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TEXTBYMARYPACKARD
MODELSDESIGNEDBYSETHFRIEDMAN,MARCKIRSCHENBAUM,JASONKU,ANDDANIELROBINSON
DIAGRAMSBYMARCIONOGUCHI
SanDiego,California
ThunderBayPressAnimprintoftheBaker&TaylorPublishingGroup10350BarnesCanyonRoad,SanDiego,CA92121www.thunderbaybooks.com
Copyright © 2014 Thunder Bay Press Developed by The Book Shop, Ltd. Models designed and folded by SethFriedman,MarcKirschenbaum,JasonKu,andDanielRobinsonDiagramsbyMarcioNoguchiBox,book,andorigamipapersdesignedbyTimPalinCreativeEditedbyMasaoDonahuePhotographyoforigamimodelsbyAndrewWernerPhotography
PhotoCredits:Thinkstock4,5,8,22,28,54,76,92,100,andbackgroundsthroughout;Dreamstime9,40,41,67,108;BridgemanArchives29,66.
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Allnotationsoferrors,omissions,andpermissionsshouldbeaddressedtoThunderBayPress,EditorialDepartment,attheaboveaddress.Allothercorrespondence(includingauthorinquiries)concerningthecontentofthisbookshouldbeaddressedtoTheBookShop,LTD.NewYork,NewYork10010.
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ISBN-13:978-1-62686-286-9
Note: The printed edition of this kit includes specially designed origami paper and stickers and is available throughAmazon.com(ISBN-13:978-1-62686-172-5).
CONTENTSBEGINNINGOFFLIGHT
SYMBOLS,BASICFOLDSANDBASES
SOPWITHCAMELSOPWITHCAMELMODEL
FOKKERDR.1FOKKERDR.1MODEL
THESPIRITOFST.LOUISTHESPIRITOFST.LOUISMODEL
DOUGLASDC-3DOUGLASDC-3MODEL
SUPERMARINESPITFIRESUPERMARINESPITFIREMODEL
HUGHESH-4HERCULES(SPRUCEGOOSE)HUGHESH-4HERCULES(SPRUCEGOOSE)MODEL
CESSNA150CESSNA150MODEL
BOEING707BOEING707MODEL
DEHAVILLANDSEAVIXENDEHAVILLANDSEAVIXENMODEL
CONCORDECONCORDEMODEL
ABOUTTHEARTISTS
BEGINNINGOFFLIGHT“ONCEYOUHAVETASTEDFLIGHT,YOUWILLFOREVERWALKTHEEARTHWITHYOUREYES
TURNEDSKYWARD,FORTHEREYOUHAVEBEEN,ANDTHEREYOUWILLALWAYSLONGTO
RETURN.”—LeonardodaVinci(1452–1519)
ACambodianstampdepictingadaVincidesign.
FrommythologicalIcarus,whoseman-madewingsledhimtooclosetothesun,toLeonardodaVinci,whosedesignsforflyingmachineswerewaybeforetheirtime,humanbeingshavealwaysdreamedofflying.Notuntil1903didthisbecomearealitywhentheWrightBrothers—OrvilleandWilbur—tooktotheskiesintheirhomemadeairplane.Asmomentousasthatflightwas,itlastedlessthanaminute.IttookanotherfiveyearsforWilburWrighttodemonstrateaplanecapableofsustainedflight.Itishardlysurprisingthatameresixyearslater,attheoutsetofWorldWarI,aviationwasstillrudimentaryatbest.
In1914,therewasconsiderabledebateoverwhetheraircraftcouldbeaneffectivetoolofwar.Inpreviousconflicts,cavalryhadbeenthefirstchoiceforgatheringreconnaissance.Sincecavalrywasprovingtoovulnerableagainsttheenhancedweaponryoftwentieth-centuryarmies,itseemedplanesfittedwithcameraswouldbeafarmoreviablealternative—andweretheyever.Bothsidesfoundreconnaissanceplanessoeffectiveatpinpointingenemypositionsthatneithersidecouldgainanadvantage.Theresultwasanutterstalemateinthetrenches.
Asthewarprogressed,innovationstoaircraftresultedinanincreasingnumberofbattlesintheair.In1916,Germanplaneswerefarsuperiortothoseflownbyanyofthealliedcountries,andthisshiftedthepowertoGermany.Itbecameincreasinglyimportanttodestroythosespiesintheskies.AnewplanewasneededtobolstertheAllies’airpower.
SYMBOLS
Edge
Existingcrease
Valleyfold
Mountainfold
Viewfromhere
Foldinfront
Foldbehind
Foldandunfold
Hiddenlines
Crimp
Equalpartsreference
Rotate
Sink/Squash/Push
Turnover
Open
Repeatstepsonthisside
Magnify
SOPWITHCAMEL“TOAFFIRMTHATTHEAEROPLANEISGOINGTO‘REVOLUTIONIZE’NAVALWARFAREOFTHE
FUTUREISTOBEGUILTYOFTHEWILDESTEXAGGERATION.”—ScientificAmerican,July16,1910
TheBritishSopwithAviationCompanyhadbeenworkingaroundtheclocktoproduceasuperiorfighterplane.In1916,thecompanyrolledouttheprototypeforthefirstSopwithCamel.DesignedbyHerbertSmith,theplanewasmadeofwood,bracedwithsteel.InJuneof1917,thesmall,lightweightaircraftenteredthewaraspartoftheNo.4SquadronoftheRoyalNavalAirServicenearDunkirk,France.Theplanemorethandeliveredonitspromise.ByFebruaryof1918,thirteenBritishsquadronsofRFC(RoyalFlyerCorps)hadbeenfullyequippedwithSopwithCamels,participatinginbattlesovertheEasternandWesternfronts.
TheSopwithCamelwasthefirstBritishfighterplanetobefittedwithtwomachineguns.Mountedsidebysidedirectlyinfrontofthecockpit,theywereattachedtosynchronizationgearthatenabledthepilottofirebulletsthroughthespinningpropellers.Topreventthegunsfromfreezingathigheraltitudes,theywereoverlaidwithametalcoveringthatgavetheplaneitscamel-likehump,andhence,itsname.
TheCamel,however,hadaseriousdrawback.Itwassodifficulttoflythatmorepilotslosttheirlivesduringtrainingthaninactualcombat.Weightdistributionwasthemainproblem.Mostoftheweight,includingtheengine,pilot,guns,andfuel,wasconcentratedinaseven-footsectionoftheairplane.Inthehandsofanovice,theforwardcenterofgravitycoupledwiththegyroscopiceffectoftherotaryengineandturningpropellers
causedtheplanetospinoutontakeoffmoreoftenthannot.
WhattheCamellackedinoperationalease,itmorethanmadeupforinmaneuverability.Inclose-knitair-to-aircombat,called“dogfights,”thesametorquethatcausedinstabilityontakeoffenabledtheCameltoturnonadime,changingitsdirectionalmostinstantaneously.Bytheendofthewar,theCamelwascreditedwithshootingdownatotalof1,294enemyaircraft—accountingformoreAlliedvictoriesthananyotherplane.
NavalshipscarriedportableversionsoftheSopwithCamelthatallowedthewingstofoldupandthetailsectiontocomeoffforeasierstorage.Anotherexperimentalmodelfeatureddownwardmountedgunsthatfiredthroughtheflooroftheplane.Thisallowedthepilottostrafeenemytrencheswhilekeepingtheplanelevelasheflewathighspeedsoverthebattlefield.
WoodenpropellerandgunsonaSopwithCamelfighterplane
BODY
1Startwith8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold,twice.
2Valleyfold,aligningtipstothecentercrease.
3Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestothecentercrease.
4Valleyfold.
5Valleyfold,creasingaboutone-thirdfrombothedges.
6Valleyfold,aligningouteredges,andunfold.
7Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease,andunfold.
8Mountainfold,aligningcreasesfromprevioustwosteps,andunfold.
9Mountainfoldbetweentheendsofthecreasesfrompreviousstepandunfold.
10Rabbit-earfold,aligningtocreasefrompreviousstep.Pre-creaseasnecessary.
11Valleyfold,aligningouteredgetocentercrease,whilesquashfoldingthetopsection.
12Valleyfoldflapoutalongitshinge.
13Valleyfoldflaptotherightalongitshinge.
14RepeatSteps11–12ontheoppositeside.
15Sinkfold.
16Insidereversefold,exposingasmalltriangularsection.
17Valleyfoldthesmalltriangularsectionintothemodel.
18Turnover.
19Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
20Raiselongflapupward,collapsingtheexistingcreasesofthetopsectionsimilartoaWaterbombBase.
21Valleyfoldlongflapdownward.
22Unfoldundersidelayers.
23Valleyfold,raisingflap.
24Valleyfold,asindicated,pivotingthelowertip.
25Tucktheflapunderneaththeleftlayer.
26Valleyfold,asindicated,pivotingthelowertip.
27Valleyfoldasindicated.
28Valleyfoldinhalf,aligningthelowerflaps.Rotate.
29Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetoexistingcrease,andunfold.
30Valleyfoldatanglebisectorandunfold.
31Insidereversefoldusingtheendofthecreasefrompreviousstepasaguide.
32Valleyfoldtheflapalongitshinge.
33Openandsquashfold.
34Valleyfold,aligningedges,whilesquashfoldingthecorner.
35Valleyfoldtheflapalongitshinge.
36SquashfoldinthesamemannerasdoneinStep33.
37Valleyfold,aligningedges,whilesquashfoldingthecorner.
38Valleyfoldtheflapalongitshinge.
39Rabbit-earfoldusingexistingcreases.
40Openandsquashfold.
41Openthelayersoutward.
42Shapethebodyandmakethepropellersthree-dimensional.
ThecompletedSopwithCamel’sBody
UPPERWINGS
1Startwithtwosheetsof8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldeachsheetinhalfandunfold,twice.
2Valleyfoldeachsheet,aligningtipstothecentercrease.
3Valleyfoldeachsheet,aligningtipstothecentercrease.Unfoldonlytherightsheet.
4Alignthetipofthesheetontherightwiththecenteroftheleftsheet.
5Valleyfoldtwooverlappinglayersatanglebisector.
6Valleyfoldtwooverlappinglayersatanglebisector.
7Valleyfoldflapalongitshinge.
8Valleyfold,aligningtopandbottomedgestocentercrease,andunfold.
9Valleyfoldthesides.
10Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.
11Valleyfold,aligningtopandbottomedgestocentercrease,andunfold.
12Valleyfold,aligningouteredgeswithcentercrease.
13Valleyfoldtoplayer,incorporatingasquashfoldonbothsides.
14Valleyfoldtoplayer,incorporatingareversefoldonbothsides.
15Valleyfoldtoplayer,incorporatingasquashfoldonbothsides.
16ValleyfolddownwardwhileinsertingsmalltriangularTabAintoPocketBonbothsides.
17Mountainfoldtoplayer,incorporatingareversefoldonbothsides.
18Valleyfold,tuckingintothepocket.
19Valleyfoldoutwardasindicated.
20Openandsquashfold.
21Raisetheflap,makingitstandupright.
22RepeatSteps19–21onoppositeside.
4Valleyfoldupward.
5Rabbit-earfold,loweringthenewlyformedflaptotheright.Pre-creaseasnecessary.
6Mountainfold,aligningcreasewiththereferencepoint.
7Turnover.
8Raisethetip,aligningrightedge,creatinga90-degreeangle.
9Valleyfold,aligningcreasewithundersideedge.
10Unfold,revertingbacktoStep8.
11RepeatSteps8–10onoppositeside.
12Unfold.
13Unfold.
14Valleyfold,aligningtiptothereferencepoint.
15Collapse,asindicated,usingexistingcreases.
16Rabbit-earfoldusingexistingcreases.
17Openandsquashfold.
18Petalfold.Pre-creaseasnecessary.
19Sinkfoldtheflapformedfromthepetalfoldintothemodel.
20Valleyfoldasindicated.
21Valleyfoldtipsoutwardandsquashfoldthecenter.
22Insidereversefoldtheprotrudingflaps.
23Pleatfoldeachflap.
24Swivelfoldeachflap,distributingthelayerssothatapocketformsalongtherightedgeoftheflap.
25Valleyfoldflapalongitshinge.
26Insidereversefold.
27Valleyfoldtowardtherightandsquashfoldthetopsection.
28Mountainfoldalongtheedge,thinningthesection.
29Sinkfold.
30Valleyfoldthetoplayerdownward.
31Mountainfoldthetip,completingtheshapingofthewheel.
32Raisetheflap,makingitstandupright.
33RepeatSteps25–32onoppositeside.
34Turnover.
35Valleyfoldtheflaptotheleft.
36Valleyfold,aligningtiptothecentercrease.
37Openandsquashfold.
38Raisetheflap,makingitstandupright.
ASSEMBLY
1InserttabfromtheLowerWingintotheslotoftheBody.
2PlacetheUpperWingsontotheLowerWings.
3Turnover.
4TuckfourprotrudingtabsofUpperWingsintotheLowerWings,wrappingaroundasnecessary.
5Turnover.
ThecompletedSopwithCamel
Note:Glueasnecessarytoholdthemodeltogether.
FOKKERDR.1“AIRPLANESAREINTERESTINGTOYS,BUTOFNOMILITARYVALUE.”
—FerdinandFoch
WorldWarIgaverisetoanewkindofwarhero—the“Ace”fighterpilot.Toqualifyforthisdistinction,apilothadtohaveshotdownfiveormoreenemyplanes.Demonstratingoutstandingskillandlegendarybravery,Aceswereportrayedinthemediaasmodern-dayknights,whojoustedforsupremacy20,000feetintheair.
ChiefamongtheseAcepilotswasthelegendaryManfredvonRichthofen,famouslyknownasthe“RedBaron.”Consideredtheworld’sbestfighterpilotamonghispeers,vonRichthofenachievedhislastnineteenairvictorieswhileflyingaFokkerDr.1.
Whileit’sgenerallyconcededthattheSopwithCamelandtheFokkerDr.1werethefinestfighterplanestoemergefromtheGreatWar,it’sinterestingtoconsiderwhichoftheserivalshadtheedge.TheforerunneroftheSopwithCamelwastheSopwithTriplane,commonlyknownasthe“Tripe.”ItsdesignergavetheTripeathirdwingtomaximizeliftandmaneuverability.AlthoughtheTripehandledextremelywell,itpossesseddesignflawsthatcausedthecompanytodiscontinueit.Unawareofitsflaws,butextremelyimpressedwiththewaytheTripehandledintheair,GermancommanderscommissioneddesignerAnthonyFokkertodesigntheirowntriplane,theFokkerDr.1.
Awarethatstabilitymakesaplanemoredifficulttohandleinadogfight,Fokkersettledonadesignthatwouldsacrificestabilityforagility.HemadetheDr.1asunstableasfeasiblypossiblewhileretainingjustenoughstabilityforthepilottokeepsomecontrol.Withthisinmind,FokkerdesignedthewingsoftheDr.1perfectlystraight—togivetheplanemaximummaneuverabilityorroll—adecidedadvantageinadogfight,aslongasthepilothadsufficientdaringandskill.RollwastheelementmostprizedbytheDr.1’smostfamousfan,theRedBaron.
TheSopwithCamelmighthavehadproblemswithinstabilityontakeoff,butitwasmore
stableintheairthantheFokkerDr.1.Insteadofbeingstraight,theCamel’sbottomwingsweredihedral,meaningtheyturnedupwardataslightangle.IftheCamelstartedtoroll,theslightupturnenabledthelowerwingstocompensatebygeneratingmoreliftthanthetopwings,preventingtheplanefromspinningoutofcontrol.Itisthatverystability,however,thatmadeitslightlylesseffectivethantheFokkerDr.1inadogfight.
Incombat,heightisagreatadvantage.Byaddingathirdwing,Fokkerboostedtheplane’slift—enablingittoclimbfasterthantheSopwithCamel.
Whenitcametodurability,theFokkerDr.1hadadistinctadvantageovertheSopwithCamelaswell.TheCamel,heldtogetherbyanexposednestofintertwiningmetalbraces,wasextremelyvulnerable.Ifastraybulletweretopiercejustoneofthebraces,thewholestructurewouldsuffer,collapsingthewingsandthefuselagewiththem.
Inspiteofitsdurability,maneuverability,andliftwheretheFokkerDr.1hadtheSopwithCamelbeat,visibilitywasanothermatterentirely.PilotsoftheDr.1wereneveraffordeda360-degreeviewfromthecockpitbecauseitwashardtoseepasttheGermanplanes’thickwings.Apilot’sabilitytoassesshissurroundingswasessential.Noisefromtheirownenginesmadeitimpossibletohearanapproachingenemyplane,sopilotshadtoturntheirheadsconstantlytosurveytheirsurroundings.OneofthereasonsthatWorldWarIpilotsworesilkscarvesaroundtheirneckswastokeeptheirnecksfromchafing.
Throughoutthewar,aeronauticalengineersturnedoutincreasinglypowerfulenginessotheplanescouldflyfasterandhigher.Towardthewar’send,planeswerereachingspeedsofahundredmilesperhourandflyinghigherthantwentythousandfeet.Acardinalruleofaeronauticsisthatthefasteraplaneflies,theharderitisforittopushairoutofitsway.Thisprincipleisknownasdrag.Putsimply,increasedspeedequalsmoredrag.Increasedmassaddstodragaswell.Hereagain,theFokkerDr.1wasatadisadvantage.Thenumberofshort,thickwingsthatincreaseditsagilityalsoaddedtoitsdrag.Incontrast,theCamel’sthinnerdualwingsmadeforlessdragandmorespeed,enablingittobeatitsrivalbyfifteenmilesperhour.
TheoverallsupremacyoftheSopwithCamelovertheFokkerDr.1isreflectedinthenumberthatwasproduced.Duringthecourseofthewar,5,490BritishSopwithCamelswerebuilt,comparedtojust320oftheGermanFokkerDr.1.
BODY
1Startwith8”x8”paper.Foldinhalftwice,asindicated,andunfold.
2Valleyfold,aligningtipstothecentercrease.
3Valleyfold,aligningouteredgeswithcentercrease.
4Valleyfold.
5Valleyfold,creasingaboutone-thirdfrombothedges.
6Mountainfoldinhalf.
7Insidereversefold,loweringtiptooppositeside.
8Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.
9Valleyfoldatanglebisectorusingcreasefrompreviousstep,andunfold.
10Valleyfoldasindicated.
11Openandsquashfold.
12Valleyfoldtheflaptotheleft.
13Outsidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.Innerflapshouldremaininside.
14Insidereversefoldsothatasmallportionprotrudes.
15Insidereversefold.
16Crimpfoldwhileunfoldingthelongflap.
17Mountainfoldasindicated.
18Valleyfoldouteredgestocentercrease,andunfold.
19Valleyfold,asindicated,pivotingtheuppertip.
20Tucktheflapbetweenthelayersontheright.
21Valleyfold,asindicated,pivotingtheuppertip.
22Valleyfoldasindicated.
23RepeatSteps28–42fromtheSopwithCamel’sBodyinstructions.
ASSEMBLYAlongwiththeFokkerDr.1’sBodycomponent,followtheinstructionsforSopwithCamel’sUpperWingtocreateanadditionaltwocomponentsandoneSopwithCamelLowerWingcomponentforassembly.
DuringassemblyoftheFokkerDr.1,thetwoSopwithCamelUpperWingswillstackontopoftheSopwithCamelLowerWing.Asaresult,oneoftheUpperWingswillconstitutetheMiddleWing.
1AssembletheFokkerDr.1Body,SopwithCamelUpperWing,andSopwithCamelLowerWingtogetherinthesame
mannerastheSopwithCamel.
2PlacetheremainingUpperWingontopofwhatwillbecometheMiddleWing.
3TuckthefourprotrudingtabsontheUpperWingaroundtheMiddleWing,wrappingaroundasnecessary.
THESPIRITOFST.LOUIS“OURMESSENGEROFPEACEANDGOODWILLHASBROKENDOWNANOTHERBARRIEROFTIME
ANDSPACE.”—PresidentCalvinCoolidgeonCharlesA.Lindbergh’sextraordinarysolotransatlantic
flightin1927
AstheGreatWarprogressed,improvementsinaeronauticdesignledtoanever-increasingdemandformoreplanes.Itresultedinahugesurplusofplanesandpilotswhenthewarwasover.Inthemindsofthepublic,planeswerecloselyassociatedwithdogfightsandthedroppingofbombs.Furtherreinforcingthedangerfactor,ex-armypilotscontinuedtomakealivingbystaging“barnstorming”eventswheretheyperformeddaringaerialstuntsforcrowdsofawestruckfans.Atthistime,theideaofusingaircraftforcommercialflightwasstillpremature.
In1918,notwantingitsinvestmenttogotowaste,theUnitedStatesCongressdecidedtotrysomethingnew.TheymergedtheUnitedStatesMailServicewiththeArmyandbeganchartingairmailroutes.ThefirstflightleftonMay14th,1918.Atthistime,mailhadtobetransferredtorailroadcarsattheendofeachdaysinceairplanescouldnotyetflyinthedark.Thearmysolvedthisproblemin1921wheniterectedrotatingbeaconstoguideplanesatnight.By1925,theU.S.PostOfficefleetwasdelivering14millionlettersayear.
CharlesLindbergh
FlyingoneofthoseoldarmyplaneswasayoungairmailpilotnamedCharlesLindbergh.HehadacquiredapassionforaviationasaboyafterhearingaboutthedaringexploitsofWWIfighterpilots.AsheflewhisroutefromPittsburgtoChicago,Lindberghdreamedofwinninga$25,000prizethathadbeenofferedtothefirstpersontoflynonstopfromNewYorktoParis.Severalaviatorshadalreadyviedfortheprize,butnonehadsucceeded.Sixhaddiedintheattempt.
Lindberghwasnotdeterred.Infact,hewascertainhecouldwin.Allheneededwastherightplane.AfterpersuadingnineSt.Louisbusinessmentobackhim,heapproachedtheRyanAeronauticsCompanywithhisideas.Eagerforthepublicity,thecompanypromisedtodeliveraplaneinsixtydaysfor$6,000.
Builtforthepurposesofthisflightalone,Lindbergh’splanewouldbedevelopedfromthestandardRyanM2model,asingleenginemonoplane.Lindberghwouldbeinvolvedinallaspectsoftheplane’sdesign,adaptingitwiththemodificationsnecessarytoachievehisgoal.Just27feet,8inchesinlength,Lindberghwantedasmallstreamlinedplanestrippedoffrillstomaximizethecapacityforthe450gallonsoffuelitwouldcarry.Lindberghnamedhisplanethe“SpiritofSt.Louis”afterthehometownofthebusinessmenwhobackedhim.
Atlast,thedayarrived.OnthemorningofMay20th,1927,LindberghsetofffromRooseveltField,LongIsland,tomakehishistoricsoloflightacrossthesea.Thejourneywouldbe3,610miles.Acrowdofnearlyathousandpeoplegatheredtocheerhimon.Battlingabarrageofobstaclesincludingbadweatherandfatigue,hismainproblemwasstayingawake.
Thirty-threeandahalfhourslater,“LuckyLindy”ashewouldlaterbecalled,toucheddownatLeBourgetAirport,justoutsideofParis.Thefirstpersontoflynon-stopovertheAtlanticfromtheUnitedStatestoEurope,Lindberghwasgreetedonthetarmacbyadeliriousthrongofwellwisherseagertowitnessamomentinhistory.Lindbergbecameaninstantinternationalhero,whofromthatdayforward,wouldbereveredwhereverhewent.
BODYANDWINGS
1Startwith8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.
2Valleyfoldatanglebisectorandunfold.
3Foldinhalfdiagonally,createpinchmarkattheedge,andunfold.
Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefold.
4Valleyfold,aligningcreasebetweenthebottomtipandpinchmark,andunfold.
5Fold,creatingapinchmarkbetweenreferencepoints,andunfold.
Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefold.
6Valleyfold,aligningcreasebetweenthetipandpinchmark,andunfold.
7Valleyfold,aligningthecreasetowhereexistingcreasesintersect,andunfold.
8Mountainfoldalongtheedgeandunfold.Thenunfoldtheflap,revertingbacktoStep7.
9RepeatSteps7–8onoppositeside.
10Mountainfold,asindicated,andunfold.
11Collapseupward,similartoaPreliminaryBase.Rotate.
12Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
13Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.
14Petalfoldusingcreasesfromprevioustwosteps.
15Valleyfoldtheflapcreatedfromthepetalfolddownward.Turnover.
16Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
17Petalfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
Note:ThemodelwillnotlieflatbetweenSteps17–19.
18Step17inprogress.Theouteredgeswilllieoverthepetalfold.
19Flattentheraisedtip.
20Valleyfoldtopflapdownward.
Note:Themodelshouldnowlieflat.
21Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
22Valleyfoldalongthecentercreaseandspreadsquashfoldthetopsection.
23Foldtheflapbacktotheleftwhileincorporatingarabbit-earfold.
24RepeatSteps22–23onoppositeside.
25Valleyfoldbetweenreferencepoints.
26Valleyfoldtwolayerstotheright.
27Valleyfold,aligningedgetocrease.Creasefirmly.
28Unfold.
29ClosesinkfoldusingcreasesfromStep27.
30Valleyfoldtwolayerstotheleft.
31RepeatSteps26–30onoppositeside.
32Crimpfoldthefrontandbacklayers.
33Redistributethelayersbyseparatingthemsononearelockedtogether,asshown.
34RepeatSteps32–33ontheoppositeside.
35Detailedviewtofollow.
36Swivelfold,pivotingthelayertotheleft.
37Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.
38Swivelfold,pivotingthelayertotheright.
39Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold,revertingbacktoStep36.
40Mountainfoldwherethecreasesintersect.
41Valleyfoldthesideswhilemountainfoldingthetopsection.
42Rabbit-earfold,aligninglongcreasestoedgesunderneath.
43Insidereversefold.
44Turnover.
45Valleyfold,narrowingtheflaps,whilereversefoldingthemiddle.
46Valleyfold,aligningtips.
47Valleyfoldasindicated.
48Swivelfold.
49RepeatSteps47–48onoppositeside.
50Valleyfold,narrowingthetail.Raisethetailfinandunfoldthelayersnearthehead,makingthemodelthree
dimensional.
LANDINGGEARANDPROPELLER
1Startwith4”x4”paper.Foldinhalf,diagonallyandhorizontallywithindicatedcreases,andunfold.
2Collapse,drawingthreetipsdownward…
3…andflattenintothePreliminaryBase.
4Valleyfoldatanglebisectorandunfold.
5Valleyfoldatanglebisectorandunfold.
6Valleyfoldatanglebisectorandunfold.
7Insidereversefold,twice.
8Insidereversefoldoncemore.
9RepeatSteps4–8onremainingthreeflaps.
10Valleyfoldatanglebisectorandunfold.
11Spreadsquashfoldthetopsectionusingcreasesfrompreviousstepandsquashfoldthelayerswithin.
12Turnover.
13Spreadsquashfoldthetopsectionandsquashfoldthelayerswithin.
14Ifthepatternonlyappearsononeside,asshownabove,thenfoldtwolayerstotheoppositesideonthefrontandback.
15Valleyfold,liftingthetwoflapsupwardalongrespectivehinges.
Note:Ensureentiremodelisorientedasshown.
16Valleyfold,aligningedgeswithexistingcreases.
17Valleyfold,roughlyatthequartermarkbetweentheoutertipandcenter.
18Spreadoutthelayersnearthetip.
19Establishmountainfoldusingcreasesformedfrompreviousstepasaguide.
20Mountainfold,roundingthetips.
21RepeatSteps17–20onoppositeside.
22Mountainfoldinhalf.Rotate.
23Insidereversefold,roughlyatthequartermarkbetweentheoutertipandedge.
24Insidereversefoldadjacentflap,asdoneinpreviousstep.
ThecompletedSpiritofSt.Louis’sLandingGearandPropeller
BACK
1Startwith4”x4”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfdiagonallytwice,andverticallyonce,andunfold.
2Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease.
3Mountainfoldasindicated.
4Mountainfoldatanglebisectors.
5Valleyfoldatanglebisectors,allowingundersideflapstoflipout.
6Mountainfoldsothatsidesstandupright.
Note:Themodelwillnotlieflat.
ThecompletedSpiritofSt.Louis’sBack
ASSEMBLY
1InserttheBodyandWingssectionintothepocketoftheBack.
2Swivelfold,allowingforthemountainfoldcreasestoshapetheBack.
3PositiontheLandingGearandPropellerunderneaththenose.
4Mountainfoldthecornersofthewingsandopenthepropellers.
ThecompletedSpiritofSt.Louis
Note:Glueasnecessarytoholdthemodeltogether.
DOUGLASDC-3“WHENEVERYTHINGSEEMSTOBEGOINGAGAINSTYOU,REMEMBERTHATTHEAIRPLANETAKES
OFFAGAINSTTHEWIND,NOTWITHIT.”—HenryFord
IntheyearsfollowingLindbergh’sfamoustransatlanticflight,theairplaneindustrywouldundergomanychanges.Duringthoseyears,mostairportswerelittlemorethanbarrenfields.In1927,theFordAirportinDearborn,Michigan,becamethefirstairportterminaltofeatureawaitingroomandticketoffice,settingthestageformoreairportstofollowitslead.
Toattractpassengers,planesneededtoovercomesafetyissuesaswell.Nothingcalledgreaterattentiontothatfactthanthe1931crashofTWA’sflight599.OnboardthatflightwasbelovedNotreDamefootballcoach,KnuteRockne,whosedeathwouldinitiateaperiodofnationalmourning,andareassessmentofsafetyregulations.Ironically,althoughhisdeathshoneaspotlightonthedangersofflight,thecrashcontributedtoimprovementsthatwouldeventuallymakeairtravelthesafestformoftravel.
Otherchangeswerehappening,too.Heavywater-cooledengineswerereplacedwithlighterair-cooledones,therebyreducingaplane’sweightandincreasingitsspeed.Manufacturerscameupwithall-metaldesignsandaviationengineersdevelopedmoreadvancedcockpitinstrumentation,suchasimprovedaltimetersandcompasses.Aparticularlysignificantadvancementwasaninnovativeartificialhorizoninstrument—alsocalledanattitudeindicator—thatshowedthepilothispositionrelativetothegroundevenwhenhamperedbypoorvisibility.
MilitaryversionoftheDouglasDC-3
By1935,anew,morepassenger-friendlyairplanewouldrevolutionizecommercialairplaneflight.ItwastheDouglasDC-3.Beforetheplane’sdebut,the25-hourflightfromNewYorktoCaliforniawashardlyworththeeffort.Requiringtheservicesofseveralairlinesandatleasttwoplanechangesincludingfifteentakeoffsandlandings,atypicalflighttookpatience,forbearance,andstamina.WiththeDouglasDC-3,onlythreestopswereneededtorefuel.
PilotslovedthisplanedesignedbythetalentedaeronauticalengineerArthurRaymond.Innovationstowingflaps,propellers,retractablelandinggear,andthemetalstructureofthefuselagecombinedtomaketheDouglasDC-3thesafest,mostdurableplanetodate.Capableofflyingalmost1,500miles,itsrangewasmorethandoublethatofitspredecessors.Sinceitflewataltitudesofovertwentythousandfeet,itcouldalsoflyabovemosttypesofweather.
NotonlywasflighttimereducedandsafetydrasticallyimprovedwiththelaunchoftheDC-3,butpassengercomfortwasenhancedaswell.Passengersweretreatedtothree-coursemealswhileseatedinplushrecliningseats.Theengines,whichweremountedonrubberinsulators,weresoquietthatpassengersonboardaDC-3mightnotevenbeawareoftakeoff.Noiseinthespacious24-seatcabinwasfurthersoftenedbysound-absorbingfabricthroughout—coveringinteriorwalls,seatcushions,andfloors.Inthewordsofonejournalistwritingabouthisexperience,theflightwassoenjoyablethat“thejourneybecamethedestination.”
Atatimewhencommercialairplanesweredependentongovernmentairmailsubsidies,theDC-3provedthatanairlinecouldsustainitselfonpassengerfaresalone.BythestartofWorldWarII,almostallairplanetravelintheUnitedStatesandabroadwasinDouglasDC-3s.
TheDouglasDC-3’sabilitytotakeoffandlandonshortrunwaysmadeitindispensabletothewareffort.PresidentGeneralDwightEisenhowercreditedthemilitaryversionoftheDC-3,knownastheC-47,withbeingoneofthemostimportantfactorsintheAllieswinningthewar.
Attheendofthewarin1945,DouglasAircrafthadproducedovertenthousandDC-3s,accountingforninetypercentofallcommercialplanesontheglobe.Thepopularityofairplanestrulyextendedfromseatosea.Atestamenttoitsdurabilityanddependability,about400DC-3sarestillflowncommerciallytoday.
BODY
1Startwith8.5”x8.5”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.
2Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease.
3Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
4Insidereversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
5Valleyfoldtheflapsdownward.
6Unfoldtheentiremodel.
7Alignloweredgetoexistingcreases,createpinchmarksattheedges,andunfold.
Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefold.
8Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetocreasemarksfrompreviousstep,andunfold.
9Turnover.
10PleatfoldusingthecreasesfromStep2forthemountainfolds.
11Turnover.
12Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
13Insidereversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
14Valleyfoldflapdownwardalongitshinge,andunfold.
15Insidereversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
16Valleyfold,aligningperpendicularcreases,andunfold.
17Valleyfoldflap,aligningedges.
18Foldthelayerbehindthemodel.
19Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestoexistingcrease,andunfold.Creasefirmly.
20Insidereversefoldeachtipseparatelyusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
21Valleyfoldalongexistingcreaseandsquashfoldalongthepointsindicated.
22Valleyfoldatanglebisectorandunfold.
23Mountainfoldusingcreasefrompreviousstep.
24Valleyfoldverticallyandunfold.
25Mountainfoldusingcreasefrompreviousstep.
26RepeatSteps21–25onoppositeside.
27Detailedviewtofollow.
28Valleyfoldalongexistingedgeandunfold.Creasefirmly.
29Opensinkfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
30RepeatSteps28–29onoppositeside.
31Foldflapsoneachsideupwardalongrespectivehinges.
32Valleyfoldthefrontflapdownwardagain.
33Expectedresults.
34Squashfoldalongexistingcreases.
35Valleyfold,creasingbetweenbothsetsofreferencepoints.
36Valleyfold,aligningedges,andunfold.
37Valleyfoldalongexistingcreases.
38Mountainfoldbehindusingexistingcreases.
39Liftalongexistingvalleycreasesandsquashfold.
40Foldflapsoutwardalongrespectivehinges.
41InsidereversefoldusingcreasesfromStep39.
42Valleyfold,aligningedges,andunfold.
43Valleyfoldtopandbottomedgestocenter.
44Detailedviewtofollow.
45Valleyfold,aligningexistingcreasestoedges,andunfold.
46Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.
47Mountainfold,asindicated,andunfold.
48Unfold,revertingbacktoStep43.
49Valleyfold,aligningtipswithedges,andunfold.
50Valleyfoldalongexistingcreasesandunfold.
51Pleatfoldtherightedgewhilevalleyfoldingthetopandbottomedges,makingthemodelthreedimensional.
52Detailedviewtofollow.
53Rabbit-earfoldusingthecreasescreatedinSteps46–47.
54Wraptherightedgearoundtherabbitearformedinpreviousstepwhileloweringthetopedgetothecenter.
55Valleyfoldasindicated.
56WraptherightedgearoundtherabbitearformedinStep53whileraisingtheloweredgetothecenter.
57Pleatfoldtherightsidewhilealigningtheflap’sbottomedgetothemodel’sbottomedge.
58RepeatStep57onoppositeflap.
59Expectedresults.
ThecompletedDouglasDC-3’sBody
WINGS
1Startwith8.5”x8.5”paper.Valleyfoldandunfold,twice.
2Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetocentercrease.
3Valleyfold,aligningedgetoloweredge.
4Turnover.
5Valleyfoldinhalf.
6Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
7Insidereversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
8Valleyfold,aligningtopandbottomedges,andunfold.
9Opensinkfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
10Turnover.
11Valleyfoldflapalongitshinge.
12Valleyfold,aligningedgeparalleltobottomedge,leavingasmallgap.Creasefirmly.
13Unfold,revertingbacktoStep12.
14Opensinkfoldusingexistingcreases.
15Detailedviewtofollow.
16Valleyfold,aligningedgetoexistingcrease,andunfold.
17Valleyfold,aligningedgetoexistingcrease,andunfold.
18Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.
19Rabbit-earfoldusingexistingcreases.
20Valleyfold,aligningouteredges,andunfold.
21Closesinkfoldusingexistingcreases.
22Detailedviewtofollow.
23Valleyfoldatanglebisectorandunfold.
24Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsusingthecreasefromthepreviousstepasaguide.
25Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.
26Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.
27Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.
28RepeatSteps23–27onadjacentflap.
29Valleyfoldtheprotrudingedgeinsidethemodel.
30Valleyfoldbyaligningouteredges,creasingfirmlythroughalllayers,andunfold.
31Valleyfold,aligningedgetoexistingcrease,andunfold.
32Valleyfoldalongedge.
33Valleyfold,aligningexistingcreases.
34Unfoldonepleat.
35Expectedresults.
36RepeatSteps11–34onoppositeside.
37Valleyfold,aligningexistingedgesasindicated,andunfold.
38Pleatfoldthesideswhilevalleyfoldingusingthecreasefromthepreviousstep.
39Mountainfoldcornersonbothsides.
40Detailedviewtofollow.
41Insidereversefoldcenterflap.
42Foldtheexteriorflapsdownward.
43Expectedresults.
44Detailedviewtofollow.
45Insidereversefold.
46Expectedresults.
ASSEMBLY
1InsertBodybetweenthelayersoftheWings.
2Valleyfoldtipstoexistingcreases.
3TuckremainingendsofflapsbetweenthelayersoftheWings.
4Rotate.
5Raisethemiddleflapsothatitstandsupright.
6Twistthepropellers,distributingthemevenly.
ThecompletedDouglasDC-3
Note:Glueasnecessarytoholdthemodeltogether.
SUPERMARINESPITFIRE“YOUNEVERLOSETHEBUZZOFFLYING.EVERYTIMEYOUTAKEOFF,ITFEELSABITNAUGHTY,
ASIFYOU’REDOINGSOMETHINGHUMANSSHOULDN’TREALLYDO.”—MattJones,DirectorofBoultbeeFlightAcademy,theonlySpitfireschoolintheworld.
ThemostfamousofallWorldWarIIaircraft,theSupermarineSpitfire,wassoglamorizedbythemediathatBritishchildrenwouldexcitedlypointthemoutinthesky.DesignedtolaywastetoGermany’sLuftwaffe’sfighterplanes,thissingle-seatplanewasusedextensivelybytheBritishRoyalAirForceandotherAlliedcountriesthroughoutWorldWarII.Christeningtheplanewithhisdaughter’snickname,R.J.Mitchell—chiefdesignerattheSupermarineAviationWorks—hadhighhopesfortheSpitfire.Asitturnedout,thisnewestaircraftwouldmorethanliveuptoitscreator’sexpectationsintermsofperformanceandadaptability,allowingformorethantwentyvariantstotheoriginalprototypethroughoutthewar.
Inthespringof1940,FrancesurrenderedtoGermany.NextontheAxishitlistwasEngland.ConfidentinGermany’sairsuperiority,AdolfHitlerorderedHermannGoering,theheadoftheLuftwaffe,tocrippletheRAFtosuchanextentthatitwouldbeunabletodefendagainstaninvasion.TheGermans,however,hadgreatlyunderestimatedtheRAFanditsplanes.Thenewlyrolled-outSpitfireteamedupwiththeothersuperstarfighterplaneintheRAFarsenal,theHawkerHurricane.WhiletheHurricanewasmosteffectiveagainsttheheavyGermanbomberplaneswherelowaltitudeandruggednesswere
required,theSpitfirecouldbecountedontodecimatethebombers’escortplanes,wherehigherspeedandrateofclimbwerethedecidingfactors.IftheHawkerHurricanewastheworkhorseoftheRAF,theSupermarineSpitfirewastheracehorse.Workingintandem,theseplaneswereabletocrippleLuftwaffe,insteadoftheotherwayaround.
AftertheBattleofBritain,theSpitfirereplacedtheHurricaneinimportance,becomingthemainstayoftheRAFfightercommand.TheSpitfirewasdesignedasashort-range,high-performanceinterceptor.Itwasalsoemployedinphotoreconnaissancemissionsasafighter-bomberandasatrainer.Atfirst,aRolls-RoyceMerlinenginecapableofproducing1,030horsepowerpoweredtheplane.TheplanewouldsoonprovethatitwasstrongandadaptableenoughtotaketheevenmorepowerfulRolls-RoyceGriffonengine,whichwasinstalledin1941.Capableofproducing2,340horsepower,theGriffongreatlyincreasedaltitudesatwhichmaximumpowercouldbegenerated,reachingspeedsjustshyof500milesperhour.Moreamazingstill,theSpitfirecouldnowclimbatthedizzyingrateof4,100feetperminute.
TheSpitfirehadseveralotherfeaturesthatmadeitasuperiorfighterplane.Itsdistinctiveellipticalwingwassothinandlightweightthatiscouldflyhigherandfasterthanmostotherfighters,includingtheHawkerHurricane.Thisqualitymadeitaformidableinterceptor.Onceanenemy’spositionhadbeenidentified,thepilotofaSpitfirecouldtakeoffinaflashandbringdownbombersbeforetheycouldapproachcriticaltargetpointslikeairfields,majorcities,ordocks.Furthermore,itsfueltankwaslinedwithahigh-graderubbercalledLinatexthatwouldkeepitfromleakingevenafterithadbeenshotthroughwithbullets,whichpreventedtheplanefromcatchingfireduringcombat.
Asareconnaissanceplane,theSpitfirewasstrippedofweaponsinfavorofoneortwocamerasandanextrafueltankthatcouldcarryupto247gallons.TherewasalsoaseaplaneversionoftheSpitfirethatfeaturedtwofloatsattachedtothefuselage.Othermodificationsincludedanextrabladeaddedtothestandardthree-bladepropeller,andanextensionoftheventralfinbelowthetailtocompensateforstabilitycompromisedbythetwinfloats.
InadditiontotheBritishfront,theSpitfirewasdeployedintheMediterranean,Pacific,andSouth-EastAsiantheaters.Bywar’send,twentythousandSpitfireshadbeenproduced—morethananyotherBritishaircraft.
BODY
1Startwith8.5”x8.5”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.
Orientthepaperasshown.
2Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease,andunfold.
3Pleatfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstepformountainfolds.
4Valleyfoldatanglebisectors.
5Detailedviewtofollow.
6Squashfold.
Note:Itmaybeeasiertofoldeachsideseparately.
7Valleyfoldflapsupward.
8Turnover.
9Valleyfoldflapdownward,alongitshinge,andunfold.
10Valleyfold,creasingthroughpointwhereexistingcreasesintersect.
11Rabbit-earfold,mirroringcreasecreatedinStep10ontheleftside.
12Valleyfoldtwoflapstotheleftalongrespectivehinges.
13Insidereversefoldtherighttip.
14RepeatStep13onremainingtwoflapsonoppositeside.
15Expectedresults.
16Turnover.
17Valleyfoldatanglebisectors.
18Valleyfoldouteredgestothecenter.
19Detailedviewtofollow.
20Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
21Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsusingthecreasefromthepreviousstepasaguide,andunfold.
22Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.
23Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.
24Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.
25RepeatSteps22–24onoppositeside.
26Expectedresults.
27Turnover.
28Detailedviewtofollow.
29Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
30Petalfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
31Valleyfoldthetopflapcreatedfromthepetalfolddownward.
32Insidereversefold,sinkingtheflapwithinthemodel.
33Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
34Liftthetoplayerupwardwhilecollapsingthesidesalongcreasesfrompreviousstep.
35Unfold,revertingbacktoStep29.
36Crimpfoldbothsides.
37Liftalongexistingcreases,freeingpaperonthesidesslightly,andflatten.
38Valleyfoldthetopedgedownward.Creasefirmly.
39Closesinkfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
40Petalfoldusingexistingcreases.
41Valleyfoldflapsoutwardtotheside.
42Valleyfoldflapdownwardalongitshinge.
43Expectedresults.
44Mountainfold,aligningreferencepointsindicated,andunfold.
45Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.
46Pleatfoldusingcreasesfromprevioustwosteps.
47Rotate.
48Mountainfoldinhalf.
49Pivotthelayersontherightsidedownward.
50Detailedviewtofollow.
51Crimpfoldflaparoundlayersunderneath.
52Spreadoutallfourflapsevenly.
53Foldtheedgesofeachofthepropellers,workingclockwise.
54Expectedresults.
WINGS
1Startwith8.5”x8.5”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold,twice.
2Alignloweredgewithcentercrease,createpinchmarkatthecenter,andunfold.
Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefold.
3Valleyfold,aligningtheedgestothepinchmarks,andunfoldonlythebottomcrease.
4Valleyfold,aligningedges.
5Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
6Turnover.
7Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
8Rabbit-earfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
9Pleatfoldasindicated.
10Unfoldpleatfold.
11Doublesinkfold,inbothdirections,usingcreasesfrompleatfold.
12Squashfold,distributingtheinteriorlayersevenly.
13Detailedviewtofollow.
14Valleyfoldalllayers,aligningedgetoexistingcrease.
15Movetheinsidelayertothefront.
16Unfold.
17Outsidereversefold,slightlyopeningthemodel,wrappingoneedgearound.
18Openwhereindicated,andsquashfold,shiftinglayerstotheleft.
19Valleyfoldtopflaptotheright.
20Mountainfoldeachofthethreetipsbackward.
21Expectedresults.
22RepeatSteps14–21onoppositeside.
23Valleyfoldflapovertotheleft.
24Mountainfold,establishingthelongedgesattheanglesindicated.
25Valleyfoldflapsovertotheright.
26Mountainfoldthelongedgesattheanglesindicated.
27Valleyfoldtheflapsothatitstandsupright.
ThecompletedSupermarineSpitfire’sWings
ASSEMBLY
InserttheuprightflapsoftheWingsbetweenthelayersoftheBody.
ThecompletedSupermarineSpitfire
Note:Glueasnecessarytoholdthemodeltogether.Applystickersasshown.
HUGHESH-4HERCULES(SPRUCEGOOSE)
“THEHERCULESWASAMONUMENTALUNDERTAKING.ITISOVERFIVESTORIESTALLWITHA
WINGSPANLONGERTHANAFOOTBALLFIELD.THAT’SMORETHANACITYBLOCK.NOWIPUTTHESWEATOFMYLIFEINTOTHISTHING.IHAVEMYREPUTATIONALLROLLEDUPINITANDIHAVESTATEDSEVERALTIMESTHATIFTHEHERCULESFAILSTOFLY,IWILLPROBABLYLEAVE
THISCOUNTRYANDNEVERCOMEBACK.ANDIMEANIT!”—HowardHughesatoneofhisSenatehearings
ControlpanelfromtheSpruceGoose
DesignedandconstructedbyHowardHughesandhisstaff,nothingrankledhimmorethanhearinghisflyingboatcalled“TheSpruceGoose.”Hughesfeltthatthenamewasaninsulttotheplane’sbuilderswhohadconstructedtheplaneoutofwoodtocomplywiththemilitary’swartimerestrictiononusingmetalforanythingotherthanweaponry.Besides,thefloatingaircraftwasnotmadeofspruceatall;itwasmadeoutofbirchwood.
TheHughesH-4HerculeswasbuiltduringWorldWarIItofulfilltheUnitedStatesgovernment’sneedtoairliftlargequantitiesofcargotoEuropeanandPacificbattlefields.SendingsuppliesbyshiphadresultedinheavylosseswhenGermanU-boatstorpedoedthem.Theplanewasfivestoriestallwitha320-footwingspan—longerthanafootballfield.Weighinginat400,000pounds,itwas—andstillis—thelargestflyingboatinhistory.
Capableofcarrying750fully-equippedtroopsorone35-tonM4Shermantank,theH-4Herculeshadasinglehullandeightengineswith17-footpropellers.Featuringcantileveredwingandtailsurfacesaswellasfixedwingtipfloats,theentiresurfacestructurewascomposedoflaminatedwood.Thecontrolsurfaces,exceptfortheflaps,werecoveredwithfabric.Theplane’shullhousedaflightdeckforthepilotandcrew,andamassivecargohold.Connectingthetwoareaswasacircularstairway.Belowthecargoholdwerethefuelbaysseparatedbywatertightbulkheads.
TheideafortheplanecamefromHenryJ.Kaiser,famedsteelmagnateandshipbuilder.KaiserteamedupwithHughestobuildthegiantaircraftbutbackedoutwhentheprojectdraggedontoolong.By1944,thegovernment’sneedshadshiftedfromtransportplanestobombers.Hughescontinuedhiseffortstodeveloptheplanebutwasunabletodeliverthefinishedproductuntilthewar’sconclusion.
Sincethegovernmenthadspent$22milliontofundtheeffort,lawmakerssummonedHughestoappearbeforeacongressionalcommitteetoexplaintheheftypricetagtotaxpayers.Hughesemergedunscathed,winningtheheartsandmindsofthepublicbypointingoutthathehadadded$18millionofhisownmoneyandhaddonesooutofpatrioticduty.
OnNovember2,1947,Hughestooktheplaneforatestflight.HeliftedoffaboveCalifornia’sLongBeachHarborreachingaheightof70feetandacruisespeedof80MPHforaboutamile.TheshorthopwasjustenoughtoprovethatHughes’sflyingboatwasindeedairworthy.Thoughhecontinuedtomaintaintheplaneinflight-readyconditionfortherestofhislife,HughesneverflewtheH-4Herculesagain.TodayvisitorscanseetheplanewhereitiscurrentlyhousedattheEvergreenAviationMuseuminMcMinnville,
BODY
1Startwith8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfdiagonallytwice,verticallyonce,andunfold.
2Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease.
3Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
4Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.
5Valleyfoldintothirds,unfoldingonlythetopsection.
6Rabbit-earfold,loweringthenewly-formedflaptotheright.Pre-creaseasnecessary.
7Valleyfoldflapcreatedfromprevioussteptotheleft.
8Mountainfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease.
9Mountainfoldtopsectioninhalf.
10Mountainfoldthecorners,asindicated.
11Insidereversefoldthetopflap.
12RepeatStep11onremainingtwoflaps.
13Mountainfoldalongthelengthofthebodywhilecrimpfoldingthetopsection,addingdimensiontothebody.Position
thethreeflapsupright.
14Lowertheleftandrightflap.Keepthecenterflapupright.
ThecompletedHughesH-4Hercules’sBody
WINGS
1Valleyfoldinhalf,diagonallyandhorizontally,andunfold.
2Valleyfold,aligningallouteredgestocentercreases,andunfold.
3Valleyfold,aligningtopedgewithlowerhorizontalcrease,andunfold.
4RepeatStep3usingthreeremainingouteredges.
5Valleyfold,aligningallouteredgeswithnearestexistingcreases,andunfold.Turnover.
6Pleatfoldbothsidesusingexistingcreasesforthemountainfolds.
7Pleatfoldusingexistingcreases.
8Pleatfoldusingexistingcreasesforthemountainfolds.
9Pleatfoldfourmoretimes.
10Unfold,revertingbacktoStep8.
11Turnover.
12Valleyfoldtoplayeratanglebisectorsandunfold.
13Insidereversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
14Opensinkfold.Firmlyre-creaseexistingcreaseifnecessary.
15Pleatfold.
16Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsoftoplayerandunfold.
17Swivelfold,asindicated,andflatten.
18Valleyfold,aligningcreasewithundersideedge.
19Mountainfoldusingexistingcrease.
20RepeatSteps17–19onoppositeside.
21Pleatfoldusingexistingcreases.
22Pleatfoldtwicemoreusingexistingcreases.
23Detailedviewoftheleftsidetofollow.
24Reversefoldbyaligningleftedgetobottomedgeandsquashfoldingoverontoit.
25RepeatStep24onremainingtwosections.
26Valleyfoldtheflapalongitshinge.
27Valleyfoldtheremainingtwoflapsonrespectivehinges.
28Spreadsquashfold.
29Valleyfoldflap.
30Valleyfoldadjacentflap.
31Insidereversefold.
32RepeatSteps30–31onremainingtwoflaps.
33Insidereversefoldfinalremainingflap.
34Valleyfoldtopflapasindicated.
35Mountainfold,asindicated,andunfold.
36Insidereversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
37Valleyfold,asindicated,narrowingthewing.
38Raisethetriangularflapupward,perpendiculartothewing.
ThecompletedleftsideoftheHughesH-4Hercules’sWing
39RepeatSteps24–38onoppositeside.
40Turnover.
ThecompletedHughesH-4Hercules’sWings
ASSEMBLY
GluetheWingstotheBody.
ThecompletedHughesH-4Hercules(SpruceGoose)
Note:Glueasnecessarytoholdthemodeltogether.
CESSNA150“IAMGOINGTOMAKETHISTHINGFLY,DOYOUHEARME?IAMGOINGTOMAKETHISTHING
FLY,ANDTHENI’MGOINGTOSETITAFIREANDI’LLNEVERHAVEANOTHERTHINGTODOWITH
AIRPLANES.AUTOMOBILESANDFARMMACHINERY—THAT’SWHATI’MGOINGTOSTICKTO.”—ClydeCessnatohisbrother,Roy,afterthefourteenthcrashofthefirstplaneheever
built
TheCessnaAircraftCorporation,locatedinWichita,Kansas,hascomealongwaysinceitsfounder,ClydeCessna,builthisfirstairplanein1911,thentaughthimselftoflyit.Cessnastartedhiscompanysixteenyearslater,anddespiteamajorsetbackduringtheGreatDepression,thecompanybenefitedandultimatelyprevailedduetoitsstrongleadershipandcontinuedadvancementsinconceptsanddesign.
In1939,thecompanyrolledoutitsCessnaT-50Bobcat,alighttwin-enginetransportplane.TheaircrafthadbeendesignedandpromotedbyDwayneWallace,amajorplayerinthecompany.Meantforpersonaluse,theplanecouldseatfivepeople.Alow-wingcantilevermonoplane,itswingsandtailweremadeofwood.Thefuselagewascomposedoftubularsteelandfabric-coveredwoodskinning.Theplanealsofeaturedelectricallyoperatedretractablelandinggearandwingflaps.Thoughfewpeopleflewatthetime,theBobcatwassuchawell-priced,practicalairplanethatthecompanywasabletosellenoughofthemtomakeaprofit.
WiththeadventofWorldWarII,theCessnaCompany’sfortunestookadecidedupturn.Therewasacriticalneedforplanesthatcouldbeusedtohelppilotsconvertfromflyingsingleenginetotwin-engineplanes.TheBobcatfitthebillperfectly.TheU.S.Armyordered33Bobcatstostart,andanother4,700overthecourseofthewar.Canadaordered700aswell.Besidestheirroleastrainers,theplaneswerealsousedtotransportmilitaryofficersandsuppliestobattlefronts.Aftersecuringaheftybankloan,theCessna
Companywasabletogearupsufficientlytomeettheurgentdemand.
TheCessna140jump-startedthecompany’spost-warlightplanebusinessandwasthefirstsmallcivilianplanetobenefitfromCessna’sexpandedwartimeproductionmethods.Italsosetthestageforthestrut-braced,single-enginelineofCessnasknowntheworldoverfortheiroutstandingdurability.Unlikeearlierplanesthatwereofahand-builttubeandfabricconstruction,theall-metalCessna140sweremass-producedusingtoolsanddies.
In1957,thecorporationintroducedthejewelintheircrown—theCessna150.Thetwo-seaterbecame—andremainstothisday—themostpopularcivilianplaneeverdesignedforpersonaluse.Buildingonthe140’sframework,thedesignersmadechangestothe150model,replacingtheconventionaltailwheellandinggearwiththeeasier-to-operatetricycleversion,andswitchingouttheroundedwingtipsforasquaredoff,modernlook.Inaddition,thenarrow,hingedwingflapswerereplacedwithlarger,moreefficientFowlers.Unlikeconventionalflaps,Fowlerflapsslideoutfromunderthewingontracks—afeaturethatwidensthewingareaformorelift.
TheCessna150wasadvertisedasthe“world’spremiertrainer.”Unlikeitspredecessors,theplanefeaturedside-by-sideseating,animprovementthataidedgreatlyinpilotinstruction.Besidesthetrainer,otherversionsincludedtheStandard,theCommuter,andthePatroller,usedforutilitywork,suchaspipelineinspections.TheCessna150hasbeenusedfortouringandaerobaticstuntperformancesaswell.Safe,easytomaintain,andknownfortheirmaneuverability,theCessna150isthefifthmostproducedcivilianplaneever.Atotalof22,138Cessna150swerebuiltintheUnitedStates.
In1962and1963,Cessnabuiltthe150Band150Cmodels,respectively.Morelightweightthanthe150modelandwithamoreaerodynamicrearframe,theseplanesclimbedfasterandhigherthananyothermodelintheiryearandclass.Theycouldalsobeoperatedoneventheshortestrunways.
Cessnabuiltoveradozenvariationsoftheclassic150withthe150Mbeingthefinalmodel.Thecompanyhassincereleasedseveralsuccessorstothe150franchisewiththelatestbeingtheCessna162Skycatcherthatbeganproductionin2009.Withthecompany’stwo-seatpersonaluseaircraftlineremainingenormouslypopular,it’seasytosaytheCessnaCorporationhasbecomethemostsuccessfulgeneralaviationcompanyofalltime.
BODY
1Startwith8.5”x8.5”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.
Orientpatternfaceupasshown.
2Alignbottomedgewithcentercrease,createpinchmarkatthecenter,andunfold.
Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefold.
3Valleyfold,aligningedgetopinchmark,andunfold.
4Aligntopedgewithexistingcrease,createpinchmark,andunfold.
Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefold.
5Valleyfold,aligningedgewithpinchmarkfrompreviousstep,andunfold.
6Turnover.
7Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestocentercrease.
8Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
9Insidereversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
10Valleyfoldouteredgestocentercreaseandunfold.
11Valleyfoldouteredgestocreasesfrompreviousstepandunfold.
12Doubleopensinkfold,inbothdirections,usingcreasesfromprevioustwosteps.
13Detailedviewtofollow.
14Valleyfoldtheflapalongitshingewhilespreadsquashingtheraisedsection.
15Valleyfold,aligninginneredgewithouteredge.
16Closesinkfoldthetoplayerusingexistingcreases.
17Valleyfoldasindicated.
18Valleyfoldasindicated.
19RepeatSteps14–18onoppositeside.
20Expectedresults.
24Valleyfold,aligningwithcreasesfromStep18.
25Valleyfold,aligningperpendicularcreases,andunfold.
26Rabbit-earfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
27Valleyfoldalongexistingedgesandunfold.
28Valleyfoldinhalf.Rotate.
29Detailedviewtofollow.
30Liftedgeandsquashfold.
31Valleyfoldflapalongitshinge.
32Valleyfold,aligningcreasetobottomedge,andunfold.
33Openandsquashfoldthetoplayertorightwhileshiftingtheattachedportiondown…
Note:Themodelwillnotlieflat.
34…andcollapsebycreatinglowervalleyfoldcrease.
35Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.
36Mountainfoldusingcreasefrompreviousstep.
37Valleyfoldalongexistingedgeandunfold.
38Reversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
39Valleyfold,aligningedges.
40Valleyfoldalongexistingedge.
41Valleyfolddownward.
42UnfoldcreasefromStep40downward.
43RepeatSteps30–42onoppositeside.
44Expectedresults.
45Pulllayersapartandrotateslightly.
46Valleyfoldthetopflapalongexistingcreaseandunfold.Repeatonoppositeside.
47Openbyloweringbothexteriorflaps.Rotate.
48Pulllayersapart,spreadinginnerlayers.
49Mountainfoldalongexistingcreasesfirmly.
50Valleyfoldalongexistingcreaseuntilthebottomportionstandsupright.
51Rotate.Viewfrombelow.
52Pleatfoldwhilerotatingattachedlayers.
53Valleyfoldflapalongexistingcrease.
54Pleatfoldwhilerotatingattachedlayers.
55Valleyfoldflapalongexistingcrease.
56Tuckoneflapintotheother.
57Valleyfoldflaptotheoppositeside.
58Perspectiveviewtofollow.
59Closesinkfoldthebottomonbothsides.
Note:Existingcreasesundertherearoftheplanewillallowthebacktotaper.
60Mountainfoldthefrontedgeinsidethemodel.
61Lowerthetopedgesdownwardalongexistingcreases.
62Lowerexteriorflapsdownwardalongexistingcreases.
WINGS
1Startwith8.5”x8.5”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.
2Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetocentercrease.
3Valleyfold,aligningedges.
4Turnover.
5Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetoexistingcrease,andunfold.
6Valleyfold,aligningtopedgetocreasefrompreviousstep,andunfold.
7Valleyfoldtoplayeratanglebisectorsandunfold.
8Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.
9Valleyfolddownwardalongexistingedge.
10Valleyfoldupwardalongexistingedge.
11Unfold,revertingbacktoStep9.
12Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.
13Valleyfold,aligningedgesoftoplayertocreasesfrompreviousstepandunfold.
14Valleyfoldthelongedgeupwardwhilesquashfoldingthesides.
15Valleyfoldthetopflapdownward.
16Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.
17Doubleopensinkfold,inbothdirections,usingexistingcreases.
18Unfoldthelowestlayer.
19Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestonearestexistingcreases,andunfold.
20Mountainfoldtheedgebackdown.
21Valleyfoldflapalongitshinge.
22Valleyfoldalllayersataslightangle.
23Valleyfoldflap,revertingbacktoitspreviousposition.
24RepeatSteps21–23onoppositeside.
25Valleyfold,aligningedges,andunfold.
26Mountainfold,aligningexistingperpendicularcreases,andunfold.
27Valleyfold,aligningedgetoexistingcrease,andunfold.
28Establishthediagonalvalleyfoldcreasesandraisethetwoflapswhileliftingthetoplayer,makingthemodelthree-
dimensional.
29Collapseusingexistingcreases.Thissectionwillnotlayflat.
30Rotate.
31Tuckoneflapintotheother.
32Unfold,revertingbacktoStep31inpreparationofassembly.
ThecompletedCessna150’sWings
LANDINGGEAR
1Startwith4.25”x4.25”paper.Valleyfoldandunfold,twice.
2Valleyfoldandunfold,twice.
3Valleyfoldthreetipstowardcenterandunfold.Mountainfoldremainingtipbehindpaper.
4Valleyfold,aligningtipstoexistingcreases,andunfold.
5Valleyfold,aligningouteredgestointersectingexistingcreases,andunfold.
6Valleyfold,aligningexistingcreases,andunfold.
7Rabbit-earfoldeachofthethreetipsusingexistingcreases.
8Mountainfoldalongexistingcreases.
9Mountainfoldinhalf,allowingtheopposingrabbitearstoflipout.Rotate.
10Valleyfoldinhalfwhileunfoldingtheremainingrabbitear.
11Valleyfold,aligningtheedges,whilecrimpfoldingtheleftside.Repeatonoppositeside.
12Valleyfoldtheflapsonbothsidestowardtheleftwhilesquashfoldingtheinsidelayers.
13Openandsquashfoldonbothsides.
14Valleyfoldbothexteriorflapsalongrespectivehinges.
15Openandsquashfoldbehind.
16Pleatfold.Repeatonoppositeside.
17Crimpfold,establishingsymmetry.
18Insidereversefoldonbothsides,roundingthewheel.
19RepeatStep18onoppositeside.
ThecompletedCessna150’sLandingGear
HOOD
1Startwith2.125”x2.125”paper.Foldinhalf,createpinchmarkatthetopedge,andunfold.
Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefold.
2Foldinhalf,createpinchmarksattheedges,andunfold.
Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefold.
3Valleyfold,aligningthetopedgetothepinchmarks.
4Valleyfold,aligningtheouteredgestothepinchmarkcreatedinStep1.
5Openthemodel,makingitthree-dimensional.
ThecompletedCessna150’sHood
ASSEMBLY
1InserttheHoodbetweenthelayersoftheBody.
2TucktheLandingGearsbetweenlayersoneithersideoftheBody.
3WraptheWingsaroundtheBodyandovertheHood.
4TuckoneflapoftheWingintotheother,asrequiredinStep31oftheWinginstructions.
ThecompletedCessna150
Note:Glueasnecessarytoholdthemodeltogether.
BOEING707“THEENGINEISTHEHEARTOFANAIRPLANE,BUTTHEPILOTISITSSOUL.”
—SirWalterAlexanderRaleigh(1861–1922),RAFHistorian
ThenumberofplanesproducedduringWorldWarIIwasastaggering98,965.Ofthose,theBoeingAirplaneCompanywasresponsibleformanufacturingnearlytwenty-eightpercentofthem.Theknowledgegleanedfromthatmonumentaleffortresultedinmajoradvancesinaeronautics—advancesthatwouldultimatelyleadtothedevelopmentofAmerica’sfirstcommercialjetplane.
Boeing’sdesignershadthoughtaboutjet-powerasearlyas1943.Theysoondiscovered,throughwind-tunneltests,thatexistingwingdesignswereahindrancetotheimmensepowerthatjetenginescouldgenerate.Althoughmanymodificationsweredevised,noneofBoeing’sdesignscameclosetorivalingGermany’snewestfighterplane—thejet-poweredMesserschmittMe262.
Eagerforideas,Boeingsentitsbestengineer,GeorgeSchairer,onafact-findingmissiontoGermany.Whiletouringacapturedaeronauticslab,hecameuponacacheofmathematicalformulaeandblueprintsthatheldtheanswershe’dbeenseeking.Ashestudiedthem,hefoundthatthesolutiontothewingproblemlayinchangingtheangle.Straightwingscreatedtoomuchdrag,butsweepingthembackallowedthejets’enginestoreachtheirfullpotential.TheseprinciplesweretestedinBoeing’sownwindtunnel.In1947,afterincorporatingnewaerodynamicandstructuralchangestothejet’soveralldesign,BoeingrolledouttheB-47,America’sfirstswept-wingmulti-enginebomber.
Onceairborne,thegracefulnewjetsetrecordsforspeedanddistance.BlazingatrailacrosstheUnitedStatesataspeedof609.8milesperhour,thissuper-chargedfighter
planeproveditcouldmakeitfromcoasttocoastinunderfourhours.Astonishedbythespeed,executivesatPanAmapproachedBoeingtoseeifthefighterplanecouldbeadaptedforcommercialuse.
Boeing’spresident,WilliamAllen,waseagertotry.Takingahugerisk,Allensankthecompany’sownfundsintodevelopingaprototype—the707modelthattheynicknamedthe“Dash80.”OnJuly15th,1954,thefirstBoeing707liftedofffromSeattle’sRentonField.Withthishistoricalflight,AmericahadenteredtheJetAge.PoweredbyfourPratt&WhitneyJT3turbojetsmountedbeneaththewings,theDash80wastosetthestandardforalljetlinerstocome.
TheDash80endurednumerousstructuralandaerodynamicchangesovertheyears.Experimentingwithenginesoundsuppressors,rigstocausein-flighticingconditions,anddifferenttypesofwingflapsandlandinggear,Boeingengineerscontinuedtoexplorewaystofinetunetheaircrafttoprovidemaximumsafetyandoptimummaintenanceprocedures.Bythetimetheplanewasreadyforitsinauguralflightin1957,allthekinkshadbeensuccessfullyaddressed.
OnAugust15th,1958,PanAmacquiredAmerica’sfirstcommercialjetairliner,aBoeing707-120.PanAmsetthedateofitsinauguralflightforOctober26th,1958.Onthatday,theairlinewouldmakehistorybyprovidingthefirstdailytransatlanticjetservicefromNewYorktoParis.Theflightwasheraldedwithunprecedentedattention.BothPanAmandBoeinghadblitzedtheairwavesandprintmediawithadcampaignstoutingthecomfort,speed,andeaseofjettravel.CompetitorsthatfeaturedpropellerplaneswerefilledwithapprehensionwhentheydiscoveredthatPanAmplannedtokeepthefareatthesamepriceitchargedforitsownpropplanes—$505forfirstclassand$272foreconomy.
BeforetheplaneleftIdlewildAirport(nowJFKInternational),passengersattendedaformalgalaattheairport’sGoldenDoorRestaurant.At7:00p.m.,flightattendantsledthepassengerstotheplane,madesleekerstillinthegleamoffloodlights.Beforeboarding,PanAmPresidentJuanTrippeaddressedthegatheringwithapreparedspeech,actressGreerGarsonperformedtheribbon-cuttingceremony,andthentothesoundofpoppingflashbulbsandaJohnPhilipSousamarch—courtesyofthe42ndArmyInfantryBand—all111passengersandtwelvecrewmembersboardedFlight114.Ninehourslater,thejetlandedatLeBourgetAirportinParis.Asthepassengersdeplaned,theywereagaingreetedbyabrassbandtocommemoratetheoccasion.
Sincethen,Boeinghasdevelopedafullfleetofcommercialjetliners,eachmodelcustommadetosuittherequirementsofspecificairroutes.
BOEING707byDanielRobinson
1Startwith9”x9”paper.Valleyfoldandunfold,twice.
2Valleyfoldouteredgestowardcentercreaseandunfold.
3Valleyfoldtheentirelengthdiagonallyandunfold.Valleyfoldsmallersection,asindicated,andunfold.
4Valleyfoldatanglebisectorsandunfold.
5Valleyfoldtocreaseindicatedfrompreviousstep.
6Mountainfoldinhalf.
7Mountainfoldalongexistingcrease.
8Valleyfoldbothsectionsinhalf,creasingfirmly,andunfold.
9Valleyfoldtopandbottomedgestothesameexistingcreaseandunfold.
10Valleyfoldtopandbottomedgestothelowestexistingcreaseandunfold.
11Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.
12Valleyfold,aligningtopedgetothetopmostcreaseandunfold.Thenunfoldentiremodel.
13Valleyfold,extendingexistingcreases,andunfold.
Note:Payparticularattentiontoorientationbeforeproceeding.
14Rabbit-earfoldusingexistingcreases.
15Turnover.
16Rabbit-earfoldusingexistingcreases.
17Turnover.
18RepeatSteps14–17twicemore,resultinginfourmorerabbit-earfolds.
19Valleyfoldalongexistingcreaseandunfold.Openthepleatedsectionontheleftside.
20Mountainfoldalongexistingcreasewhilesquashfoldingfinalaccordion-likesection.
21RepeatStep20onoppositeside.Turnover.
22Rabbit-earfoldthecorners,similartosteps14–18,untilnomorepaperremains.
23Valleyfold,creasingfirmly,andunfold.Openthemodelforthefollowingcomplexfold.
24Mountainfoldalongcreasefrompreviousstepandthenreversefoldthecreasesintheshadedareatocollapsethemodel.
Workfromtheoutside,inward.
25Opentheoppositeendofthemodel.
26Valleyfoldusingexistingcrease.
Note:ThemodelwillnotlieflatforSteps26–27.
27Pinchthepapertoestablishmountainfoldcreasesandre-collapsethetop,pleatedsectionofthemodel.
28Collapsethelowerleftsidealongexistingcreaseswhilepullingthetopedgedownward.Distributethelayerssothatthe
triangularsectionswraparoundbothsidesofthemodel,allowingthemodeltoflatten.
29Openthetailandviewfromabove.
Note:ThemodelwillnotlieflatforSteps29–32.
30Valleyfoldandunfold.
31Outsidereversefoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
32Mountainfold.Rotate.
33Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.
34Insidereversefoldthetopflap.Distributethelayersasshown.
35Openoneoftheinteriorflaps,thenreversefoldintothepocket.
36Step35inprogress.Viewfrombelow.
37Flattenthetail.Detailedviewofthewingstofollow.
38Openandsquashfold.
39Valleyfoldflapalongitshinge.
40Valleyfoldthetoplayerandunfold.
41Openandsquashfoldthetoplayertotheleftwhileshiftingtheattachedportiondown…
Note:Themodelwillnotlieflat.
42…andcollapsebycreatingvalleyfoldcrease.
43Openandsquashfold.
44Releasetrappedpaper.
45Curltheflaps,givingshapetotheengines.RepeatSteps38–45onoppositeside.
46Lowerthewingsdownataroughly60-degreeangle.Thenoseoftheplanewillpivotupwardnaturally.
47Unfold,revertingbacktoStep46.
48Liftthetoplayer,includingthetailsection,upward,establishingcreasebetweentworeferencepoints.
49ValleyfoldthecreasefromStep46withoutflatteningtheupperedge.
50Squashfold,flatteningthemodel,ensuringthatthemountaincreaseliesalongthe60-degreeangle.
51Crimpfoldtorealignplane.
52Insidereversefold,givingshapetothenoseoftheplane.
53Sinkfoldtheloweredgewhileshapingthetop.Raisethewingsandtailoftheplane.
ThecompletedBoeing707
Note:Glueasnecessarytoholdthemodeltogether.
DEHAVILLANDSEAVIXEN“ANDLIKENOOTHERSCULPTUREINTHEHISTORYOFART,THEDEADENGINEANDDEAD
AIRFRAMECOMETOLIFEATTHETOUCHOFAHUMANHAND,ANDJOINTHEIRLIFEWITHTHE
PILOT’SOWN.”—RichardBach,AGiftOfWings
FirstdesignedbythedeHavillandAircraftCompany,thedeHavillandSeaVixenwaslatercalledtheHawkerSiddeleySeaVixenfollowingthemergerofthedeHavillandCompanywiththeHawkerSiddelelyGroupin1960.TheSeaVixenwasanall-weather,two-seat,twin-engine,andtwin-boomedfighterjet.Itsfirstflightwasin1959afterwhichitwasintegratedintoBritain’sRoyalNavalFleetAirArmandremainedinserviceuntil1972.
Thelayoutofthefighterjetfeaturedaboomattachedtoeachwingthatextendedbackwardandattachedtoeithersideofthetailwing.Thisconstructionallowedforanunobstructedrearview,andalsoforanenginetobeattachedattherearoftheshortfuselage.
TheBritishswept-wingSeaVixenisthefirstBritishfighterjetthatdidnotcarrymachinesguns.Itwasarmedinsteadwithbombs,rockets,andmissiles.TheyincludedfourFirestreakair-to-airmissiles,twoMicrocellunguidedtwo-inchrocketpacks,andfour
500-poundbombs.PoweredbytwoRolls-RoyceAvon208turbojetengines,thissupersonicweaponofmassdestructionhadatopspeedof690milesperhour.Itwouldbehardtoconjureamoreintimidatingfighterplane.
ThecrewoftheSeaVixenconsistedofapilotandanavigator—or“observer,”ashewouldbecalledinEngland.Thecockpithadanunusualconfiguration,withthepilotbeingoffsettotheleft,andtheobserverloweredentirelywithinthefuselageontheright.Theobserver’sspacewassocrampedanddarkthatitwasroutinelyreferredtoasthe“coalhole.”Accesswaspossiblethroughaflush-fittedtophatch.
Onmissions,thepilotflewtheplanewhiletheobserverpinpointedtheenemyusingtworadarscreens,anddirectedthepilottohelpintercepttargets.Theradar,however,wasnearlyblindtotargetsunderneaththeplane,sotheSeaVixenhadtoflybelowitsintendedtargetfortheradartoperformeffectively.
Thingscouldgetabitchaoticduringdiveattacksbecausetheenginesweresonoisy.Althoughtheobserverusuallyshoutedonedirectionafteranotherabovetheracket,sometimesthemosteffectivewayforhimtotellthepilottopulloutofadiveintimewastopokehimwithapointyobject—easytoaccomplishsincetheywereoperatinginsuchclosequarters.
AlthoughSeaVixenswereneverdeployedinadeclaredwar,theydidparticipateinanumberofmilitaryoperations.In1964,flyingoffthecarrierHMSCentaur,theyprovidedcoverforBritishRoyalMarineslandingbyhelicopterinAfrica.Thatsameyear,thefighterjetslaunchedairstrikesinthePersianGulfaimedatrebelforcesinYemen,andweresenttothewatersofftheIndonesiancoasttopreventanescalationofhostilitiesbetweenIndonesiaandMalaysia.In1967,theywereagaindeployedinthePersianGulftoprovidecoverforBritishforcespullingoutofYemen.
In1968,sixSeaVixenfighterpilotsformedanaerobaticdisplayteaminthetownofYeovilton,thetowninEnglandwheretheircarrierwasbased.Themencalledthemselves“Simon’sSircus”aftertheirlieutenantcommander,SimonIdiens.TheyevenhadalioncubmascotthattheyalsonamedSimon.Tothedelightandaweofspectatorsinsurroundingtowns,theimpressivegroupwouldperformsteepturns,dives,loops,andbarrelrollsinquicksuccession,andthenregroupinto“arrow,”“spearhead,”and“bombburst”formations.Althoughtheirswaswidelyconsideredthemostspectacularairshowoftheirtime,theydisbandedafteronlyoneseason.
Thesejetsweresuperresponsivemachines,andpilotslovedtoflythem.Today,justoneSeaVixenisstillairworthy.OwnedbydeHavillandAviation,theplanecanbeseenatthecompany’shangarinBournemouthAirportinDorset,England,oratairshowsintheUnitedKingdom.
DEHAVILLANDSEAVIXENbyDanielRobinson
1Startwith9”x9”paper.Valleyfoldandunfold,twice.
2Aligntopandbottomedgeswithcentercrease,createpinchmarksattheouteredges,andunfold.
Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefolds.
3Valleyfold,aligningtheedgestothepinchmarks,andunfoldonlythetopcrease.
4Turnover,keepingfoldededgeatthebottom.
5Valleyfoldinhalf.
6Valleyfoldtoplayeratanglebisectorsandunfold.Donotfoldthesmalllayerbehind.
7Insidereversefoldusingexistingcreases.
8Lowertheundersidelayer.
9Valleyfoldsectioninhalf.
10Turnover.
11Valleyfoldtopflapsatanglebisectors.
12Valleyfoldtopflapsatanglebisectorsandunfold.
13Squashfoldeachside,similartoapetalfold,usingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
14Valleyfoldsectionsinhalf,creasingfirmly,andunfold.
15Opensinkfoldusingcreasesfrompreviousstep.
16Turnover.
17Valleyfoldupwardalongexistingcreaseline.
18Foldsectionsinhalf,createpinchmarksnearverticalcentercrease,andunfold.
Note:Donotcreasetheentirelengthofthefolds.
19Valleyfoldasindicated.
20Unfoldlayersofthewingsection.
21Valleyfoldalongtheexistingcrease…
22…andvalleyfoldoncemorealongadditionalexistingcrease.
23Valleyfoldalonglongexistingcrease,closingtheportionofthewing.
24RepeatSteps19–23onoppositewing.
25Valleyfoldthelongflapsoutwardwhileswivelfoldingthetopsection.
26Valleyfoldthewingsdownward.
27Mountainfoldthelongflapbehindthemodelatanangleslightlywiderthan45degrees.
28RepeatStep27onoppositeside.
29Unfold,revertingbacktoStep27.
30Valleyfold,asindicated,andunfold.Turnover.
31Valleyfoldalongedgesofthelongflapsandunfold.
32Pleatfoldbothsides,tuckingunderthelongflaps.
33Turnover.
34Valleyfold,aligningbottomedgestoexistingcreases,andunfold.
35Valleyfoldatanglebisectors,aligningtopedgewithcentercrease.
36Pleatfoldthelongflapsoutwardwhileswivelfoldingthetopsection.
37Detailedviewtofollow.
38Swivelfold,narrowingthesectionsindicated.
39Outsidereversefoldalongexistingcreases.Distributethreelayersontopandtwoonthebottom.
40Mountainfoldthroughalllayerssothatthetailflapsstandupright.
41Foldeachflaptowardtheother,tuckingoneintotheother.
42Oneflapcanbeinsertedbetweenthelayersoftheother,lockingitinplace.
43Createindicatedcreases,addingdimensiontothetailandbody.
ThecompletedDeHavillandSeaVixen
CONCORDE“IT’LLCHANGETHESHAPEOFTHEWORLD,IT’LLSHRINKTHEGLOBEBYHALF.WE’RETRYINGTOBUILDTHEMODELTFORDOFTHESUPERSONICSFORTHE1970SAND1980S.ITREPLACES
INONESTEPTHEENTIREPROGRESSMADEINAVIATIONSINCETHEWRIGHTBROTHERSIN
1903.”—TonyBenn,England’stechnologyminister,ontheConcorde
TherecouldbenobetternamefortheSupersonicTransport(SST)planethanConcorde—embodyinginoneelegantwordthejet’sentirebackstory.ConcordeistheFrenchwordfor“concord,”or“agreement.”Indeedbeforethisplanecouldbebuilt,anumberofagreementshadtobemade—geo-politicalconcerns,developmentalandoperationalcosts,issuesofstructureanddesign,evenitsveryname.
IntheyearsfollowingWorldWarII,whenitcametocommercialairlines,theUnitedStatesledthepack.Bythelate1960s,therewasconsiderablesentimentabroadthatitwastimeforEuropeannationstocatchup.Sinceitwasawell-knownfactthatcommercialaviationoweditsdevelopmenttoadvancesinmilitarytechnology,therecameapushinEnglandandFrancetogainanaeronauticadvantagebyinitiatingthenextstepinaviationtechnology—adaptingsupersonicmilitaryplanesforcivilianuse.Itwasassumedthatinthenearfuture,allairtravelwouldbebysupersonictransport,andthatpassengerswouldnotbalkatthehigherpriceinexchangeforspeed.
InEngland,asupersonictransportaircraftcommittee(STAC)wasformedtoestablishthecostofdevelopment.Significantly,thefourlargestplayersintheBritishaircraftindustryagreedtocollaborate—shouldtheprojectgoforward—andtoprovideSTACwithanestimate.Thepricetheyarrivedatwas150millionpounds(about255millionU.S.dollars).ThisstaggeringcostwasmetwithnegativitybytheBritishcabinet,sincemuchofthefundingwouldcomefromthegovernment.Itwasagreedthatpartneringwithanothercountrywouldbethebestwaytocovercosts.
ThestrongestinterestcamefromFrance.EvenwithFrance’sparticipation,however,anumberofBritishcabinetmembersstillfeltthatthecostwasprohibitive.JustastheCabinetwaspoisedtorejecttheproposal,timingworkedtotheadvantageofthe
supersonictransport’sproponents.Intheearly1960s,GreatBritainwaspressingtoentertheCommonMarket,butonlyonecountrystoodinitsway;FrancehadrepeatedlyvotedagainstadmittingGreatBritainintotheunion.ItwassubsequentlynegotiatedthatthedecisiontopartnerwithFranceontheSSTwouldbecontingentonEngland’sacceptanceintotheCommonMarket.Soinsteadofacommercialagreement,bothsidesendedupsigninganinternationaltreatyin1962tocollaborateontheplane.
TherehadbeeninitialobjectiontotheFrenchname“Concorde”intheUK—Britainpreferredtospellitwithoutthe“e.”WhenTonyBenn,theBritishMinisterofTechnology,statedthatthe“e”stoodfor“Excellence,England,andEurope,”thefurordieddown.SincethenoseoftheplanehadbeenbuiltinScotland,hefurtheraddedthat“e”alsostoodfor“Écosse,”theFrenchnameforScotland.
IssuesofdesignweresettledthroughyearsofsuccessfulcollaborationbetweenFrenchandBritishdesigners.Itwasuniversallyacceptedthatforfighterplanes,theswept-wingdesignworkedbestatsupersonicspeeds.Butthosesameshort,sweptbackwingsdidnotcreateenoughliftatthelowspeedsapassengerplanewouldrequirefortakeoff.Afterconsiderableresearch,adifferentwingstylewasproposed—the“slenderdeltaconcept”namedfortheGreeklettershapedlikeatriangle.Theonlydrawbackwiththisdesignwasthattogeneratesufficientlift,deltawingsrequiredthattheplanetakeoffandland“nosehigh.”Thesolutionwastomakethelandinggeartallertoachievetheproperpitchwhilestillontherunway,keepingtherearenginefromtouchingtheground.Becauseofthesteepangleneededfortakeoff,thetipofConcorde’snosewasmadetotiltdownwardontakeoffandlandingsoasnottoblockthepilot’sview.Itwasraisedagaininflight.Concordemeasured204feet,alengththatwouldincreaseby6to10inchesduringtheflight,duetotheheatingoftheairframe.Tocounteractthis,aspecialheat-dissipatingpaintwasappliedtothefuselage.
Concordewithstood5,000hoursoftestingbeforeitwasdeemedsafeforpassengers.Itsperformanceexceededthedesigners’highestexpectations,reducingthetimeforatransatlanticflightbymorethanhalf.Flyingattwicethespeedofsound,Concordehadatakeoffspeedof250milesperhour,andacruisingspeedof1,350milesperhour.Tocelebratetheirhistoriccollaboration,Concorde’sinauguralflightstookoffsimultaneouslyfromLondontoBahrain,andfromParistoRiodeJaneiroonJanuary21,1976.Eachcarried100passengers.Concordecontinuedtoflyfor27years.
Duetoasteepriseinoilprices,ageneraldownturnintheglobaleconomy,andenvironmentalconcerns—nottheleastofwhichwastheexcessivenoisefromitsengines—AirFranceandBritishAirwaysmadethepainfuldecisiontoretireConcordein2003.Sincethen,noothercommercialairplanehascomeclosetorivalingitsspeedorbreath-takingdesign.
CONCORDEbyMarcKirschenbaum
1Startwith8”x8”paper.Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.
2Valleyfoldatanglebisectors.
3Turnover.
4Valleyfoldinhalfandunfold.
5Valleyfold,aligningloweredgetoexistinghorizontalcrease.
6Unfold.
7RepeatSteps5–6onoppositeside.
8Mountainfold,usingtheendsofexistingcreasesasaguide.
9Rabbit-earfoldthelowerportionwhilemountainfoldinginhalf,allowingthelowertiptoflipoutward.
10Openthetoplayerandsquashfoldtheleftsidewhilevalleyfoldingthesectionontherightdownward.
11Releasepaperfromunderneath,overlappingitalongexistingcreasesontothetopofthemodel.
12Valleyfoldatedgeofnewlyraisedsectionandunfold.
13RepeatSteps10–12onoppositeside.
14Lowerthewingsalongexistingvalleyfoldcreases.Createmountainfoldstoroundthebody,allowingtheendtotaper
off.
15Crimpfoldbothsidesofthenoseoftheplane,loweringthesection.Rotate.
Note:Fortheadventurous,thecrimpfoldscanbesinkfoldedtolockthemodeltogether.
ThecompletedConcorde
Note:Glueasnecessarytoholdthemodeltogether.
ABOUTTHEARTISTSSETHFRIEDMANbeganfoldingorigamiasachild.Growinguplargelyunawareofthedramaticandrapidevolutionintheworldoforigamiatthetime,heemergedasoneoftheleadingexpertsintechnical,sculpturalorigamiemphasizingrealismandproducingbreathtakingmodelsinspiredbynature.Hehastaughtandexhibitedhisworkinternationally.
MARCKIRSCHENBAUMisahighlyregardedorigamiartist.Hisworkhasbeenexhibitedinmanyprestigiousmuseumsandinstitutions,includingtheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,TheSmithsonian,andtheMingeiInternationalMuseum.Hisworkcanbefoundinnumerousbooksandperiodicals.HeiscurrentlyonOrigamiUSA’sBoardofDirectors.
JASONKUholdsaMaster’sDegreeinMechanicalEngineeringfromMITwhereheservedasthepresidentofitsorigamiclub,OrigaMIT,forsevenyears.Hebeganfoldingwhenhewasfiveyearsold,andhasbeendesigningmodelssincehighschool.Kuhastraveledinternationallytoteachandexhibitorigami.HeisonOrigamiUSA’sBoardofDirectors,aswellasthechairandmanagingeditorofitsonlinemagazine,TheFold.
DANIELROBINSONisanindustrialdesignerwhohasbeenfoldingforover25years.Hisworkhasbeenpublishednumeroustimesaroundtheworld.Heisheavilyinfluencedbynature,balancingphysicalfeatureswithasubject’sessence.Ensuringthatthemodelshedesignsarefuntofoldisequallyimportanttohim.