Oﬀshore wind energy: Our future? How?

Offshorewindenergy:Ourfuture?How?

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1.   IntrototheMMLworkshop:“Offshorewindenergy:Ourfuture?”2.   ResponsibleResearchandInnovaRon3.MMLworkshopprogramme

4.MethodologyoftheMMLworkshop:SDDP5.   Sources

Contents

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Whymarineenergy?Threereasons tomakerenewableenergyhappen:clean,safeandsustainable.Theendofuseoffossilfuels(e.g.petroleum,uranium)isaninescapablereality.Achieving the paradigm shiE towards renewable and sustainable energy toproduceelectricity isacommonobjecGve.WehavetotakecareofourplanetandpreserveitforourfuturegeneraGons,suppressingbothglobalwarmingandtheresulGngclimatechange.“Wedon’thaveplanBbecausethereisnoplanetB”(BanKi-moon,UnitedNaGons).In this scenario, our seas and oceans offer a vast renewable energy resource.Themarineenvironmentisanenormouspoolofenergywhich,accordingtotheEuropean Commission, globally exceeds the present and projected futureenergyneeds.For this reason, thedevelopmentof technologies toexploit thegreatpotenGalofoffshorewindenergy,Gdesandwavesaswellasdifferencesintemperatureandsalinityisunstoppable.


Figure1.ValuechainofoffshorewindenergyintheBasqueCountry

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In the Basque Country, local companies are rapidly joining the wave of bothoffshore wind energy (Figure 1) and ocean energy (e.g. wave energy, Gdeenergy, etc.). For instance, the Basque company Iberdrola, through its BriGshbranch ScoYshPower Renewables, is incubaGng one of the largest offshorewindfarms intheworld intheNorthSea.Withacapacityof2000MW, itwillsupplyenergytomorethan1millionhouseholdsintheUK.TheNorthSeaandthe BalGc Sea are the locaGons with the biggest potenGal for offshore windenergy tobedeployedat short andmedium term in Europe. The reasons aretwo:thepresenceofshallowwatersandstrongwinds. IntheBasqueCountry,lessfavourablegeologicandclimaGccondiGonsdemandtechnologytodevelopfurthertoprovideprofitablesoluGonsinthelongterm.TheproliferaGonofagridoftechnologicalmarineenergyrelatedcompaniesintheBasqueCountryisGmely.Ontheonehand,theBasqueGovernmentsocietalaimisthat19%oftheelectricenergyconsumedintheBasqueCountrywouldberenewableby2030.Moreover,theEuropeanUnionwantstofulfilitscommibedgreenhousegases reducGonof80-95%by2050.SupporGng innovaGon in low-carbon technologies for energy generaGon can help to tackle this challenge.Thus, marine energy, which is considered one of the drivers which couldtransform such challenge into a reality, could also become a very lucraGvebusiness inthenearfuture,aswellasan importantsourcefor jobcreaGon. Infact, it is expected that the market of offshore wind energy could reach thevalueof 80,000million eurosby 2020, and thewave andGdal energymarketcouldworthupto535billioneurosbetween2010and2050.Nevertheless, there are sGllmany open quesGons regarding acceptability andreliabilityofthesetechnologies.HarnessingtheeconomicpotenGalofourseasand oceans in a sustainable manner is a key element for the EU: bothsustainableinGmeandwiththeenvironment.Isthistechnologymatureenoughtoachieveit?Casestudy:offshorewindenergyataglanceOffshorewindenergyexploits thewindcurrentsandtheir force in themarineenvironmenttogenerateelectricpower.

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Regarding sustainability in Gme, it is claimed that the average lifeGme of anoffshore windmill is about 20-50 years. What could be done to extend itslifeGme? One of the most fundamental problems that shorten the life of awindmill is corrosion in the sea.DevelopingnewcoaGngmaterialsandpaints,for example, is amust to extend the lifeGme of such engineering structures.Nevertheless, new quesGons arise: Are these coaGngs safe? Can thenanoparGcles integraGng the coaGngs and paints be released into theenvironmentcausingdetrimentaleffectstotheecosystem?The environmental sustainability possesses further concerns about offshorewind energy, as idenGfied from both the society and insGtuGons (e.g. OSPARConvenGon - theConvenGon for theProtecGonof theMarineEnvironmentoftheNorth-EastAtlanGc).SomeoftheseproblemsaresummarisedinTable1.ThelocaGonofoffshorewindfarmsneedstobecarefullystudiedandregulated,e.g.toavoidingbirdmigraGonroutes,toavoidingthreateningproducGvefishinggrounds, to avoiding interfereing with ship routes -as accidental collisionbetween vessels and the wind turbine may result in the release of oil andchemicalsandhenceinwatercontaminaGon,etc.Oneofthemainconcernsis,therefore,relatedtothepreservaGonofthefauna.Forinstance,itisafact,thatinSpain,onshorewindmillshadkilledaround6-18millionsofbirdsandbatsby2012.Thesamecouldhappentomarinebirdswiththewindmillslocatedinthesea.ItwasidenGfiedthatthereason,forsuchproblemstoemergesoclearlyinSpain,wasthattheinstallaGonofwindfarmsbackinthe1990-2000swasratherimproperandchaoGc.RegulaGons,research,technologyandinnovaGonhavetoconvergetomiGgateproblemslikethisone.We need to work, therefore, to make technology friendlier with theenvironment. Following theexampleofonshorewindenergy, currently, somewindmillsareincorporaGngtechnologiestodetectthepresenceofbirdsnearby.Uponapproachofabird,theyemitasoundtokeepitawayandavoidcollision.If the bird sGllmaintains its trajectory, the turbine stops. Further, there existother alternaGve turbine designs, which have been proved to be moresustainablethanthepresentoneswiththreeblades.

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Table1.SomepotenRalnegaRveimpactsofoffshorewindfarms

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An example of the so called turbines of second generaGon, is the designdefendedbyVortexBladeless–aSpanish soluGon thatwants to revoluGonisethe onshore wind energy sector. This bladeless wind turbine, which has theshapeofaconicaltube,capturestheenergyofthewindbasedontheprincipleof“aero-elasGccoupling”.Theadvantagesofthissystemarethatitisbothsilentand harmless for birds and bats. Moreover, as the system is simpler thanconvenGonal windmills, there are savings in materials, transport andmaintenanceintheorderof35%.Ontopofthat,itgenerates70%moreenergythan a convenGonal onshore windmill. This technology could also beimplementedontheroofsofhousesfordomesGcenergygeneraGon.Couldthistechnologybeharnessedinthesea?RegardingproducGvity,currently,theavailablewindmillsofthreeblades,whichareinstalledoffshore,arebecomingmoreandmoresophisGcatedandefficientthan the old onshore ones, and integrate the most modern technologies.Offshore wind farms even have an increased producGvity of more than 40%comparedtotheoldonshoreones.Furthermore,itisconsideredthatthefuturecould lie infloaGngstructuresandotherconcepts,whichwill increaseviabilityandprofitabilityofoffshorewindmillsevenindeeperwaters,wherewindpowerharvesGng ismore efficient. Currently, however, there are several issues suchas:o  MoredemandingandspecialisedinstallaGonprocedures.o  Moreexpensivesupportstructures.o  Moredifficultworking(includingmaintenance)andenvironmentalcondiGons

(waveacGon,andevenveryhighwinds,parGcularlyduringheavystormsorhurricanes,candamagewindmills).

o  MoreexpensiveproducGonandinstallaGonofpowercablesundertheseafloortotransmitelectricitybacktoland.

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In thepast, itwas argued that offshorewindenergywasmoreexpensivenotonly than onshore wind energy, but also than convenGonal power sources.ClosingthisgapbecameakeystepforthefuturesustainableexploitaGonofthewholepotenGalofoffshorewindenergy. In2017, this situaGonwas reversed.Encouragingly, official data published by the BriGsh Government revealed inSeptemberofthatyearthatfutureoffshorewindenergywouldbe40%cheaperthanthatcomingfromanewBriGshnuclearplant.Thus,offshorewindenergywill be sold for 57.5 pounds per MWh generated, whereas the new nuclearplantwillbesoldfor92.5poundsperMWh.ThisprovesthestrongevoluGonoftheoffshorewindtechnologyandthereducGonofcostspursuedduringthelastdecade.Ontopofthecostoftheenergy,thereareotherproblemsassociatedwithnuclearenergy.Fromtheriskofnuclearaccident,tothedecommissioningoftheplantandthemanagementoftheresidues.Asanexample,onlyinSpainthedecommissioningof7nuclearpowerstaGonswillcost13,000millioneuros.Moreover,thelocaGonofnuclearcemeteriesissGllverycontroversial.The surpass in costs of nuclear energy hasmade its defenders to remind thepublic that wind energy can only provide power when there is wind. ThedirectoroftheassociaGonfornuclearenergyinGreatBritain,remarkedfortheBBCthat"itdoesnotmaberhowlowthepriceofoffshorewindenergycanbe,lastyearfiguresrevealedthatitonlyproducedenergy36%oftheGme".Itisafact, unfortunately, that offshore wind technology cannot provide electricpower at all Gmes, and wind farms must be backed up with other energysources. Thankfully, there are sustainable alternaGves. In Spain, thehydroelectricandmini-hydroelectricenergy,solar,evenonshorewind,oroceanenergycouldrepresentsuchbackup.Infact,solarenergyisevencheaperthanoffshorewindenergy.Unfortunately,althoughoffshorewindenergy isalreadycompeGGve, the costs of ocean energy (i.e. wave, Gde, etc.) are sGll highcompared to those of convenGonal forms of energy. Thankfully, efforts arebeingmadetorevertthissituaGon.

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For example, the European Commission funded project OPERA (GA 654.444),coordinated by the Basque company Tecnalia, and inwhich Ente Vasco de laEnergía, Iberdrola,OceantecandBimepalsoparGcipate,aimsat reducing50%ofthecurrentcostsofwaveenergytomakeitcompeGGveworldwide.Beyondresearchandinnova<on:energypolicyPetroleumanduraniumaregeostrategicresourceswhichisbebernotodependupon, tomake the access to energymore democraGc. The development anddeploymentofrenewableenergyand,inparGcular,ofoffshorewindenergy,arekey to reaching such energy independency. But renewable energy dependsupon the Government Policies to survive. In words of the BriGsh branch ofIberdrola (Sco$shPower Renewables), the role of the government is key toensuringthefutureofoffshorewindenergy:“providedtheGovernmentofthedayconGnuestoprovideaframeworkthatallowsustomakeplansthroughoutthenextdecade,ourfuturewillbeinourownhands”.Unfortunately, the landscape of renewable energy in Spain is not veryencouraging.AccordingtoElectricGridofSpain(RedEléctricadeEspaña),37%oftheelectricproducGonin2015wasofrenewableorigin.However,oneyearbefore, ithad reached43%.Also the investment (bothpublicandprivate)hasdroppeddrasGcally.Whilebetween2012and2015newinfrastructuressupplied850MW,inthepreviousfouryears6,800MWwereinstalled.If renewable energy and, in parGcular, offshore wind energy have beenidenGfied as beneficial for society and for the health of our planet: How toregulate renewable energy so there is stability for the sector? The pressureswhicharebeingimposedbyEuropemayrevertthissituaGon.

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The results frommanyEuropeanprojects, aswell as fromother studies,haveproventhatwhenthereisaninteracGonamongstdiverseandmulGdisciplinarystakeholdersgoodinnovaGonforresearchhappen.Owingtothis,weneedyouonboard:industry,financialfirms,nongovernmentalorganisaGons,civilsocietyorganisaGons, fishermen, researchers, ciGzens, the government, the media,policymakers,…TheresearchandinnovaGonprocesstoberesponsiblerequirealltheactorsaffectedbysuchprocesstobeinvolvedfromtheverybeginning.Inthisway,thesoluGonsfromresearchandinnovaGonaregoingtomatchbeberthe needs and expectaGons of the society. Moreover, it is known that theproblems are cheaper to solve during the design phase, rather than in theproducGonphase.What do we propose from CIC nanoGUNE through the project MARINA ofH2020(GA710566)?

ResponsibleResearchandInnovaRonserveoffshorewindenergytoachieve

“bluegrowth”:

WhataretheresearchandinnovaRonacRonsneededtomakeoffshorewindenergysustainable,accordingtotheneedsof

Society?

ResponsibleResearch&InnovaGon

Join us at nanoGUNE,DonosRa-San SebasRán, 2 February 2018tomakeyourvoiceheardandtoenvision the future of researchand innovaGononoffshorewindenergy in the Basque Country,buildingall togethera roadmapthat will answer the triggeringquesGon.

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CICnanoGUNE,DonosRa-SanSebasRán2February2018

WhataretheresearchandinnovaRonacRonsneededtomakeoffshorewindenergysustainable,accordingtotheneedsofSociety?

9:00-9:15WELCOMEtotheWORKSHOP

9:15-10:30IDEAGENERATIONPROCESS:answeringthetriggeringquesRon

10:30-11:00Break:coffee/tea(includedforspeakers)

11:00-13:00CLOUSTERINGtheIDEAS:understandingthemulR-dimensionofthequesRon

13:00-13:30VOATINGofIDEAS

13:30-14:30Break:lunch(includedforspeakers)

14:30-16:30BUILDINGtheROADMAP/INFLUENCEMAP

16:30-18:00SMARTacRonsneededtoimplementthemostinfluenRalideas

18:00-19:00RecepRonwithwineandcheese(includedforspeakers)

MMLworkshopprogramme11

Themethodologychosen formutual learningand reachingconsensuswas theStructured DemocraGc Dialogue Process, also known as Structured DialogicDesignProcessorSDDP.Thismethodologyhasbeensuccessfullytestedduringthepast40years.The whole aim of the Structured DemocraGc Dialogue Process is to enablediscussion within a heterogeneous group of stakeholders/actors in order tomutually learn,andfindasoluGontoacomplexsituaGon/problemfollowingastructured dialogue within a reasonable Gme frame. Through creaGng acollecGve awareness of the complex problem, the group ends up in finding asoluGontoit.The selecGonof the stakeholders/actors is carriedoutbasedon the followingthree requirements: The stakeholders should (i) have a stake in resolving theproblem, (ii) contribute to the dialogue from different perspecGves, (iii) bewillingtosolveaproblemtogether,aspartofagroup.TheprocessrequiresthefollowingfiveconsecuGvephases(Figure2):Figure2.PhasesintheprocessofmakingcollecRveawarenessoftheproblemandfindingasoluRontoit.

Workshopmethodology:SDDP12

PhaseI.Submissionofideas.ThetriggeringquesGonispresented3-8weeksinadvance before the face-to-face workshop. AEer studying the triggeringquesGon, theparGcipantssubmit their ideas/acGonstothetriggeringquesGontotheorganisersbeforetheworkshop.OnceideasfromalltheparGcipantsareharvested,theseideasaredistributedtoall,toensuresufficientGmeforthemtoprocesstheinformaGonbeforetheface-to-facephases.PhaseII.Inthisphaseideasarepresentedandclarifiedtothegroup.Uponstartof the face-to-faceworkshop, iniGal ideasareexplainedand clarifiedoneat aGmebytheirauthors.AEer,theauthorscanmodifiedtheirideasorevencreatenewideas.Moreover,thosewhichareidenGcalcanbemerged,andthosewhichare not relevant for the triggering quesGon can be rejected (when reaching asupermajorityof66-75%).Phase III. In this phase, the ideas are fully understood by making pairwise-comparisons and idenGfying if there are common abributes or not betweenthem.Whentwoideassharecommonabributes,theideasareclustered.Asthegroupsofideasgrow,theyaregivenaname.ThesedifferentgroupsrepresentthemulGdimensionalityof thequesGonasseenbythestakeholdersandshowthe complexity of the problem. Decisions are taken forward when asupermajorityof 66-75% is reached. To reach such level of consensus, peopleneedtodiscussandunderstandeachother.Moreover,inthisphase,newideascanbecreatedandgrouped.Theconsequencesofthisprocessarethree.First,the ideasareunderstoodmore indepth,with the“content”behindeach ideagrowinggradually.Intheprocess,acommonlanguagecoevolves.Second,whilelistening to and understanding the ideas of others, people start disengagingfromtheirownideasandconsideringtheideasofothersasmorerelevant.Theystart caring more about the problem as a whole – they learn. Third, theparGcipantscreateacommonvisionandlanguagewhichallowsthemtobebertacklethelastphaseoftheSDDP:theinfluencemaporroadmap.Phase IV.PrioriGsaGonor voGngof ideaswhichare consideredmore relevantforthediscussion.Inthisphase, it isclearly idenGfiedthatthethoughtsoftheparGcipants converge. Therefore, the problem is being treated in a collecGveway.


Phase V. The objecGve is to build up a road map. For this, two ideas areanalysedinthecontextofthetriggeringquesGoninthefollowingmanner.Oneneeds to understand if the hypotheGcal implementaGon of an idea wouldstrongly influence the hypotheGcal implementaGon of the other idea. Thisanalysisallowstounderstandthedegreeofinfluencebetweentwoideas,andtobuildaninfluencemap,whichwillidenGfywhichideasaremoreinfluenGalthantherest.Inthisway,someideasareprioriGsedoverothers.Decisionsareagaintakenforwardwhenasupermajorityof66-75%isreached.Toconclude,duringtheindividualphasesoftheSDDP,thefollowingisachievedprogressively: (i) a deeper understanding of the topic is gradually achieved(submission, clarificaGon and merging), (ii) a common understanding of thedifferentdimensionsof the topic is created (clustering), (iii) themost relevantideasareidenGfied(prioriGsaGon),andmostimportantly,(iv)priorityisgiventosome ideas over others depending on their influence (mapping, map ofinfluence).ThefollowingillustraGon(Figure3)summarisestheevoluGonofthecomplexproblemwhenfollowingtheSDDP.Whiledoingso,thecomplextopicisreorganizedand rewriben, so that itbecomespossible to interveneandmakechangeswherenecessary.Figure3.EvoluRonofideasinacomplexsituaRonwhileperformingSDDP.


EuropeanCommission.BlueEnergy:AcGonneededtodeliveronthepotenGalofoceanenergyinEuropeanseasandoceansby2020andbeyond.hbp://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0008&from=ENhbps://ec.europa.eu/mariGmeaffairs/policy/ocean_energyhbp://www.offshorewindbasquecountry.com/en/hbp://www.deia.com/2017/08/07/economia/iberdrola-logra-permiso-para-instalar-un-gran-parque-eolico-marino-en-reino-unido-XabierAja.Euskadicontaráconunparqueteólicomarino,NoGciasdeGipuzkoa.18thApril2013,p39.OSPARCommission.ProblemsandBenefitsAssociatedwiththeDevelopmentofOffshorewindfarms.Biodiversityseries,2004.hbp://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/20160729/403487721857/molino-eolico-evita-muerte-aves.htmlhbps://www.americangeosciences.org/criGcal-issues/faq/what-are-advantages-and-disadvantages-offshore-wind-farmsG.FaillaandF.Arena.NewperspecGvesinoffshorewindenergy.PhilosophicalTransacGonsA,2015.373(2035):20140228.hbps://www.elconfidencial.com/economia/2017-09-12/eolica-offshore-energia-verde-nuclear-renovables-reino-unido_1441962/hbps://www.wind-watch.org/news/2011/04/21/problems-with-offshore-wind-farms-not-worth-it/hbp://www.hibridosyelectricos.com/arGculo/actualidad/pais-vasco-apuesta-energia-marina/20160315174659011424.htmlA.N.Christakis,K.C.Bausch,HowpeopleharnesstheircollecGvewisdomandpowertoconstructthefutureinco-laboratoriesofdemocracy,InformaGonAgePublishing,INC.,USA,2006.T.R.Flanagan,A.N.Christakis,Thetalkingpoint:CreaGnganenvironmentforexploringcomplexmeaning.AcollaboraGveprojectofthe21stcenturyagoras.,InformaGonAgePublishing,INC.,Charlobe,NC,2010.Nontechnicalpicturesin:hbps://pixabay.com/en/

Sources15

Members of the MARINA Consor2um

EsteproyectoharecibidofinanciacióndelprogramadeInvestigacióneInnovacióndeHorizon2020delaUniónEuropea,contratobajosubvenciónnúmero710566.

Coordinator of MARINA

CONSIGLIONAZIONALEDELLERICERCHE(CNR),Italia

FernandoFerri:[email protected]@irpps.cnr.it

Contact us:

NagoreIbarra:[email protected]

Oﬀshore wind energy: Our future? How?

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