Intermodale Energetico

Bio/alimentare Industriale

OrigineOrigineInquinanti/EffluentiInquinanti/Effluenti

,Elettrico

Domestico

Trasporti

Industriale

Energetico

Elettrico/info

Chimico (organico/inorganico)

Metallurgico

Manifatturiero (Meccanico/Tessile)

Industriale

Domestico/Liquami

Sanitario/Ambiantale

Agricolo/Allevament0

Alimentare

Bio/Alimentare

Servizi

/Rifiuti

Infrastrutture

Trasporti/

Intermodale

Origine Effluenti

Gassosi

Comparti Energetici

Industriale Elettrico

Trasporti Domestico

N.B. Industriale, Domestico, Trasporti sono al netto dell’Elettricità

Industriale

Elettronico/Info Chimico Metallurgico Manifatturiero

•Organico•Inorganico

•Meccanico•Tessile/Abbigliamento

N.B. Senza settori energetico, alimentare

BioAlimentare

Domestico/Liquami Agricoltura/Allevamento AlimentareSanitario/Ambientale

Intermodale

Servizi Infrastrutture Trasporti/Comunicazione

Domestico/Rifiuti

Integrated Pollution andControl (IPPC)

Draft Reference Document on Best AvailableTecniques for Large Combustion Plants

JRC=Joint Research Center(Seville)

Draft March 2003

Internet: http://eippcb.jrc.es

Others 5%

Coal 30%

Fuel Oil 15%

Natural Gas 15%

Hydro-Electric power 23%

Nuclear Power 12%

Figure 1.1: Worldwide energy sources in the power generating sector(1995)

(32, Rentz,1999)

Fig 1.2: Energy consumption for electricity generation by fuel (1997) (105, Steen M.,2001)

Type of power plant GW % of total

Fossil fuel-fired power plants Steam 249.679 44.96

Gas turbines 25.310 4.56

Combined cycles 25.776 4.64

Intemal combustion 5.873 1.06

Nuclear power lants 124.151 22.35

Hydro power plants Total installed capacity 116.189 20.92

Pumped storage 29.686 5.35

Geothermal 0.539 0.1

Wind 3.024 0.54

Other

Total capacity of all installed plants 555.366

Table 1.1: Installed electrical capacity in EU-15 Member State (58, EURELECTRIC/VGB,2001)

Type of fuel

Total gross electric

power generation

GWh

% of total

Hard coal 471797 19.5

Lignite and peat 183140 7.6

Biomass 27283 1.1

Fossil fuel-fired power plants Petroleum products 185755 7.7

Natural gas 332331 13.7

Derived gases 27793 1.1

Other fuels 7707 0.3

Nuclear 859894 35.5

Hydro 316116 13.0

Geothermal 3957 0.2

Wind 6909 0.3

Total gross generation 2422682

Table 1.2: Electric power gross generation in EU Member States in 1997 (58, EUROELECTRIC/VGB,2001)

1990 1997 2000 2010 2020 2030

Po ulation millon 365.3 374.1 375.7 376.3 371.6 362.4

GDP SD95 x 109 a 6806.1 7529.4 8163.8 10032.5 12157.1 13996.1

Per ca ital GDP

(USD95 x 103/cap) 18.6 20.1 21.7 26.7 32.7 38.6

Gross Inland Consum/GDP

(t/(USD95 x

103

Gross Inland Consum/Ca ita t/ca 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.4 4.6

Electr. Gener./Ca ita kWh/ca 5.9 6.4 6.4 7.1 8.4 9.9

C02 Emissions

million tonnes of C 869.4 858.5 903.0 927.4 1010.0 1057.4

C02

Emissions/Ca ita tonnes of C/ca 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9

EUROPEAN UNION: Ener Balance Sum mar

194.0 187.8 178.4 152.0 133.5 120.1

Table 1.3: European Energy Balance summary from 1990 to 2030 (prospective(estimated) energy outlook) (77, IEPE/IPTS,2000)

EUROPEAN UNION: Energy Balance Summary1990 1997 2000 2010 2020 2030

Electrici

Generation in

TWh 2164.9 2444.0 2463.9 2732.1 3193.9 3646.9

Thermal 1153.6 1218.4 1275.3 1479.2 1890.1 2258.3

of which:

Clean Coal n.a. n.a. 0.0 166.7 457.2 801.7

Gas Turbines 46.2 149.0 263.6 444.2 544.8 642.1

Biomass 14.8 24.2 27.3 31.9 35.6 38.3

Nuclear 720.2 859.9 803.9 823.8 816.5 855.9

H dro +

Geothermal 279.3 319.5 321.4 337.4 351.6 361.0

Solar 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.2 7.4 11.9

Wind 0.2 7.5 15.2 35.7 72.4 103.8

Small H dro 11.6 38.7 48.0 53.7 55.9 56.0

CHIP 56.6 226.0 177.5 236.8 247.8 230.7

Generation Ca aci

in GWe392.3 546.5 593.9 743.0 840.4 946.4

Thermal 192.0 300.8 338.9 471.6 541.9 621.9

Nuclear 92.4 124.0 124.0 120.0 118.4 123.7

H dro +

Geothermal 105.5 110.6 112.3 118.9 124.0 127.5

Solar + Wind +

Small H dro 2.4 11.2 18.7 32.5 56.1 73.2

Avera e Load

Factor in % 62.7 50.2 46.4 41.1 42.5 43.2

Table 1.4: European Energy Balance summary from 1990 to 2030 ( prospective( estimated) energy outlook)

(77, IEPE7IPTS,2000)

Dry wash Wet ash Sludge Sludge Sludge Gypsum Fly Ash For off- for off-site

For site use disposal Off-site Use-disposal

Figure 1.3: Generalized flow diagram of a combustion plant associated operation (5, HMIP,1995)

SOURCE RELEASE Substances

Air Water Land

Particu

lar matter

Oxid

es of

sulp

hur

Oxid

es of

nitro

gen

Oxid

es of

carbon

Org

anic

com

pounds

Acid

s/Alk

alis/Sa

lts etc.

Hydro

gen

C

hlo

ride/flu

oride

Volatile o

rgan

ic co

mpounds

Metals an

d th

eir salts

Chlo

rine (as

Hypoch

lorite)

Mercu

ry an

d/o

r cad

miu

m

PA

Hs

Dio

xin

s

(A) (W) (L)

Fuel stora e and handling A W A

Water treatment W W W

Exhaust gas A A A A A A A A A A A

Exhaust gas treatment W W WL W

Site drainage including W W

rainwater

Waste water treatment W W W

Cooling water blowdown W W W W W

Cooling tower exhaust A

Table 1.5: Potential emission pathways BVy source type and substance (5, HMIP,1995)

Sox Nox NMVOC CH4 CO CO2 N2O

Combustion plants over 300 MW, including:

• Public power piants

• District heating piants

• Industrial combustion plants

Combustion plants from 50 - 300 MW,

including:

• Public power piants

• District heating piants

• Commerciai and institutional boilers

• Industrial combustion plants

Combustion plants below 50 MW, including:

• Public power piants

• District heating piants

• Commerciai and institutional boilers

• Industrial combustion plants

Gas turbines used in:

• Public power piants

• District heating piants

• Commerciai and institutional installations

• Industrial combustion plants

Stationary engines used in:

• Public power piants

• District heating piants

• Commerciai and institutional installations

• Industrial combustion plants

0.1 0.2

n.a.

0.2 0.3 0.1 0.05 0*

0.05 0.35

2.4

1.9

0.1

35.7

0.26.5

Source categoryContribution to total emissions

6.4 5.4 1.1 0.6 3.1

85.6 81.4

n.a. Data not available* Emissions are reported, but the precise number is under the rounding limitNotes:

n.a.0.04 0.10 0.04 0* 0.01 0*

5.5 16.8 79.010.2

0.02

0.02

0 0.39 0.07 0.06

Table 1.6: Contributions of the emission from combustion plants as point of sorces to the Total point sorce emission in the CORINAIR 90 inventoryData taken from the UNECE7EMEP Atmospheric emission inventory Guidebook(1,CORINAIR,1996)

Fuel Fuel bound nitrogen (weight %,dry,ash-free basis)

Coal 0.5-2

Biomass (wood) <0.5

Peat 1.5-2.5

Fuel Oil <1.0

Natural Gas <O. i

Figure 1.7: Fuel bound nitrogen

Table 1.8: Annual emission of heavy metals from combustion installations in EU-15 in 1990 (TONNES)Data taken from the European Emission Inventory of Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants for1990(10,Berdowski J.J.M.)

Source Fuel As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn

Total 575 203 1170 3040 245 4860 1930 11100Stationary combustion (all 3

followin sectors

Combustion in energy All fuels (Total) 276 19.4 196 107 44.4 1760 206 421production (including public Lignite 20.2 3.42 19.3 40.5 8.69 24 26.6 85

power plants, cogeneration Coal 130 4.42 40 42.1 21.2 94.4 105 219plants, district heating plants) Fuel oils 117 10.2 132 19.9 1.39 1560 30.3 32.5

Other fuels 9.73 1.06 1.36 1.72 12.2 3.05 28.6 58.9Combustion in commerciai, All fuels (Total) 37.8 10.1 24.2 28.6 13.4 130 116 174institutional and residential Lignite 2.02 0.483 0.89 0.325 4.2 15.5 21.5 0.284sectors (including boilers, gas Coal 23.4 1.39 10.9 16.3 3.3 38.4 43 33.9turbines and stationary engines) Fuel oils 9.46 2.35 9 3.14 0.253 73 7.88 6.19

other fuels 2.82 5.91 3.42 8.53 5.61 1.94 43.5 134

Combustion in industry All fuels (Total) 177 28.7 181 258 32.9 970 579 1030(including boilers, gas turbines Lignite 65.6 8.95 62.8 140 13.7 80.7 81.4 219

and stationary engines) Coal 52.3 1.58 35.7 27.2 8.66 69.7 148 328

Fuel oils 50.6 12 69.5 43.5 1.53 805 199 148

Other fuels 8.72 6.07 12.7 46.9 8.94 14.8 151 333

492 58.3 401 1620393 90.5 2860 901

Figure 1.6: Change in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere over time

ConcentrationContribution to

Main anthropogenic source [12, LEA

increase since globalGreenhouse Gas R & D Programme, ]

about1750 warmingFossil fuel combustion - (includes energy

generation and transport)

Deforestation and land use

Cement production

Fossil fuel combustion

Biomass bumin

Rice cultivation

CH4 145% 20% Animale

Sewa e

Or anic waste in landfills

Use of fertilisers

Land clearing

Adi ic and nitric acid roduction

N20 15% 6% Biomass bumin

Fossil fuel combustion

Greenhouse Gas R & D Programme, ]. Examples of GWP values over a 100 year period are 21 for CH 4 , 310 for

N20 and several thousands for a number of halogenated compounds. The emissions taking into accountGWP

values are called CO2 e uivalents.

Notes:

1 To compare the impact of different gases, the global warming potential (GWP) relative to CO 2 is oftenused,

with CO2 having the value of 1. GWP is a concept that takes into account the energy absorptioncapacity of the

gas and its lifetime in the atmosphere. GWP should always be quoted for a specific time period [12, IEA

Gas

C02 30% 64%

Table 1.9: Greenhouse gases: concentration changes, contribution to global warming and mainsources

Specific C02 emission factor

g/kWh relative to natural gas as 100

Natural gas 224 (100)

Light fuel oil (LFO) 310 (134)

Hard coal 381 (170)

Lignite 448 (200)

Wood 21(9)

Fuel

Table 1.10: Specific CO2 emission factors for the main fuels burned inlarge Combustion plants (132, LfU,2001)

Figure 1.7: CO2 releases (calculated as kg CO2/MWhelectricity produced) for different types of combustionplants (133, Stromberg L.,2001)

Table 1.11: Greenhouse gas emission and removals/sinks in 1996(14, EEA M. Richter,1999)

Raffinazione Petrolchimica di base Chimica fine organica Cellulosa

Organico

Acidi Basi Fertilizzanti Cementi

Inorganico

Acid Manufacturing process Air pollutant emission Control methods in use

Hydrochloric By product of organic chlorination, salt proces,and syntetic HCI

HCI Absorption

Hydrofluoric Fluorspar-sulfuric acid SiF4, HF Scrubber (some with caustic)

Nitric Pressure process and direct strong acid

NO, NO2, N2O4Catalytic reduction, adsorption, absorption

Phosphoric Elemental phosphorus Particulate matter, fluorides

Baghouse

Thermal process H3PO4, H2S Mist eliminators, alkaline scrubbers

Wet process SiF4, HF Scrubber

Superphosphoric Fluorides Scrubber

Sulfuric Contact SO2, acid mist Scrubbers with mist eliminators, ESPs

Table 30.2: Air pollution Emission and Controls: Inorganic Acid Manufacture

( 1994, R.Boudel,D.Fox, D.B.Turner, A.C.Sterne, "Foundamental of Air Pollution", ThirdEdition)

Table 30-3

Air pollution Emissions and Controls: Inorganic Base Manufacturing

Base Manufacturing process Air pollutant emissions Control methods in use

Calcium oxide Rotary kilns, vertical and shaft kilns,fluidized bed furnaces

Particulate matter Cyclones plus secondary collectors (baghouse,ESP, wet scrubbers, granular bed filters, wet cyclones)

Sodium carbonate (soda ash)

Solvay (ammonia-soda) Particulate matter Wet scrubbers

Sodium Hydroxide, caustic soda

Electrolytic Chlorine, Mercury Chemical scrubbing and absorbers

( 1994, R.Boudel,D.Fox, D.B.Turner, A.C.Sterne, "Foundamental of Air Pollution", Third Edition)

Table 30-4

Air Pollution Emissions and Control: Phosphate Fertilizer Plants

Process Air pollutant emissions Control methods in use

Normal superphosphate SiF4,HF Venturi or cyclonic scrubber

Particulate matter Wet scrubber of baghouse

Diammonium phosphate Gaseous F, NH4Venturi or cyclonic scrubber with 30% phosphoric acid

Particulate matter Cyclone followed by scrubber

Triple superphosphate, run of pile SiF4,HF Venturi or cyclonic scrubber

Triple superphosphate, granular SiF4,HF particulate matter Venturi or packed scrubber

( 1994, R.Boudel,D.Fox, D.B.Turner, A.C.Sterne, "Foundamental of Air Pollution", ThirdEdition)