OSU gridFUTURE Presentation

7/30/2019 OSU gridFUTURE Presentation

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gridFUTURE:A holistic vision of the future energy grid

OSU ECE 3040

January 11, 2013

John M. Schneider, Dr. [email protected]

Technology Consultant


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gridFUTURE

Well rooted in power systems knowledge, grid operationalexperience and a fundamental understanding of existingand emerging technologies. Technologically achievable, but not commercially viable today.

gridFUTURE will never be achieved Constantly evolves as technology, the economy and societal

needs change.

Current Smart Grid efforts involve near term tactics, which

will gradually evolve towards gridFUTURE, again andagain and again... Forward compatible (No Regrets Strategy)

A holistic vision of the future energy grid.Primary electrical energy source through utilization.

Vision must precede strategy, which is achieved

through tactics 2


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U.S. 2011 ElectricalEnergy Source Profile

Energy Source Mix

45% Coal, 21% Nuclear, 20% Gas, 13%Renewable, 1% Oil

Total Generation

655 GW Utility, 408 GW IPP, 76 GW IPPCHP, (1139 GW Total)

Consumption 38% Residential, 36% Commercial, 26%

Industrial

3
http://www.eia.doe.gov/


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U.S. 2011 Electricity Flow(Quads, 1015 BTUs)

Grid Net efficiency31.7%! 4

Commercial 4.50

Residential 4.86

Coal 18.04

Nuclear 8.26

ConversionLosses25.22

Total EnergyConsumed

40.04
http://www.eia.doe.gov/


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Losses & Efficiency in Electric

Generation & Delivery

100

coal electricity

65.5% loss ~ 4.8% loss

Generation Transmission

~ 35

Distribution

electricity

~ 33

electricity

~ 31

~ 88% loss

End Use

Utilization

~4

~ 5.1% loss

Adapted from EPRI source image

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Waste Heat The 31.7% net efficiency of the U.S. electrical grid,

implies that 68.3% of the primary energy consumedin the production, transmission and distribution of

electricity is wasted primarily as heat rejected to the

environment.

Remote location of central generation

Potential solutions: Combined Heat and Power (CHP, Cogeneration)

Industrial colocation

Distributed Generation, locates many small generation sources

closer to the electrical (and thermal) load

Space heating

Water heating

Absorption cooling

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Grid Topology & Attributes

Commercial

NO/NC

~ ~

~

Industrial

Residential

AEP Central Generation

1-1300 MW (38 GW total)

Water source (10-100s mi from load)

80 Plants

66% coal, 6% Nuclear, 22% Gas,

6%Other

Net Efficiency of ~35% Heat lost to environment - No Cogeneration

Moderate level ofMonitoring,Communications & Control (MCC)

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Commercial

NO/NC

~ ~

~

Industrial

Residential

AEP Transmission System

69-765 kV

38,953 total mi.

10-150 mi. length

Interconnected Grid

Low/Moderate MCC Self-protecting

Supervised operation

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Commercial

NO/NC

~ ~

~

Industrial

Residential

AEP DistributionSystem 12-35 kV

207,632 total mi.

1-40 mi. length Rural Distribution

OH Radial

Low/No MCC

Manual operation 9


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AEP Business Confidential 10


Commercial

NO/NC

~ ~

~

Industrial

Residential

AEP UrbanDistribution

OH Radial/SwitchedLoop

UG Radial/SwitchedLoop/Multi-fed

Little/No MCC


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Commercial

NO/NC

~ ~

~

Industrial

Residential

Urban Distribution UG Secondary

Network

Moderate MCC11


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Commercial

NO/NC

~ ~

~

Industrial

Residential

Existing Grid Generation: Large, Central, Remote (Little

Cogeneration), Moderate MonitoringCommunications & Control (MCC)

Transmission: Interconnected, Self-protecting,Low/Moderate MCC (SCADA)

Distribution: Extensive, Low/No MCC (Manual)

Customer: No MCC (Limited exceptions)

Extensive infrastructure

Moderate/No MCC

No Cogeneration

More load requires more G,T&D 12


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Distributed storage would enable base-loadoperation of grid assets.Distributed storage and generation would enablegrid independence.

Something to think about

Average3kW

Time

DailyLoa

d

Peak8-10 kW

Distribution System

Energy Storage

The Grid is designed to meet the peak power requirement,from the coal pile to the blow dryer.

3 kW Fuel Cellor

18 kW Solar PV

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G,T&D Asset Base LoadingImplications

Base load power system assets

Reduce variation in load level by reducing peaks and filling

valleys of load variation.

Power system components are rated to meet the peak

requirement of the load. Less G,T&D Infrastructure

Higher utilization of all grid assets

Most thermal power plants are optimized for peak load

operation More efficient generation

Reduced thermal cycling of grid components

Less thermal stress, less maintenance

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and something else to

think aboutThe engine kW-equivalent (~100 kW/auto) oftwo years of U.S. auto sales exceeds thecountrys total installed electrical generatingbase (~1139 GW).

Consider:

AEP HQ building: Maximum load 5.4 MW

AEP HQ Total Garage Capacity: 2087 cars

Assuming a 50kW fuel cell car (FCEV), operated at acomposite net capacity of 30%

AEPGarages Gen Capability 31 MWe+ 39 MWt

e= 40% /t= 50% 15


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Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle FCEV is an electric vehicle powered by the

combination of a fuel cell and a battery. Fuel Cell is an electrochemical energy converter: It

converts the chemical energy in a fuel (natural gas) in

the presence of an oxidant (oxygen in air) into

electricity, heat & byproducts (H2O & CO2). Requires on-board fuel storage.

Mobile electrical/thermal/water generation source

Potential to power and heat homes, businesses and

remote locations

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the Grid of the Future?

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Storage

WindFuel Cell

Solar

Grid of the Future: Optimal integration of central &distributed assets.

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Imc2, gridFUTUREs Key Enabler Acronym forIntelligent monitoring communications and control.

Advanced concept that will be realized in the grid of the future, and can begenerally characterized as the underlying technologies, which will make

the smart grid truly smart.

Involves the broad integration of sensors, bi-directional communications,

actuators and intelligence (computational capability) into components

throughout the grid from the sources of generation and storage, throughthe transmission and distribution systems, into the meter and,

ultimately, the customers loads.

The embedded component intelligence will be controlled by an

overarching, distributed, hierarchical control system responsible for

coordinating everything from local component protection to overall gridoptimization.

Enables anticipatory/reactionary self-healing; plug-n-play; aggregation

and dispatch; autonomous operation; situational awareness and learning;

self-adaptation.

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical ControlSystem Topology

Storage

Commercial

NO/NC

~

~

Industrial

Residential

~

Wind

Fuel Cell

Solar

Monitoring &OptimizationCenter

RegionalAggregation/Control

ControlPoint

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical ControlSystem Attributes

Progressively higher level information develops as it flowsup the hierarchy.

Timely control actions communicated throughouthierarchy as actionable information develops. Decision making conducted at lowest level of hierarchy

Secure

Redundant, prioritized communications System protection

Transient stability

Dynamic stability

Contingency planning

Load management

System optimization

System status

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gridFUTURE Hierarchical ControlSystem Attributes

Interfaces with smart loads & grid components. Aggregation & dispatch

Central, Distributed Generation & Storage

Load (Load as a resource)

Autonomous Operation Seamless separation/autonomous operation (reducedfunctionality)/reconnection

Self-healing Automatically reconfigures topology & operating

protocols in anticipation or result of systemcontingency

Grid Optimization Both central & distributed assets in near real-time.

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gridFUTURE Smart Components Embedded sensors and actuators

Voltage, current, temperature, moisture, DGA,vibrations, dielectric strength, PD,...

Change taps, operate CBs, adjust valves,

On-board information archival Operating criteria/Maintenance history/Operational

history

Plug & Play

Embedded intelligence

Self-monitoring/Self-diagnosis

Bi-directional communications/Self-initiates

corrective actions 22


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Sophisticated gridFUTURE

Customer

Adapted from EPRI source image

LGElectronics

High Demand Period

Delay wash 2 hours?

Please respond Yes or No

FC

AMI

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gridFUTURE Customer Scenario 2Customers home monitoring & automation system (HMAS) monitors home and

controls household systems per the occupants pre-selected preferencesand/or voice/electronic overrides.

Customer approaches home via driveway: HMAS recognizes car, opens garage doorto permit entry.

Customer exits car: HMAS recognizes customer, closes the garage door, grants entry

into home and announces customer's arrival to occupants, as well as, occupantspresence and location to customer.

Customer enters the laundry room: Lights turn on, and the laundry equipment remindshim that a load of laundry awaits washing, which the customer responds to by grantingverbal permission to wash and dry.

Customer proceeds through the house, the HMAS locationally adjusts lighting,temperature, and audio/visual equipment per the customers preset preferences orvoice commands.

Suddenly, the HMAS alarms the customer to a dangerous level of carbon monoxidepresent in garage, instructs the car to shutdown engine, secures laundry room externalentry, and opens garage door, to enable fresh air entry

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gridFuture Customer Scenario 3

Customer with history of heart disease and lives alone has a communications

enabled implanted heart monitor

2:17 am: Monitor detects impending heart attack, while customer sleepsunsuspectingly. CApS* dispatches emergency services and transmits EKG tohospital, where it is reviewed by cardiologist.

2:22 am: Emergency squad arrives at residence. CApS disables security system,grants emergency access, and directs squad to customers location.

2:35 am: Customer stabilized under cardiologist remote supervision. Placed invehicle for transport to hospital. CApS secures residence, and notifies customersemergency contact of situation in progress.

2:39 am: Patient rushed into hospital emergency room, and begins to receivetreatment.

3:19 am: Patient regains consciousness in presence of daughter, and is happy tobe alive!

* CustomerApplication System. 25


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Energy Utility of the FUTURE

Real-Time Optimization of Energy

Production, Delivery & Utilization

DistributionSubstation

Commercial

Industrial

Residential

Bulk Generation

Transmission& Distribution

TransmissionSubstation

Gensets, FuelCells, Load

Management, CHP

Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells , Load

Management, CHP

Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells,

Load Management, CHP

Imc2

IGCC- FC Hybrid, Biomass,Wind, Solar, Nuclear, Direct

Carbon Fuel CellsHeat, Chemicals & Byproducts

Synfuels & Biofuels

IndustrialCo-location

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Why?

Sustainability Reduces centralized infrastructure (G, T&D)

Improves reliability, security and asset utilization

More diverse supply

Bypass grid constraints Located closer to load

Increase overall efficiency

Higher base generation efficiency (=60%, fuel to electricity)

Bypass T&D losses Enables combined heat and power (CHP) on a grand scale

(adjacent to load)

Imc2 enables a broad array of capabilities

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John M. Schneider, Dr. [email protected]

OSU gridFUTURE Presentation

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