ortho emergencies (compressed) - Creighton University · CHI Health Good Samaritan Orthopedics &...

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9/2/2019 1 Orthopedic Emergencies Emergency Care Conference 2019 Dani Wooldrik, DO, CAQSM CHI Health Good Samaritan Orthopedics & Sports Medicine September 6, 2019 2 Objectives Describe selected orthopedic emergencies Discuss immediate evaluation and treatment of orthopedic emergencies Review reduction and splinting techniques

Transcript of ortho emergencies (compressed) - Creighton University · CHI Health Good Samaritan Orthopedics &...

Page 1: ortho emergencies (compressed) - Creighton University · CHI Health Good Samaritan Orthopedics & Sports Medicine September 6, 2019 2 Objectives • Describe selected orthopedic emergencies

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Orthopedic EmergenciesEmergency Care Conference 2019

Dani Wooldrik, DO, CAQSM

CHI Health Good Samaritan Orthopedics & Sports Medicine

September 6, 2019

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Objectives

• Describe selected orthopedic emergencies

• Discuss immediate evaluation and treatment of orthopedic emergencies

• Review reduction and splinting techniques

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Disclosures

None

Opinions are my own and do not represent CHI Health

I am Primary Care Sports Medicine not Orthopedic Surgeon

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FYI

The scene is safe

Check pulse, motor, sensory before and after intervention Image before and after reduction of dislocation or fracture

Do not hesitate to consult orthopedics sooner rather than later

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DISLOCATIONS

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Shoulder

Most common dislocation in adults High recurrence rate, especially if younger

Anterior, posterior, inferior May be associated fracture of humeral head or glenoid Also possible rotator cuff or labral tears

Exam Detailed neurovascular exam (axillary nerve, axillary artery, brachial plexus) Obvious deformity, palpable humeral head, limited ROM

Imaging X‐rays: AP, Scapular Y, Axillary CT: help identify fracture MRI: identify soft tissue injuries, especially inferior dislocations

Treatment Closed reduction

May be attempted immediately on the field May require analgesia/sedation, multiple techniques Immobilize in sling

Surgery Irreducible, fracture, prolonged posterior dislocation

Shah, V., Stanislavsky, A., Radiopedia.org, rID: 12341

Murphy, A., Radiopedia.org, rID: 12243

Weerakkody, Y., Stanislavsky, A., Radiopedia.org, rID: 12342

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Elbow

Second most common joint dislocation in adults Most common in children

Simple vs. complex w/o fracture, 50‐60% w/ fracture, “terrible triad”

Radial head, coronoid tip, UCL tear

Exam Detailed neurovascular exam (ulnar nerve, brachial artery)

Monitor for compartment syndrome

Imaging X‐rays: AP, Oblique, Lateral CT: help identify fracture or other injuries

Treatment Closed reduction for simple

Analgesia/sedation, Inline traction, forearm supination, elbow flexion Splint at 90° and sling

Surgery Irreducible, terrible triad

Cuete, David., Radiopedia.org, rID: 26558

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Hip

Rare, associated with high energy trauma Often multiple injuries, always examine knee

Posterior “dashboard injury” Flexion, adduction, IR

Exam Detailed neurovascular exam (sciatic nerve, femoral vessels)

Imaging X‐rays: AP, Cross‐table lateral CT: help identify fracture, required after reduction

Treatment Closed reduction within 6 hours

Requires analgesia/sedation, apply  traction, crutches Contraindicated if femoral neck fracture

Surgery Irreducible, fracture, delayed presentation

Salam, Hani., Radiopedia.org, rID: 10397

Jones, Jeremy., Radiopedia.org, rID: 65457

Sorrentino, Sajoscha., Radiopedia.org, rID: 14836

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Knee

Very rare, high risk of neurovascular injury Often multiple injuries; fracture or internal derangement

High energy vs. low energy MVA, fall, dashboard injury ADLs w/ morbid obesity, athletic injury

Exam Detailed neurovascular exam (peroneal nerve, popliteal vessels) Up to 50% spontaneously reduce

Imaging X‐rays: AP & lateral CT: help identify fracture if concern on x‐ray, angiogram to assess vasculature MRI: post reduction but prior to surgery 

Treatment Closed reduction

May require analgesia/sedation, apply traction and reduce deformity ASAP

Surgery Almost all require some intervention Likely need vascular consult

RMH Core Conditions, Radiopedia.org, rID: 42775

Craig Hacking, Radiopedia.org, rID: 48246

FRACTURES

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Open Fracture

Fracture with direct communication to external environment High risk of infection & neurovascular injury

Often additional injuries Compartment Syndrome

Exam Assess for soft‐tissue damage, may be deep Evaluate for vascular insult

Imaging X‐rays include joint above and below fracture site

Treatment In the field, stabilize, control bleeding, and apply sterile (saline soaked) 

dressings In ER, antibiotics (3 hours of injury) and tetanus

Avoid aggressive irrigation in ER as may push debris deeper

Need I&D and operative stabilization Goal of 6 hours

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Closed Fracture

Fracture without open skin Can range from buckle to severely angulated and comminuted

Check for additional injury Joints around the fracture, compartment syndrome

Exam Evaluate and document pulse, motor, sensory Careful evaluation of skin

Imaging X‐rays before attempted reduction

Treatment In the field, stabilize as found and splint w/ appropriate material

SAM splint, pelvic binder, traction splint, c‐collar, spine board

In ER, after imaging reduce as appropriate and splint or consult ortho  Hematoma block Do not hesitate to call

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ACUTE COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

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Compartment Syndrome

Fascial compartment pressures rise to level that decrease perfusion to tissues Muscle and nerve damage

Occur anywhere muscle is surrounded by fascia Leg, thigh, forearm, hand, foot, buttock, shoulder, paraspinals Trauma (fracture, crush, contusion, GSW), tight cast/dressing, burns, IV 

extravasation, vascular injuries Trauma ‐> bleeding/edema ‐> increased pressure ‐> loss of perfusion ‐> ischemia

Exam Pain out of proportion, pain w/ stretching, paresthesia, paralysis, swelling, absent 

pulses Often clinical diagnosis in alert patients, may need testing

Imaging/Testing X‐ray to evaluate for fracture Compartment Pressure Testing

Treatment Emergent fasciotomy of all compartments as indicated Loosen cast/dressings if not true compartment syndrome

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Compartment Pressure Testing

Stryker Needle Needle entry within 5cm of fracture site

Pressures within 30mm Hg of DBP

Orthobullets

Stryker

CONCUSSION

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Definition

Clinical syndrome of biomechanically induced alteration of brain function (coup and contrecoup/rapid rotation); affects memory and orientation, may involve loss of consciousness

No grading system

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Contrecoup.svg/1200px‐Contrecoup.svg.png

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On the Sideline

If suspicious of a concussion – immediate removal from activity

Symptoms: confusion, amnesia, loss of consciousness, headache, dizziness, nausea or vomiting, emotional changes, vacant stare, photo/phonosensitivity, delayed verbal expression, loss of focus

Standard who, what, where questions not enough

Rule out neck or spinal cord trauma

If loss of consciousness or neck concern– immobilize and transport to ER

Common tools

Symptom Checklist

Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT)

Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC)

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Imaging

Not routine – cannot diagnosis concussion with a scan

CT scan Use if need to rule out more serious injury

Obtain if loss of consciousness, severe vomiting, neurologic deficit, concern for skull fracture, seizure, altered mental status

90% are negative

MRI Use for long term symptom evaluation

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Blood Testing

Brain Trauma Indicator approved by FDA in Feb 2018

Measures levels of UCH‐L1 & GFAP Released at elevated levels after brain/nerve injury

Can be detected in approx. 20 mins

Predict absence of lesion on CT scan with 99% accuracy

Does not “rule out” concussion

CT does not DIAGNOSE concussion

Only approved in adults

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Initial Care

Need responsible adult to monitor first 6‐12 hours after injury

No need to awaken from sleep Monitor for signs of distress every 2‐3 hours

Warning signs: inability to awaken, worsening headache, vision changes, continued vomiting, incontinence, neurologic changes

Needs physician follow up in 1‐2 days after injury

Anticipate resolution in 14‐21 days

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Medications

Pain & headache Acetaminophen (Tylenol) only for first 2‐3 days

Once ok’d by physician can use ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

Sleep Can use OTC or prescription med, but needs physician ok first

Nausea Can get prescription from physician

Mood Long term symptoms may need prescription

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TIPS, TRICKS, & TECHNIQUES

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Hematoma Block

Prior to reduction of fracture Marcaine 5cc & lidocaine w/o epi 5cc

Inject into fracture site and aspirate 

Want hematoma return then inject

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Reductions

Shoulder

Hip

Elbow, Knee

Scott C Sherman, MD.

Orthop Rev (Pavia)

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Splinting

Ortho‐Glass is most common Cut stockinette longer than you think

Pad more than you think, especially over bony prominences

Pull felt over the end of the splint to cover shards

Requires water to set

A good mold is key, avoid fingerprints

Ensure sling fits properly

DOCUMENT wounds under splint

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Common Splints

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Resources

Ahn, L., & Taylor, B. Open Fractures Management. Retrieved from https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1004/open‐fractures‐management?expandLeftMenu=true

Armstrong, A., & Hubbard, M., (2016). Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care (5th ed.). Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Boyd, A. S., Benjamin, H. J., & Asplund, C. (2009). Splints and Casts: Indications and Methods. American Family Physician, 80(5), 491–499. Brukner, P. et al., (2017). Brukner & Khan's Clinical Sports Medicine (5th ed., Vol. 1). North Ryde, NSW: McGraw‐Hill Education. Costandi, M. (2018). FDA Okays First Concussion Blood Test –but Some Experts Are Wary. Scientific American, Feb 18, 2018. Edgington, J., & Taylor, Benjamin. Knee Dislocation. Retrieved from https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1043/knee‐dislocation Frank, R., & Cohen, M. Elbow Dislocation. Retrieved from https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1018/elbow‐dislocation Frank, R., & Lin, A. (n.d.). Luxatio Erecta. Retrieved from https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder‐and‐elbow/3132/luxatio‐erecta‐inferior‐

glenohumeral‐joint‐dislocation Frank, R., & Lin, A. (n.d.). Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability (TUBS). Retrieved from https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder‐and‐

elbow/3050/traumatic‐anterior‐shoulder‐instability‐tubs Giza, C. et al. (2013). Summary of evidence‐based guideline update: Evaluation and management of concussion in sports. Neurology, 80(24), 2250‐

2257. Gossman, W., Ginglen, J., Kwon, Y., & Kahwaji, C. (2019). EMS, Traction Splint. StatPearls, (Jan). Karadsheh, M. Leg Compartment Syndrome. Retrieved from https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1001/leg‐compartment‐

syndrome?expandLeftMenu=true McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvorak J, et al Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held 

in Berlin, October 2016 Br J Sports Med. McKean, J., & Badylak, J. THA Dislocation. Retrieved from https://www.orthobullets.com/recon/5012/tha‐dislocation Madden, C. C., Putukian, M., McCarty, E., Young, C., (2018). Netter's Sports Medicine (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.  Monica, J., MD, Vredenburgh, Z., MD, Korsh, J., MD, & Gatt, C., MD. (2016). Acute Shoulder Injuries in Adults. American Family Physician, 94(2), 119‐

127. Provencher, M., & Lin, A. (n.d.). Posterior Shoulder Instability & Dislocation. Retrieved from https://www.orthobullets.com/shoulder‐and‐

elbow/3051/posterior‐shoulder‐instability‐and‐dislocation Rispoli, D. (2020). Tarascon Pocket Orthopaedica (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Weatherford, B. Hip Dislocation. Retrieved from https://www.orthobullets.com/trauma/1035/hip‐dislocation Woodward, T. W., MD, & Best, T.M., MD. (2000). The Painful Shoulder: Par II. Acute and Chronic Disorders. American Family  Physician, 61(11), 

3291‐3300.

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QUESTIONS?

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Thank You!

CHI Health Good Samaritan Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine

3219 Central Ave St102AKearney, NE 308‐865‐2600

[email protected]