 1 hosta lily, wavy leafed Hosta undulata leaf mosaic Hosta virus x 4 hosta, Fortune's Hosta fortunei leaf mosaic Hosta virus x 6 hosta, kikut Hosta kikutii leaf mottle Hosta virus x 1 hosta, tardy Hosta tardiana root rot Fusarium sp. 1 mosaic Hosta virus x 1 root rot Rhizoctonia sp. 1 hosta, ventricose Hosta ventricosa leaf mosaic Hosta virus x 1

36

impatiens Impatiens sp. downy mildew Plasmopara sp. 1 lily, Easter Lilium longiflorum bulb rot Fusarium sp. 3 bulb malformation Rhodococcus fascians 8 lomatium, Cook's Lomatium cookii damping off Pythium sp. 1 Fusarium sp. 1 mint, Corsica Mentha requienii dieback Pythium sp. 1 monkshood Aconitum carmichaelii mosaic Potyvirus 1 mullein Verbascum sp. shoot proliferation Rhodococcus fascians 1 ox-eye daisy Heliopsis helianthoides leafy gall Rhodococcus fascians 1 peony, herbaceous Paeonia lactiflora leaf and stem necrosis Botrytis spp. 2 root lesions Cylindrocarpon destructans 5 periwinkle Vinca minor stem canker Phoma sp. 1 petunia Petunia x hybrida shoot proliferation Rhodococcus fascians 1 poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima wilt Pythium sp. 1 primrose Primula sp. leaf blotch Pseudomonas fluorescens 4 necrotic leaves Pseudomonas sp. 2 rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis leaf spots Phoma sp. 1 rudbeckia Rudbeckia sp. leaf & stem necrosis Botrytis cinerea 1 leaf & stem necrosis Erwinia sp. 1

37

salvia Salvia sp. no apparent symptoms Rhodococcus fascians 1 speedwell, spike Veronica spicata leafy galls Rhodococcus fascians 1 torenia Torenia sp. crown gall Agrobacterium tumefaciens 1

ABIOTIC DISORDERS SUMMARY, 2007

Host common name Host scientific name Symptoms Organism recovered Number of

samples Woody ornamentals almond, flowering Prunus triloba dieback abiotic-cold injury 1 arborvitae Thuja occidentalis leaf necrosis abiotic 1 tip browning abiotic 1 root death abiotic- site related 1

ash, not green Fraxinus sp. branch dieback abiotic- no pathogens recovered 1

ash, Raywood Fraxinus angustifolia branch dieback abiotic 1 dieback abiotic-no pathogens detected 1 aspen, quaking Populus deltoides leaf spots abiotic 1 azalea Rhododendron sp. branch dieback abiotic- cold injury 1

defoliation abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

barberry, Japanese Berberis thunbergii poor growth abiotic- cold injury 1

darkened roots abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

38

birch, Himalayan Betula utilis ssp. Jacquemontii

veinal leaf necrosis abiotic- herbicide injury 1

birch, river Betula nigra bark discoloration abiotic 1 bog rosemary Andromeda polifolia branch dieback abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

boxwood Buxus sp. leaf chlorosis abiotic 1

tip dieback abiotic- followed by Volutella

sp. 1

boxwood, Korean Buxus microphylla var.

koreana leaf distortion abiotic 1

catalpa, western Catalpa speciosa leaf chlorosis abiotic 1

cedar, Atlas blue Cedrus atlantica fine root necrosis abiotic- no pathogens recovered 2

cedar, incense Calocedrus decurrens needle dieback abiotic 1 dieback abiotic- environmental stress 1 twig dieback abiotic- no pathogens detected 1 cherry, choke Prunus virginiana stem cankers abiotic- cold injury 1 cherry, Higan Prunus x subhirtella stem cankers abiotic-no pathogens detected 1 chestnut, horse Aesculus hippocastanum leaf chlorosis abiotic-no pathogens detected 1 cottonwood, narrow leaved

Populus angustifolia leaf dieback abiotic- herbicide injury 1

39

crabapple Malus sp. leaf spot abiotic- no pathogens recovered

1

daphne, Burkwood's Daphne x Burkwoodii leaf discoloration abiotic- low pH 1 Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii branch dieback abiotic- drought stress 1 poor growth abiotic- freeze damage 1

seedlings dieback abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

root rot abiotic- no pathogens detected 2 euonymus, winged Euonymus alatus leaf distortion, cupping abiotic - chemical injury 1 fir, grand Abies grandis needle necrosis abiotic- sunscald 1 fir, noble Abies procera branch tip dieback abiotic- drought or heat stress 1 stem cankers abiotic- drought stress 1

poor growth of seedlings abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

needle necrosis abiotic- sunscald 1 fir, Nordmann Abies nordmanniana tip dieback abiotic- heat/drought stress 1 fir, true Abies sp. dieback abiotic 1 fothergilla, dwarf Fothergilla gardenii dieback abiotic- cold injury followed

by Pseudomonas sp. 1

golden-rain-tree Koelreuteria paniculata branch dieback abiotic- cold injury 1 hebe Hebe sp. top dieback abiotic- chemical injury 1 leaf spots abiotic- no fungi recovered 1 honey-locust Gleditisia triacanthos stem necrosis abiotic- cold injury 1

40

bark discoloration abiotic- sun scald 1 honeysuckle, sweet-berry Lonicera caerulea whole plant dieback abiotic 1 hydrangea Hydrangea sp. leaf spots abiotic--mechanical injury 1 laurel, English cherry- Prunus laurocerasus leaf spot abiotic 1 leaf tip necrosis, shot hole abiotic- fertilizer burn 1

shot hole abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

dieback abiotic--chemical injury 1 lavender Lavandula x intermedia leaf necrosis abiotic 1 lavender, English Lavandula angustifolia flower stalk necrosis abiotic 1 lilac Syringa vulgaris leaf chlorosis abiotic 3 leaf cupping abiotic- low pH 1 lilac, dwarf Korean Syringa meyeri branch dieback abiotic- cold injury 1 lilac, pubescent Syringa pubescens ssp.

patula weeping buds abiotic 1

linden Tilia sp. leaf chlorosis abiotic-no pathogens detected 2 magnolia Magnolia sp. branch dieback abiotic--cold injury 1 magnolia, Southern Magnolia grandiflora branch dieback abiotic- cold injury 1 manzanita Arctostaphylos sp. twig dieback abiotic- drought stress 1 maple Acer sp. leaf scorch abiotic 1

41

dieback abiotic 1 branch dieback abiotic-no pathogens detected 1

maple, Amur Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala leaf spot abiotic-no pathogens detected 1

maple, big leaf Acer macrophyllum dieback abiotic 1 maple, Japanese Acer palmatum dieback abiotic 1 stem canker abiotic- cold injury 1 dieback abiotic- cold injury 1 twig lesions abiotic- copper toxicity 1 leaf spots abiotic- sunburn 1 stem canker abiotic- physical injury 1 maple, Norway Acer platanoides leaf scorch abiotic 1 leaf distortion, cupping abiotic- herbicide injury 1

branch dieback, small leaves

abiotic- chronic stress 1

maple, vine Acer circinatum branch dieback abiotic 1 nettle, spotted dead Lamium maculatum leaf distortion abiotic- cold injury 1 oak Quercus sp. dieback abiotic 1 oak, California black Quercus kelloggii bleeding trunk canker abiotic- no pathogens detected 1 oak, Oregon white Quercus garryana blow down abiotic- no evidence of disease 1 palm, lady Rhapis excelsa leaf spots abiotic- nutritional 1 palm, paradise Howea forsterana leaf spots abiotic- nutritional 1

42

pine Pinus sp. dieback abiotic 1 pine, jack Pinus banksiana needle cast abiotic 1 pine, limber Pinus flexilis needle necrosis abiotic 1 leaf chlorosis abiotic- nutrient deficiency 1 pine, mugo or Swiss mtn. Pinus mugo dieback abiotic 1 pine, white Pinus strobus needle tip necrosis abiotic 1 plum, ornamental Prunus domestica tip dieback abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

poplar, white Populus alba leaf mottle abiotic- chemical injury 1 redwood, giant Sequoiadendron giganteum needle cast abiotic- fall needle drop 1 rose, garden Rosa sp. leaf spots abiotic- chemical injury 2 leaf necrosis abiotic- cold injury 1 root galls abiotic- no pathogens detected 2 Russian-olive Elaeagnus angustifolia stem cankers abiotic- cold injury

followed by secondary fungi 1

branch dieback abiotic- poor root structure 1 branch dieback abiotic- no pathogens detected 1 serviceberry/shadbush Amelanchier sp. leaf distortion abiotic- growth regulator

injury 1

skimmia Skimmia japonica leaf necrosis & burn abiotic- chemical injury 1 spruce, blue Picea pungens poor growth abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

43

needle loss, chlorosis abiotic- possible chemical injury

1

needle necrosis abiotic- sunscald 2

leaf necrosis abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

spruce, Norway Picea abies needle loss abiotic 1 viburnum, toothed Viburnum dentatum leaf spot abiotic- oedema 1 walnut, black Juglans nigra bark necrosis abiotic- no pathogens detected 1 witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana stem swellings abiotic- adventitious buds 1 yellowwood, Kentucky Cladrastis lutea dieback abiotic- too wet 1 zelkova, Japanese Zelkova serrata twig dieback abiotic- cold injury followed

by Pseudomonas sp. 1

Field crops barley, meadow Hordeum brachyantherum leaf yellowing abiotic-cold injury 1 beet, sugar Beta vulgaris leaf necrosis abiotic 1 meadowfoam Limnanthes alba flower necrosis abiotic-heat stress 1

wheat Triticum aestivum leaf spots, chlorotic striping abiotic 1

glume discoloration abiotic 1 leaf spot abiotic -physiologic leaf spot 1 Grasses bluegrass, annual Poa annua leaf chlorosis abiotic 1

44

fescue, tall Festuca arundinacea stunting abiotic 1 orchard grass Dactylis glomerata leaf discoloration abiotic- cold injury 1 ryegrass, perennial Lolium perenne poor growth abiotic- cold injury 1 dieback abiotic- locallized dry spot 1 Vegetables bean, snap Phaseolus vulgaris swollen hypocotyls abiotic- chemical injury 1 broccoli Brassica oleracea var.

botrytis hollow stem abiotic- nutrient imbalance 1

cabbage Brassica oleracea var.

capitata leaf necrosis abiotic followed by secondary

invaders 1

leaf lesions abiotic- hail followed by secondary fungi

1

leaf yellowing abiotic- physiological 1 cucumber Cucumis sativus skin splits abiotic 1 lettuce Lactuca sativa leaf chlorosis abiotic 1 onion Allium cepa stunting abiotic 1 radish Raphanus sativus flower necrosis abiotic- weather related 1 rhubarb Rheum rhabarbarum leaf discoloration abiotic- nutritional 1 stunting abiotic- poor rooting 1

red leaves abiotic--no pathogens

recovered 1

45

squash Cucurbita sp. internal decay abiotic, followed by

Pseudomonas syringae 1

tarragon, French Artemesia dracunculus leaf chlorosis abiotic-pH too low 1 tomato Lycopersicon esculentum leaf scorch abiotic 1

leaf distortion abiotic- growth regulator injury 1

watermelon Citrullus lanatus mosaic abiotic 1 watermelon Citrullus lanatus stem swelling abiotic 1 Small fruits blackberry, commercial Rubus ursinus hybrids cane dieback abiotic-cold injury 1 blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum dieback abiotic 1 leaf dieback abiotic 1 leaf chlorosis abiotic 1 no flowers abiotic 1 fruit necrosis abiotic 1 root rot, poor growth abiotic 1 tip dieback abiotic 6 puckered leaves abiotic 1 poor growth abiotic 2 dieback abiotic 1 stem galls abiotic- callus tissue 2 leaf spots abiotic- chemical injury 2 leaf chlorosis abiotic- chemical injury 1

no flower buds, poor growth

abiotic- cold injury 4

stunting, poor growth abiotic- cold injury 1 leaf spots abiotic- hail injury 1

46

narrow leaves abiotic- herbicide (Stinger)

injury 1

branch dieback abiotic- moisture stress 1

leaf spots abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

poor growth abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

leaf tip purpling abiotic- physiological 1 leaf chlorosis abiotic- salts burn 1 stem swelling abiotic- callus tissue 2 leaf necrosis abiotic- drought stress 2 poor growth abiotic- low pH 6 leaf chlorosis abiotic- nutrient deficiency 2 root swelling abiotic- restricted roots 1 poor growth abiotic- no pathogens detected 1 blueberry, rabbiteye Vaccinium ashei flower necrosis abiotic 1 cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon branch dieback abiotic- chemical injury 1 poor growth abiotic- high pH 1 currant Ribes sp. dieback abiotic 1 grape, wine Vitis vinifera dieback abiotic 1 leaf necrosis (interveinal) abiotic 1 stem spots abiotic 1 poor growth abiotic 1 swelling at graft union abiotic- callus tissue 1 leaf yellowing abiotic- genetic chimera 1

leaf distortion abiotic- growth regulator

injury 1

leaf chlorosis abiotic- nutrient deficiency 1 leaf necrosis abiotic- chemical injury 1

47

poor growth abiotic- cold injury 1 poor growth abiotic- cropped too early 1 poor growth abiotic- graft failure 1 leaf distortion, cupping abiotic- herbicide injury 1 poor fruit set abiotic- inflorescence necrosis 1 dieback abiotic- water stress 1 swollen graft union abiotic- no evidence of disease 1 twig dieback abiotic- no pathogens detected 1 raspberry, red Rubus idaeus root galls abiotic 1

decline abiotic- no pathogens

recovered 1

strawberry Fragaria x ananassa leaf reddening abiotic 1 fruit lesions abiotic- sunburn 1 Fruit / nut trees apple Malus domestica dieback of new growth abiotic 1 leaf necrosis abiotic 2 skin blemish abiotic 1 leaf spots abiotic- cold injury 2 stem canker abiotic- poor cultural technique 1 bitter pit abiotic- calcium deficiency 1 swelling at graft union abiotic- callus tissue 1 leaf spot abiotic- chemical injury 1 burr knot abiotic- physiological 1 stem swelling abiotic- root initials 1 cherry Prunus sp. dieback of new growth abiotic- temperature related 1 tip dieback abiotic--cold injury 2 pear Pyrus communis leaf & fruit blotch abiotic 1 leaf spots abiotic- chemical injury 1

48

plum, domestic or prune Prunus domestica tip dieback abiotic 1 shot hole abiotic- chemical injury 1 Herbaceous ornamentals anemone, Japanese Anemone x hybrida leaf puckering abiotic 1 bear's-breeches Acanthus spinosus needle necrosis abiotic 1 bear's-breeches Acanthus mollis leaf distortion abiotic- cold injury 1 blanket-flower Gaillardia x grandiflora dieback abiotic 1 leaf mosaic abiotic- genetic 1

chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum morifolium leaf dieback abiotic 1

coneflower, purple Echinacea purpurea poor growth abiotic- mechanical injury 1 evergreen, Chinese Agalonema sp. leaf spots abiotic- physiological 1 fuchsia Fuchsia sp. leaf spots abiotic- chemical injury 1 geranium, garden Pelargonium hortorum leaf yellowing abiotic- nutrient deficiency 1 geranium, true Geranium sp. leaf necrosis abiotic 1 hellebore Helleborus sp. leaf spots, malformation abiotic- cold injury 1 poor growth abiotic- low pH 1 impatiens, New Guinea Impatiens hawkeri leaf spots abiotic 1

lily-turf Liriope muscari leaf spot abiotic- high temperature

injury 1

49

50

petunia Petunia x hybrida shoot proliferation abiotic 1 poinsettia Euphorbia pulcherrima bract spots abiotic--chemical injury 2 poppy, oriental Papaver orientalis leaf chlorosis abiotic- nutritional 1 rudbeckia Rudbeckia sp. stem swelling abiotic- callus tissue 1 sunflower Helianthus sp. leaf distortion abiotic- chemical 1 sweet William Dianthus barbatus leaf spots abiotic 1

Submitted April 2008 Melodie Putnam