Origins of Buddhism in Tibet Tibet - Vajrayana and the Triumph of the Third Vehicle

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Origins of Buddhism in Origins of Buddhism in Tibet Tibet  Vajrayana and the Triumph of this  Vajrayana and the Triumph of this Third Vehicle Third Vehicle

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Bon (preBon (pre--Buddhist religion)Buddhist religion)

Shenrap MiwoShenrap Miwo

ZhangZhang--zhung (Shangzhung (Shang--shung)shung)

Differentiates the tradition of SakyamuniDifferentiates the tradition of Sakyamunifrom that of the false, evil doctrine of anfrom that of the false, evil doctrine of anunmistakable tantric typeunmistakable tantric type

Bon nyidBon nyid -- yundrung yundrung bon, Eternal bonbon, Eternal bon

Guntu Sangpo,Guntu Sangpo, known to Buddhists as theknown to Buddhists as thesamesame Samantabhadra,Samantabhadra, Benevolence BenevolenceEverywhere.Everywhere.

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Three Practices / Three MysteriesThree Practices / Three Mysteries

MantraMantra Voice/Speech Voice/Speech

MandalaMandala Consciousness/MindConsciousness/Mind

MudraMudra BodyBody

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Tibetan Diamond Realm Vajradhatu mandala; Maha Vairocana Buddha; Jap. Vajradhatu mandala

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Pivotal Events of the Pivotal Events of the  Old or Early Old or EarlyTranslation Period :Translation Period :The Three PrincipalThe Three Principal

Re

ligio

us Buddhist

KingsR

eligio

us Buddhist

Kingsof Tibet of Tibet 

SongSong--tsen gampo tsen gampo (Sron g (Sron g--brtsan  s g am brtsan  s g am- -po)  po)  (ca. 650(ca. 650CE)CE)

Principal Establisher of Principal Establisher of Tibetan EmpireTibetan Empire Two symbolicTwo symbolic

wives:wives: Bhrikuti (Nepal)Bhrikuti (Nepal)and Wen Cheng (China)and Wen Cheng (China)

Introducer of Buddhism intoIntroducer of Buddhism into

Tibet formallyTibet formally

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Tibetan Empire ca. 800 CETibetan Empire ca. 800 CE

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Songtsän GampoSongtsän Gampo ((WylieWylie:: Srong Srong--brtsan Sgambrtsan Sgam--po po))

(born ca. 609(born ca. 609--613, died 650) is the great king who 613, died 650) is the great king who 

expanded Tibet's power and is credited withexpanded Tibet's power and is credited with

inviting Buddhism to Tibet.inviting Buddhism to Tibet.

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Nying maNying ma

(peak period:(peak period: 8th8th ± ± 11th century)11th century) TrisongTrisong

DetsenDetsen (755(755--797)797)

Builder of SamyeBuilder of Samye

monasterymonastery Holder of debates inHolder of debates in

logic and magiclogic and magic

Kamalasila and the HwaKamalasila and the Hwa

shang debate (ca. 790shang debate (ca. 790--792 CE)792 CE)

Conqueror of ChineseConqueror of Chinesecapitalcapital   ruler of ruler of Central Asian TibetanCentral Asian Tibetan

empireempire

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The ³Holy Three´ of The ³Holy Three´ of TibetTibet

King Thrisong DetsenKing Thrisong Detsen   Establisher of FormalEstablisher of FormalSamgha, Monastery and Peak of Tibetan EmpireSamgha, Monastery and Peak of Tibetan Empire

PadmasambhavaPadmasambhava   Tantrin invited by Thrisong DetsenTantrin invited by Thrisong Detsento subdue native shamanic spiritsto subdue native shamanic spirits

ShantaraksitaShantaraksita   scholar/pandit invited from India toscholar/pandit invited from India to

oversee construction of Monastery (and teach andoversee construction of Monastery (and teach andtranslate); sent Kamalasilatranslate); sent Kamalasila to debate the Chinese monkto debate the Chinese monk

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Nying maNying ma

(peak period:(peak period: 8th8th ± ± 11th century)11th century)

The Holy ThreeThe Holy Three

Trisong DetsenTrisong Detsen

Samye monasterySamye monastery

ShantaraksitaShantaraksita

PadmasambhavaPadmasambhava

 Yeshe Tsogyal: Consort of Padmasambhava

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Y  a b- Yu m,Fath er  /Moth er 

Pa dma sam bha va  inUnio n with  Y  esh eTsogya l

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Vairocana Akshobhya Ratnasambhava Amitabha Amogasiddha

Name Buddha Supreme and

Eternal; The Radiant

One

Immovable or 

Unshakable Buddha

Source of Precious Things or 

Jewel-Born One

Buddha of Infinite

Light

Almighty Conquerer or 

Lord of Karma

Direction Center East South West North

Color white blue yellow red green

Mudra dharmachakra (wheel-

turning)

  bhumisparsa (witness) varada (charity) dhyana abhaya (fearlessness)

Vija (Syllable) Om Hum Trah Hrih Ah

Symbol wheel thunderbolt jewel (ratna) or Three Jewels

(triratna)

lotus double thunderbolt

Embodies sovereignty steadfastness compassion light dauntlessness

Type of wisdom integration of the

wisdom of all the

Buddhas

Mirror-like wisdom of equality discriminating all-accomplishing

Cosmic element

(skandha)

rupa (form) vijnana (consciousness) vedana (sensation) sanjna (name or 

 perception)

samskara (volition)

Earthly element space water earth fire air 

Antidote to ignorance and delusion anger and hatred desire and pride malignity envy and jealousy

Sense sight sound smell taste touch

Vehicle lion elephant horse peacock (because of 

eyes on its plumes)

garuda (half-man, half-

 bird)

Spiritual son Manjushree Vajrapani Ratnapani Avalokiteshvara Vajrapani

Consort White Tara Locana Mamaki Pandara Green Tara

Paradise Abhirati, the Land of 

Exceeding Great

Delight

Sukhavati, Western

Paradise, or Pure Land

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End of EmpireEnd of Empire

The reign of Trisong Detsän (756The reign of Trisong Detsän (756--797)797)

The Reign of Ralpacan (815The Reign of Ralpacan (815--838)838)

The reign of Glang Darma (838The reign of Glang Darma (838--842) The842) TheMahavyutpatti.Mahavyutpatti.

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Nine Nyingma Tantric YanasNine Nyingma Tantric Yanas

1. Shravakayana1. Shravakayana2. Pratyekayana2. Pratyekayana3. Mahayana3. Mahayana

 Vajrayana (consisting of) Vajrayana (consisting of)[1][1] O u ter TantrasO u ter Tantras 4. Kriyatantra4. Kriyatantra 5. Upatantra5. Upatantra practice tantra  practice tantra  6. Yogatantra6. Yogatantra

[2][2] Inner TantrasInner Tantras7. Mahayoga7. Mahayoga8. Anu yoga8. Anu yoga9 Atiyoga (also Dzog Chen)9 Atiyoga (also Dzog Chen)

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4. Kriyatantra4. Kriyatantra

 View View--All phenomena are without self  All phenomena are without self--nature (chos thams chad ngobo nyidnature (chos thams chad ngobo nyidmed pa rtogs). It is free from the four limiting concepts of existence andmed pa rtogs). It is free from the four limiting concepts of existence andnonnon--existence, appearance and emptiness. Phenomena are viewed as theexistence, appearance and emptiness. Phenomena are viewed as themandalamandala of enlightened deities. Type of tantra places greater emphasis onof enlightened deities. Type of tantra places greater emphasis onpracticing proper external behavior, physical and verbal conduct aimed at practicing proper external behavior, physical and verbal conduct aimed at purification and simple visualisation practicepurification and simple visualisation practice

MeditationMeditation-- You visualize yourself, the You visualize yourself, the dam tshig sems dpa' dam tshig sems dpa', usually in your, usually in yourordinary form, as subject and the deity, theordinary form, as subject and the deity, the ye shes sems dpa' ye shes sems dpa', in front of , in front of oneself as if a king and to obtain blessings,oneself as if a king and to obtain blessings, siddhissiddhis, from the wisdom deity, from the wisdom deity((yidamyidam).).

 Action Action--Cleanliness, concentration, fasting and mantra recitation. The pathCleanliness, concentration, fasting and mantra recitation. The pathis to make offerings to the deity.is to make offerings to the deity.

Fruit Fruit--The result is the attainment of the state of "vajra holder of the threeThe result is the attainment of the state of "vajra holder of the three

families" (families" (Rigs gsum rdo rje dzin pai saRigs gsum rdo rje dzin pai sa) These are) These are TathagataTathagata or bodyor bodyfamily (family (sKu de bzhin gshegs pai rigssKu de bzhin gshegs pai rigs), lotus or speech family (gSung pad), lotus or speech family (gSung padmai rigs) and vajra of wisdommai rigs) and vajra of wisdom--mind family (mind family (Thugs rdo rje rigs)Thugs rdo rje rigs). Other. Otherversions explain this as "realization of the threeversions explain this as "realization of the three KayasKayas and five Wisdoms of and five Wisdoms of perfect Buddhahood"perfect Buddhahood"

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5.5. U  patantraU  patantra or or CaryayogaCaryayoga

³Engagement tantra´³Engagement tantra´ The meditation is to visualize the wisdomThe meditation is to visualize the wisdom

deity in front of you "like a brother or adeity in front of you "like a brother or afriend" and to receive blessings andfriend" and to receive blessings andsiddhissiddhis from the wisdom deity.from the wisdom deity.

It lays more emphasis on developing bothIt lays more emphasis on developing bothexternal and internal faculties with theexternal and internal faculties with the

goal of achieving a deeper affinity with thegoal of achieving a deeper affinity with themeditational deitymeditational deity

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6. Yogatantra6. Yogatantra

 View View--All phenomena are free from all diffuse All phenomena are free from all diffusecharacteristics. This is the view of luminositycharacteristics. This is the view of luminosityinseparable from great emptiness . That isinseparable from great emptiness . That is

absolute truth. Relative truth is transmittedabsolute truth. Relative truth is transmittedthrough the realization of through the realization of DharmataDharmata, that all, that allphenomena are perceived as the sphere of thephenomena are perceived as the sphere of the

 Vajradhatu Vajradhatu mandala of adamantine spacemandala of adamantine space

wisdom deity (wisdom deity (yidamyidam) remains before you, then) remains before you, thenwhen invited thewhen invited the yidamyidam merges with you likemerges with you likewater being poured into water.water being poured into water.

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7. Mahayoga7. Mahayoga

Sometimes known as the Father Tantra,Sometimes known as the Father Tantra,MahayogaMahayoga is the generative phase of visualizing is the generative phase of visualizing the deity as being luminosity inseparable fromthe deity as being luminosity inseparable from

great emptiness.great emptiness. View View--This is to realize the inseparability of This is to realize the inseparability of 

phenomena and great emptinessphenomena and great emptiness

MeditationMeditation--The skilful means to attain theThe skilful means to attain the

inseparability of emptiness and form is toinseparability of emptiness and form is toenvision everything as the pureenvision everything as the pure mandalamandala of theof thedeities. This is relative truth.deities. This is relative truth.

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8. Anuyoga8. Anuyoga

View View-- The three mandalas of:The three mandalas of:Kuntuzangmo, the unbornKuntuzangmo, the unborn dharmadhatudharmadhatu((dByings skye med kun tu bzang moi dkyildByings skye med kun tu bzang moi dkyil

khor ) ;khor ) ; whose unobstructed skillful meanswhose unobstructed skillful meansof luminosity is the mandala of of luminosity is the mandala of Samantabhadra/Kuntuzangp oSamantabhadra/Kuntuzangp o, the yeshe, the yeshewisdom (wisdom (Y  e.shes kun tu.bzang p oi dkyilY  e.shes kun tu.bzang p oi dkyilkhor ) k hor ) ; and their insep arable union is the; and their insep arable union is themandala of Great Bliss their son (mandala of Great Bliss their son (Sras bdeSras bdeba chen p oi dkyi l k hor ) .ba chen p oi dkyi l k hor ) .

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9.9. Atiyoga and Dzogchen Atiyoga and Dzogchen

The traditional view is that The traditional view is that  Atiyoga Atiyoga was transmitted mindwas transmitted mindto mind at the very beginning of time by Adibuddha, theto mind at the very beginning of time by Adibuddha, thePrimordial Buddha Samantabhadra (Kun tu bzangPrimordial Buddha Samantabhadra (Kun tu bzang--po)po)the Dharmakaya aspect of Buddha, to Vajrasattvathe Dharmakaya aspect of Buddha, to Vajrasattva

It is the direct approach to the essential nature of theIt is the direct approach to the essential nature of themind, which is Buddha nature through the recognition of mind, which is Buddha nature through the recognition of the naked awareness state of ones own mind.the naked awareness state of ones own mind.

The view is established that all phenomena areThe view is established that all phenomena arespontaneously enlightened from the beginning.spontaneously enlightened from the beginning.

Use the spontaneous wisdom of theUse the spontaneous wisdom of the sambhogakayasambhogakaya andandachieve the rainbow body of the nirmanakaya, which isachieve the rainbow body of the nirmanakaya, which isspontaneous luminosity.spontaneous luminosity.

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Nyingma:Nyingma: Six States of theSix States of the

³Intermediate´ or ³Intermediate´ or BardoBardo

1.1. NaturalNatural or or LifeLife ba rdoba rdo - - Time of life to dea thTime of life to dea th2.2. meditative concentrationmeditative concentration -- st a bility in the genera tion a nd perfection st ages of st a bility in the genera tion a nd perfection st ages of 

medit a tion a nd deepens the a wa reness of the ultima te na ture of mind prepa ra tionmedit a tion a nd deepens the a wa reness of the ultima te na ture of mind prepa ra tionfor the dea th ba rdo.for the dea th ba rdo.

3.3. DreamingDreaming -- simila rity between the illusory na ture of drea ms a nd rea lity. One lea rnssimila rity between the illusory na ture of drea ms a nd rea lity. One lea rnsto ma int a in the ultima te na ture of mind a n phenomena during sleep a nd drea ming.to ma int a in the ultima te na ture of mind a n phenomena during sleep a nd drea ming.

4.4. DeathDeath   Begins a t dea th (respira tion), ends with the onset of the onset of theBegins a t dea th (respira tion), ends with the onset of the onset of theRea lityRea lity ba rdo,ba rdo, a nd is the grad ua l d issolution of the five elements a nd consciousnessa nd  is the grad ua l d issolution of the five elements a nd consciousnesswith the inner rad ience of the ground  with the inner rad ience of the ground  - - visions of clea r light.visions of clea r light.

5.5. RealityReality   a rises a fter the d ea th ba rd o a nd end s before the life ba rd o. Thea rises a fter the d ea th ba rd o a nd end s before the life ba rd o. Thena tura l purity a nd na tura l tra nsforma tive qua lities of the ultima te na ture of mind  na tura l purity a nd na tura l tra nsforma tive qua lities of the ultima te na ture of mind  occurs in the form of luminosities, ra ys, sound s, a nd med it a tiona l d eities, noted byoccurs in the form of luminosities, ra ys, sound s, a nd med it a tiona l d eities, noted byvisions of va rious Budd ha  forms . One experiences the surround ings where theyvisions of va rious Budd ha  forms . One experiences the surround ings where theyd ied  a nd experientia l st a tes which a re powered by the ind ivid ua ls pa st a ctionsd ied  a nd experientia l st a tes which a re powered by the ind ivid ua ls pa st a ctions

(ka rmica lly impelled ha llucina tions).(ka rmica lly impelled ha llucina tions).6.6. RebirthRebirth -- This st a te is entered  a fter the Rea lityThis st a te is entered  a fter the Rea lity ba rd oba rd o - - consciousness t a kes theconsciousness t a kes the

form of a  ment a l bod y which ha s been cond itioned ba sed on the ind ivid ua ls pa st form of a  ment a l bod y which ha s been cond itioned ba sed on the ind ivid ua ls pa st a ctions. One ma y step through the clea r light screen a nd  a tt a in to Budd ha hood .a ctions. One ma y step through the clea r light screen a nd  a tt a in to Budd ha hood .Otherwise, the nea rest womb with a  copula ting couple is ones new home.Otherwise, the nea rest womb with a  copula ting couple is ones new home.

- -  Thus the sixThus the six ba rd osba rd os a re the cla ssifica tion of the 6 types of consciousnesses, wherea re the cla ssifica tion of the 6 types of consciousnesses, whereea ch st a te forms a n intermed ia te st a te between other st a tes of consciousness.ea ch st a te forms a n intermed ia te st a te between other st a tes of consciousness.

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Nying maNying ma

(peak period:(peak period: 8th8th ± ± 11th century)11th century)

 Adoption of Sanskrit alphabet variant  Adoption of Sanskrit alphabet variant ((Lantsa ) Lantsa ) 

Full importation of texts with direct Full importation of texts with direct translations from Indiatranslations from India

Giant monastic centers establishedGiant monastic centers establishedpatterned after Indian modelpatterned after Indian model

Ended with assassination of RalpachenEnded with assassination of Ralpachen(823(823--840 CE  ) an end of early840 CE  ) an end of early

 Buddhocracy and an end to informal Buddhocracy and an end to informal

tantratantra

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TheThe SarmaSarma or ³New Period´or ³New Period´

Shift from Yogacara toShift from Yogacara toMadhyamaka emphasesMadhyamaka emphases

 Atisha (982 Atisha (982--1054 AD)1054 AD)

and the Kadam: theand the Kadam: thegreat Indian reformergreat Indian reformerand writer of first and writer of first LamLamRimRim or "Path Stages"or "Path Stages"text text  High Lama and King High Lama and King  Yeshe Od and the search Yeshe Od and the searchfor true dharmafor true dharma

Clean it up chums!Clean it up chums!

Three scopesThree scopes

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TheThe SarmaSarma or ³New Period´:or ³New Period´:

 Atisha (982 Atisha (982--1054 AD)1054 AD)

KadamKadam

Cult of TaraCult of Tara

Three scopes of MahayanaThree scopes of Mahayana Renunciation, generation, attainment Renunciation, generation, attainment 

Entering mandala, bodhicitta = deity,Entering mandala, bodhicitta = deity,dharmakaya = sunyatadharmakaya = sunyata

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Ruins of Vikramasila monasticRuins of Vikramasila monastic

University, Bihar University, Bihar 

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Nying ma in the SarmaNying ma in the Sarma

T  erma  T  erma text text  Developm ent of theDevelopm ent of the B ard oB ard o d oct r ined oct r ine L a ng Chenpa or L a ngLa ng Chenpa or  La ng--chen Ra bjam (1308chen Ra bjam (1308--

1363): Systema tizing 1363): Systema tizing DzogchenDzogchen  Cutting imm ed ia tely a nd Skipping or Pa ssing Cutting imm ed ia tely a nd Skipping or Pa ssing

grad ua llygrad ua lly Chod Chod r itua lr itua l

 Ch a n Ch a n   like m ed it a tion d oct r inelike m ed it a tion d oct r ine DzogchenDzogchen   a lr ead y a wa kened , thought m ust bea lr ead y a wa kened , thought m ust be

stopped !stopped ! Still, t a nt ra  ma kes it d iffer ent Still, t a nt ra  ma kes it d iffer ent 

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KagyuKagyu

(peak period:(peak period: 11th11th ± ± 13th century)13th century)

Marpa the translator Marpa the translator (1012(1012-- 1096)1096)

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KagyuKagyu

(peak period:(peak period: 11th11th ± ± 13th century)13th century)

Gampopa 1079Gampopa 1079--11531153

The Union of VinayaThe Union of Vinayaand Tantra in aand Tantra in a

Tibetan masterTibetan master Sutra MahamudraSutra Mahamudra

Sympathy withSympathy withNyingma concernsNyingma concerns

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Sakya:Sakya:  Advisors to the Khans Advisors to the Khans

(peak period:(peak period: 12th12th ± ± 14th century)14th century)

Sakyapandita Kunga Gyaltsen 1182Sakyapandita Kunga Gyaltsen 1182--1251 CE1251 CE

 Chinese Chinese Dz ogc henDz ogc hen andand Maham udr aMaham udr a sho uld besho uld beavo idedavo ided

But o n: the Hwa shang is a buff oo nBut o n: the Hwa shang is a buff oo n

Pr iest/Pat ro n r elatio nship beginsPr iest/Pat ro n r elatio nship begins

Go do n Khan: 1247Go do n Khan: 1247

PakpaPakpa

Her editar y t r ansm issio n: the Kho n fam ilyHer editar y t r ansm issio n: the Kho n fam ily

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Kublai KhanKublai Khan

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Mongolian Empire at its peakMongolian Empire at its peak

(ca. 1294)(ca. 1294)

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GelukpaGelukpa

(peak period:(peak period: 14th14th ± ± 20th century)20th century)

Tsong kha pa (1357Tsong kha pa (1357--1419):1419):Sunyata and the conventional worldSunyata and the conventional world

all Buddhist systems mutuallyall Buddhist systems mutually

reinforcingreinforcing Vaibhasika, Sautrantika, Yogacara, Vaibhasika, Sautrantika, Yogacara,Madhyamaka (Svatantrika andMadhyamaka (Svatantrika andPrasangika)Prasangika)The dangers of overnegation!The dangers of overnegation!

Education of the GesheEducation of the Geshe Abhisamayalankara, Abhisamayalankara,Madhymakavatara,Madhymakavatara, Abhidharmakosa, Vinaya Abhidharmakosa, Vinaya

-- PramanavartikkaPramanavartikka

Ganden Monastery founded 1409 And the Three Seats

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GelukpaGelukpa

(peak period:(peak period: 14th14th ± ± 20th century)20th century)

Tsong kha pa (1357Tsong kha pa (1357--1419):1419):

Lam Rim Chen moLam Rim Chen mo -- The Great Stages of theThe Great Stages of thePath [to Awakening]

Path [to Awakening]

The Three Scopes of PractitionerThe Three Scopes of Practitioner

1.1. persons of low motivationpersons of low motivation

2. person of medium motivation2. person of medium motivation

3. person of high motivation3. person of high motivation

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GelukpaGelukpa

(peak period:(peak period: 14th14th ± ± 20th century)20th century) Karma Paksi (1204Karma Paksi (1204--1283)1283)   the first the first t ul ku t ul ku 

First Dal ai Lama: Gendu n Dru p (Tsong kha pa's cl oseFirst Dal ai Lama: Gendu n Dru p (Tsong kha pa's cl osediscipl e)discipl e)

Third Dal ai Lama (act u all y the First) Sonam GyatsoThird Dal ai Lama (act u all y the First) Sonam Gyatso(1543(1543--1588), received the name Dal ai from his1588), received the name Dal ai from hisMongol ian patron and foll ower Al tan Khan in 1578Mongol ian patron and foll ower Al tan Khan in 1578

Panchen LamaPanchen Lama -- In the 17th cent u ry, the Fifth Dal aiIn the 17th cent u ry, the Fifth Dal aiLama decl ared his t u tor, the abbot of the Tashil hu npoLama decl ared his t u tor, the abbot of the Tashil hu npomonastery, Panchen Lama or the "Great Schol ar" Lama.monastery, Panchen Lama or the "Great Schol ar" Lama.This abbot, by retroactivel y appl ying the tit l e to theThis abbot, by retroactivel y appl ying the tit l e to thethree abbots preceding him, thereby became the Fou rththree abbots preceding him, thereby became the Fou rthPanchen LamaPanchen Lama

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GelukpaGelukpa

(peak period:(peak period: 14th14th ± ± 20th century)20th century)

The Fifth Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang The Fifth Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617Gyatso (1617--1682)1682)   t u lk u t u lk u  andandbodhisattva in onebodhisattva in one

The Mongol Chieftain Gu shri KhanThe Mongol Chieftain Gu shri Khan   sidedsidedwith Gelu k s against Kagyu King of Tsangwith Gelu k s against Kagyu King of Tsang

The Great Fifth declared temporal ru ler of The Great Fifth declared temporal ru ler of 

Tibet Tibet  1644: the Manchu s or1644: the Manchu s or ChichenChichen or Qingor Qing

TheThe gshu gs bdengshu gs bden controversycontroversy

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Potala PalacePotala Palace

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Manchu Empire at its peakManchu Empire at its peak

(ca. 1800)(ca. 1800)

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Other Dalai LamasOther Dalai Lamas

Importance of the regent Importance of the regent 

The Sixth Dalai LamaThe Sixth Dalai Lama -- preferred going topreferred going tobrothels and writing love poetry than ruling brothels and writing love poetry than ruling 

the nationthe nation -- where iswhere is Avalok itesvara Avalok itesvara??

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Ri s med:Ri s med: NonNon--sectarianismsectarianism

Mid 19Mid 19thth centurycentury

Pabongkha and Gelukpa supremacyPabongkha and Gelukpa supremacy

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The Buddhist HolocaustThe Buddhist Holocaust

Tibet and the Loss of a NationTibet and the Loss of a Nation

Padmasambhavas prophecyPadmasambhavas prophecy "When the iron bird flies, and horses run on wheels, The "When the iron bird flies, and horses run on wheels, The 

Tibetan people will be scattered like ants across the World, AndTibetan people will be scattered like ants across the World, Andthe Dharma will come to the land of the Red Man."the Dharma will come to the land of the Red Man."

13th: prophesied disaster13th: prophesied disaster

1414thth Dalai LamaDalai Lama

British, Russian, Chinese and Americans:British, Russian, Chinese and Americans: Playing the Great GamePlaying the Great Game

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Central and East Asian BuddhismsCentral and East Asian Buddhisms

The role of Yogacara and MadhyamakaThe role of Yogacara and Madhyamaka

The role of Vajrayana versus MahayanaThe role of Vajrayana versus Mahayana

The role played by great monasteriesThe role played by great monasteries The issue of sudden versus gradualThe issue of sudden versus gradual

awakeningawakening

The text focus: Sutras versus ShastrasThe text focus: Sutras versus Shastras The role of Taoism/Confucianism versusThe role of Taoism/Confucianism versus

shamanismshamanism