Origin of Human Diets
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Origin ofHumanDiets
Study of earlyprimate diets
Humans are highlydeveloped primates
Shared evolutionary history
Prepared by:Alana L. Jolley
Professor ofAnthropology
itsallaboutculture.com
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Table of Contents Humans Resemble Other Primates:
Morphology Night Vision Hands & feet Locomotion Movement Hearing & smell Large Brains Energy foods SociabilityEarly primate diets anddietary preferences
Locations and resourcesfor acquiring food
Dietary preferencesFood tastes/acceptability
Entomology and foodchoices
Food and consequences
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Early Primate DietsEarly Primate Diets
Why study early primate diets?Why study early primate diets?
Primates are the most common of living mammalsPrimates are the most common of living mammals
Humans are highly developed primates Humans are highly developed primates So are chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans (non-human)So are chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans (non-human)
We have shared evolutionary history with primates We have shared evolutionary history with primates
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Strategies for Acquiring FoodStrategies for Acquiring Food
Some primates are frugivores (fruit-eating)Some primates are frugivores (fruit-eating)
Some are folivores (leaf-eating)Some are folivores (leaf-eating)
Some are insectivores Some are insectivores
(insects/animal matter, small frogs, bugs)(insects/animal matter, small frogs, bugs)
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Food ChoicesFood Choices
A few primates are carnivores – meat eating occasionally A few primates are carnivores – meat eating occasionally Not true carnivores like lions, or eagles.Not true carnivores like lions, or eagles.
Some primates are omnivores (eat meats & vegetables)Some primates are omnivores (eat meats & vegetables)
Humans are omnivoresHumans are omnivores: meaning they may eat any : meaning they may eat any kind of food, both animal and vegetable kind of food, both animal and vegetable
Humans are also primates Humans are also primates
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What is an Omnivore?What is an Omnivore?
Pigs, rats, cockroaches; all are Omnivores! But they Pigs, rats, cockroaches; all are Omnivores! But they are not primatesare not primates
Omnivores eat a variety of foodsOmnivores eat a variety of foods Human diet is small compared to what could be eatenHuman diet is small compared to what could be eaten Some people eat/drink what others would not eat or Some people eat/drink what others would not eat or
drink – why?drink – why? Because food choices depend on: culture, genetics, Because food choices depend on: culture, genetics,
environment, nutrition, and taste . . .environment, nutrition, and taste . . .
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Human Digestion DiagramHuman Digestion Diagram
Digestion begins in the mouth.
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Non-Human PrimatesNon-Human PrimatesDigestive Systems DifferDigestive Systems Differ
Digestive systems are guides to what should be eaten or not eaten.
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Where do we Forage?Where do we Forage?
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Foraging VariablesForaging Variables
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Where do we Forage?Where do we Forage?
In the Forest?
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Where do we Forage?Where do we Forage?
On the Mountainous Savannah?
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Where do we Forage?Where do we Forage?
In the Desert?
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Where do we Forage?Where do we Forage?
In Green Valleys?
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Where do we Forage?Where do we Forage?
In Supermarkets?
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Is there competition in Foraging?Is there competition in Foraging?
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EntomologyEntomology
Humans may eat insects, too Humans may eat insects, too
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Many ways to be served!Many ways to be served!
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Toasted TermitesToasted Termites
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Roasted GrasshoppersRoasted Grasshoppers
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Live Stinkbug QuesadillasLive Stinkbug Quesadillas
Some parts of Mexico
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ParaguayParaguay
Guarani Indians often incorporate palm worms, which are a Guarani Indians often incorporate palm worms, which are a kind of beetle larvae, into their diet.kind of beetle larvae, into their diet.
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Question?Question?
How did we get from there?
To there
Plant-based diet
Fast foods-saturated fats/transfats
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Summary of Diet EvolutionSummary of Diet Evolution
Food Foraging and ScavengingFood Foraging and Scavenging Hunting and GatheringHunting and Gathering HorticultureHorticulture Agriculture/domestication of animalsAgriculture/domestication of animals Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Technological RevolutionTechnological Revolution
TransportationTransportation Manufacturing, Refinement, ChemicalizationManufacturing, Refinement, Chemicalization
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Human FoodHuman Food& Consequences& Consequences
Little resemblance to plant-based diets of ancestors.Little resemblance to plant-based diets of ancestors.
Many health problems, in advanced nations, are diet-related.Many health problems, in advanced nations, are diet-related.
TodayToday’’s diets and the diets, which we became adapted to over s diets and the diets, which we became adapted to over a long period of time, are a mismatch.a long period of time, are a mismatch.
We have plenty of energy-dense foods, but a poverty of We have plenty of energy-dense foods, but a poverty of nutrients - due to refinement and chemicalization.nutrients - due to refinement and chemicalization.
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From the CanopyFrom the Canopyto the Golden Archesto the Golden Arches
Primate ancestors were partially omnivorous – Primate ancestors were partially omnivorous – supplementedsupplemented diet with insects.diet with insects.
Primates became fully omnivorous.Primates became fully omnivorous. Adapting to omnivore diet caused changes in digestive Adapting to omnivore diet caused changes in digestive
strategies.strategies.
Evolution of larger body, bigger brain, and behavioral traitsEvolution of larger body, bigger brain, and behavioral traits
More nutrients are necessary with a bigger body.More nutrients are necessary with a bigger body. Where do we go from here?Where do we go from here?