origin of lakes I [Read-Only] - Oregon State...
Transcript of origin of lakes I [Read-Only] - Oregon State...
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Origin of LakesOrigin of Lakes
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Party FactsParty Facts
Lakes cover 2% of the earth's surface (2.5 Lakes cover 2% of the earth's surface (2.5 x 106 kmx 106 km22))Largest purely freshwater lake is Lake Largest purely freshwater lake is Lake Superior (83,300 kmSuperior (83,300 km22))LaurentianLaurentian Great Lakes Great Lakes
A A -- 245,420 km245,420 km22
V V -- 24,620 km24,620 km33
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Lake Baikal Lake Baikal
20% of the world's fresh water20% of the world's fresh waterWorld's deepest lakeWorld's deepest lakeMaximum depth (Maximum depth (zzmm) ) –– 1620 m1620 mMean depth (z) Mean depth (z) –– 740 m740 mV V -- 23,000 km323,000 km3Of 1200 species of animals and 600 Of 1200 species of animals and 600 species of plants found in Lake species of plants found in Lake Baikal,overBaikal,over80% of the 80% of the taxataxa found in open water are found in open water are endemicendemic
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Tectonic basinsTectonic basinsLakes formed by volcanic activityLakes formed by volcanic activityLakes formed by landslidesLakes formed by landslidesLakes formed by glacial activityLakes formed by glacial activitySolution lakesSolution lakesLakes formed by fluvial actionLakes formed by fluvial actionLakes formed by windLakes formed by windLakes associated with shorelinesLakes associated with shorelinesLakes formed by organic accumulationLakes formed by organic accumulationLakes formed by behavior of higher Lakes formed by behavior of higher organismsorganismsLakes formed by meteorite impactLakes formed by meteorite impact
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Tectonic BasinsTectonic Basins
Depressions formed by movement of Depressions formed by movement of the earth's crust (e.g. warping, the earth's crust (e.g. warping, fracturing, faulting, thrusting). fracturing, faulting, thrusting).
Does not include volcanic activity.Does not include volcanic activity.
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Fort RockFort Rock
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Single fault displacement Single fault displacement ((orogenesisorogenesis))
Broken fault blocks which may become Broken fault blocks which may become slightly and irregularly tiltedslightly and irregularly tiltedExamplesExamples–– AbertAbert Lake, ORLake, OR–– Walker lake, NVWalker lake, NV–– Lake Winnemucca, NVLake Winnemucca, NV
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Walker LakeWalker Lake
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DownfaultedDownfaulted troughs or troughs or grabensgrabens((orogenesisorogenesis))
Elongated area is depressed and lake Elongated area is depressed and lake lies in bottom depressionlies in bottom depressionOften difficult to distinguish between Often difficult to distinguish between single fault single fault deplacementdeplacement and and grabensgrabens–– TuleTule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake are Lake and Lower Klamath Lake are
single fault displacement basins but are single fault displacement basins but are surrounded by lake sediments deposited in surrounded by lake sediments deposited in Pleistocene Pleistocene grabengraben lakeslakes
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TuleTule LakeLake
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DownfaultedDownfaulted troughs or troughs or grabensgrabens
ExamplesExamples–– Lake Tahoe, CA Lake Tahoe, CA
ZZmm -- 501 m501 m–– Lake Lake LahontonLahontonComplex of fault troughsComplex of fault troughs–– Lake BaikalLake Baikal–– Lake TanganyikaLake Tanganyika
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Lake TanganyikaLake Tanganyika
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Uplifted basins (epeirogenesis)Uplifted basins (epeirogenesis)
Marine depressions upliftedMarine depressions upliftedExamples Examples –– Lake Okeechobee, FLLake Okeechobee, FL
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Lake OkeechobeeLake Okeechobee
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Uplifted basins (epeirogenesis)Uplifted basins (epeirogenesis)
Uplifted plainsUplifted plainsExamplesExamples–– Great Salt LakeGreat Salt Lake–– Lake VictoriaLake Victoria–– Lake TiticacaLake Titicaca
AltiplanoAltiplano was raised 4000 m during the formation was raised 4000 m during the formation of the Andes during the Tertiaryof the Andes during the Tertiary
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Lake TiticacaLake Titicaca
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Lake TiticacaLake Titicaca
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Great Salt LakeGreat Salt Lake
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Uplifted basins (epeirogenesis)Uplifted basins (epeirogenesis)
Subsidence basinsSubsidence basins–– Often formed by earthquakesOften formed by earthquakes–– Often porous, therefore dryOften porous, therefore dryExamplesExamples–– ReelfootReelfoot Lake, TNLake, TN
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ReelfootReelfoot LakeLake
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ReelfootReelfoot LakeLake
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Lakes formed by Glacial ActivityLakes formed by Glacial Activity
Pleistocene Pleistocene glaciationglaciation produced more current produced more current lakes than any other process of lake formationlakes than any other process of lake formationFour major episodes in Northern HemisphereFour major episodes in Northern Hemisphere–– Wisconsin glacier began to retreat 17,000 years ago Wisconsin glacier began to retreat 17,000 years ago
and stopped 10,500 years agoand stopped 10,500 years ago
Glaciers begin in mountain ranges and extend in Glaciers begin in mountain ranges and extend in ice sheets across flatter topography (piedmont ice sheets across flatter topography (piedmont glaciers)glaciers)
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Glacial LakesGlacial Lakes
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GlaciersGlaciers
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Pleistocene GlaciersPleistocene Glaciers
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MorainalMorainal DepositsDeposits
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Lakes associated with active glaciersLakes associated with active glaciers
Lakes form on, within, beneath, and below Lakes form on, within, beneath, and below thawing glaciersthawing glaciersExamplesExamples–– LaurentianLaurentian Great LakesGreat Lakes
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Lakes on GlaciersLakes on Glaciers
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Ice scour lakesIce scour lakes
Ice moving over fractures removes rubble Ice moving over fractures removes rubble along fracture along fracture ExamplesExamples–– Diamond Lake, ORDiamond Lake, OR–– Crescent Lake, ORCrescent Lake, OR–– Waldo Lake, ORWaldo Lake, OR–– Odell Lake, OROdell Lake, OR
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Waldo LakeWaldo Lake
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Odell LakeOdell Lake
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Cirque lakes (or tarns)Cirque lakes (or tarns)
Formed in upper portions of glaciated valleys Formed in upper portions of glaciated valleys of mountainous areas by repeated freezing of mountainous areas by repeated freezing and thawing actionand thawing actionAmphitheatreAmphitheatre--shapedshapedWater held behind rock or Water held behind rock or morainalmorainal sillsillGenerally small and relatively shallow (<50m)Generally small and relatively shallow (<50m)Often one above another Often one above another -- "hanging" lakes"hanging" lakesExamplesExamples–– GrinnelGrinnel Lake in Glacier National ParkLake in Glacier National Park–– Bull Run Lake, ORBull Run Lake, OR–– Aneroid Lake, ORAneroid Lake, OR
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Cirque LakesCirque Lakes
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Cirque LakesCirque Lakes
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Upper Bull Run LakeUpper Bull Run Lake
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Lakes below snow lineLakes below snow line
Paternoster lakesPaternoster lakes–– Corrosive action of ice forms chains of rock Corrosive action of ice forms chains of rock
basins within glacial valleybasins within glacial valleyExamplesExamples–– Glacier National ParkGlacier National Park–– Yosemite National ParkYosemite National Park–– Bighorn Mountains, WYBighorn Mountains, WY
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Glacial TroughGlacial Trough
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Paternoster LakesPaternoster Lakes
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Lakes below snow lineLakes below snow line
Fjord lakes Fjord lakes –– Low elevationsLow elevations–– Long, narrow lakes in deep, steepLong, narrow lakes in deep, steep--sided sided
valleysvalleysExamplesExamples–– KootenayKootenay Lake, B.C.Lake, B.C.–– Lake Lake OkanaganOkanagan, B.C., B.C.–– English Lake DistrictEnglish Lake District
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Fjord LakesFjord Lakes
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Fjord LakeFjord Lake
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Loch NessLoch Ness
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Loch NessLoch Ness
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Lakes below snow lineLakes below snow line
Piedmont lakesPiedmont lakes–– Low elevationLow elevation–– Glacial scouring in weak areas of parent Glacial scouring in weak areas of parent
geologic materialgeologic materialExamplesExamples–– Great Slave LakeGreat Slave Lake–– Great Bear LakeGreat Bear Lake–– Great Lakes of St. Lawrence drainageGreat Lakes of St. Lawrence drainage
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Lakes formed by Lakes formed by morainalmorainal depositsdeposits
Lateral Lateral morainalmorainal damsdams–– Moraine deposited across the mouth of tributariesMoraine deposited across the mouth of tributaries–– More VMore V--shapedshaped–– ExamplesExamples
Finger Lakes of New YorkFinger Lakes of New York
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Finger LakesFinger Lakes
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Finger LakesFinger Lakes
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Finger LakeFinger Lake
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Lakes formed by Lakes formed by morainalmorainal depositsdeposits
Terminal Terminal morainalmorainal depositsdeposits–– Moraine left behind retreating glacier with Moraine left behind retreating glacier with
corrosioncorrosion–– More UMore U--shapedshaped–– ExamplesExamples
Wallowa Lake, OR (also associated with lateral Wallowa Lake, OR (also associated with lateral moraines)moraines)Flathead Lake, MTFlathead Lake, MT
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Wallowa LakeWallowa Lake
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Wallowa LakeWallowa Lake
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Lakes formed in ground moraineLakes formed in ground moraine
Deposition of Deposition of meltwatermeltwater outwashoutwashDrift left behind with blocks of ice mixed inDrift left behind with blocks of ice mixed inKettle lakes form where ice blocks meltedKettle lakes form where ice blocks melted–– Very irregular in shape, slope, and Very irregular in shape, slope, and
topographytopography–– Generally shallow (<50 m)Generally shallow (<50 m)–– ExamplesExamples
Walden PondWalden PondTrout LakeTrout Lake
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Walden Pond Walden Pond -- Kettle LakeKettle Lake
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MorainalMorainal Deposits and Kettle LakesDeposits and Kettle Lakes
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Kettle Lake FormingKettle Lake Forming
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Lakes formed from effects of permafrostLakes formed from effects of permafrost
Cryogenic lakes Cryogenic lakes -- formed by effect of formed by effect of frozen groundfrozen ground coalesce and forms larger coalesce and forms larger lakes lakes -- thermokarstthermokarst lakeslakes
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Volcanic ActivityVolcanic Activity
GraniticGranitic or basaltic nature of parent or basaltic nature of parent material causes low concentrations of material causes low concentrations of nutrients and, therefore, low productivitynutrients and, therefore, low productivity
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Crater LakesCrater Lakes
Cinder conesCinder cones–– Small, conical lakesSmall, conical lakesExamplesExamples–– Crater Butte Lake in Mount Lassen National Crater Butte Lake in Mount Lassen National
Park, CAPark, CA
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MaarsMaars
Created by explosive eruption of lava Created by explosive eruption of lava coming in contact with groundwater or coming in contact with groundwater or degassing of magmadegassing of magma–– Circular and very deepCircular and very deep–– Small Small -- b< 2kmb< 2kmExamplesExamples–– Lakes in Lakes in EifelEifel district of Germanydistrict of Germany–– Big Soda Lake, NVBig Soda Lake, NV
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CalderasCalderas
Created by subsidence of the roof of a Created by subsidence of the roof of a partially emptied magma chamberpartially emptied magma chamberUsually larger than Usually larger than maarsmaarsExamplesExamples–– Crater Lake, ORCrater Lake, OR
Second deepest lake in North AmericaSecond deepest lake in North AmericaSeventh deepest lake in the worldSeventh deepest lake in the worldCollapse of peak of Mount Collapse of peak of Mount MazamaMazama in 4500 B.C.in 4500 B.C.A A -- 64 km64 km22
ZZmm -- 608.4 m608.4 m
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Crater LakeCrater Lake
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Crater LakeCrater Lake
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Lava Flow LakesLava Flow Lakes
Coulee Lakes Coulee Lakes -- Depression formed by collapse Depression formed by collapse when overlying layers of a lava flow hardens and when overlying layers of a lava flow hardens and underlying layers continue to flow and leave underlying layers continue to flow and leave voidsvoidsIrregular lava flowsIrregular lava flows–– Examples Examples
Yellowstone LakeYellowstone Lake
Damming by lava flowsDamming by lava flows–– ExamplesExamples
Clear Lake, ORClear Lake, OR
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Yellowstone LakeYellowstone Lake
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Yellowstone LakeYellowstone Lake
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So What?So What?Does this stuff make any Does this stuff make any
difference?difference?