Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.
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Transcript of Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.
![Page 1: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
Subject presses a button as soon as x appears
![Page 3: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
![Page 4: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
![Page 5: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
![Page 6: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
X
![Page 7: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
![Page 8: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
That was a validly cued trial because the x appeared in the box that flashed
![Page 9: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
![Page 10: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
![Page 11: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
![Page 12: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
X
![Page 13: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
![Page 14: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Orienting Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
That was an invalidly cued trial because the x appeared in the box that didn’t flash
![Page 15: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Paradigms Used To Study Attention
• Posner Cue - Target Paradigm:
Attention Effect = Valid RT - Invalid RT
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Voluntary Orienting
• Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a voluntary shift of attention?
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Voluntary Orienting
• Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a voluntary shift of attention?– Informative cue– Validity = greater than 50%
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Voluntary Orienting
• Under what circumstances would a cue lead to a voluntary shift of attention?– Informative cue– Validity = greater than 50%
• What is another way to make this paradigm a voluntary orienting paradigm?
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Voluntary Orienting
• What is another way to make this paradigm a voluntary orienting paradigm?
Symbolic cues may orient attention towards another location.Stimulus cues orient attention to the stimulated location.
Symbolic Cue
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Voluntary Orienting
• What is the time course of voluntary orienting?
Cue - Target Interval
ResponseTime
Invalidly Cued Targets
Validly Cued Targets
About 200 ms
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Reflexive Orienting
• Attention can be automatically “summoned” to a location at which an important event has occurred:
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Reflexive Orienting
• Attention can be automatically “summoned” to a location at which an important event has occurred:– Loud noise– Motion– New Object
• We call this attentional capture
Transients
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Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
… in what way?
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Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
• How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting?
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Reflexive Orienting
• The Posner cueing paradigm (with blinking boxes) confounds reflexive and voluntary orienting
• How could we change the Posner cueing paradigm to make it asses only reflexive orienting?
• Make validity 50% (non-informative cue)
![Page 26: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Reflexive Orienting
• Time course of reflexive orienting is counterintuitive
Cue - Target Interval (ms)
ResponseTime
Valid
Invalid
0 500 1000About 50 ms
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Reflexive Orienting
• Time course of reflexive orienting is counterintuitive
• Delayed response at validly cued location after long cue-target interval is known as inhibition of return (IOR)
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Reflexive Orienting
• Time course of reflexive orienting is counterintuitive
• Delayed response at validly cued location after long cue-target interval is known as inhibition of return (IOR)
• Thought to occur because attention goes to cued location, then leaves and is inhibited from returning
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Reflexive Orienting
• Can symbolic cues be reflexive?
Almost never but …
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Reflexive Orienting
• Can symbolic cues be reflexive?
Reflexive orienting to direction of eye gaze
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Reflexive Orienting
• Potential cues for Reflexive Orienting– Loud noise– Motion– New Object
• New Objects are powerful attention grabbers!
Transients
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New Objects Capture Attention
IS THERE AN “H”?
Initial scene viewed for several hundred ms
Yantis & Jonides (1990): New-Object Paradigm
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New Objects Capture Attention
New scene: search for target letter
IS THERE AN “H”?
Yantis & Jonides (1990): New-Object Paradigm
H may be revealed from and 8 or may appear as a new object
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Reflexive Orienting
• Steven Yantis and colleagues– Result:
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Reflexive Orienting
• Steven Yantis and colleagues– Result:
Targets are found faster when they are “new objects” than when they are revealed from “old” objects
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Reflexive Orienting
• Steven Yantis and colleagues– Interpretation:
The visual system prioritizes in dealing with visual objects - relatively recent objects are “flagged” while older objects are disregarded
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The Physiology of Attention
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Physiology of Attention
• Neural systems involved in orienting
• Neural correlates of selection
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Disorders of Orienting
• Lesions to parietal cortex can produce some strange behavioural consequences
ParietalLobe
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Disorders of Orienting
• Lesions to parietal cortex can produce some strange behavioural consequences
– patients fail to notice events on the contralesional side
– Patients behave as if they are blind in the contralesional hemifield but they are not blind
![Page 41: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Lesions to parietal cortex can produce some strange behavioural consequences
– patients fail to notice events on the contralesional side
– Patients behave as if they are blind in the contralesional hemifield but they are not blind
![Page 42: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Called Hemispatial Neglect - patients appear unable to process information in the contralesional hemifield
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Disorders of Orienting
• Hypothesis: Parietal cortex somehow involved in orienting attention into contralesional space
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Disorders of Orienting
• Posner and colleagues
– Use cue-target paradigm to investigate attentional abilities of parietal lesion patients
Contralesional Ipsilesional
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Disorders of Orienting
Results: Valid cue in contralesional field is effective
invalid- contralesional target
valid - contralesional target
invalid - ispilesional target
valid - ipsilesional target
Results: Severe difficulty with invalidly cued contralesional target
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Disorders of Orienting
• Interpretation:– Patients have difficulty disengaging
attention from good hemifield so that it can be shifted to contralesional hemifield
![Page 47: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Interpretation:
– Patients have difficulty disengaging attention from good hemifield so that it can be shifted to contralesional hemifield
– Parietal cortex is somehow involved in disengaging attention
![Page 48: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Disengage - Shift - Engage Model– Parietal Cortex notices events and
disengages attention
![Page 49: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Disengage - Shift - Engage Model– Parietal Cortex notices events and
disengages attention– Superior Colliculus moves attention
![Page 50: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Disengage - Shift - Engage Model– Parietal Cortex notices events and
disengages attention– Superior Colliculus moves attention– Pulvinar Nucleus reengages attention
![Page 51: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Disengage - Shift - Engage Model– Parietal Cortex notices events and
disengages attention– Superior Colliculus moves attention– Pulvinar Nucleus reengages attention– Entire process is under some top-down
control from Frontal Cortex
![Page 52: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Orienting mechanism can be interfered with in normal brains
![Page 53: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Orienting mechanism can be interfered with in normal brains– changes that are not accompanied by transients are hard to
detect
![Page 54: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Orienting mechanism can be interfered with in normal brains– changes that are not accompanied by transients are hard to
detect• e.g. building appearing slowly
• orienting mechanism scans the scene aimlessly
![Page 55: Orienting Attention Posner Cue - Target Paradigm: Subject presses a button as soon as x appears.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d6b5503460f94a4a3dd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Disorders of Orienting
• Orienting mechanism can be interfered with in normal brains– changes that are not accompanied by transients are hard to
detect• e.g. building appearing slowly
• orienting mechanism scans the scene aimlessly
– changes accompanied by full-field transients are hard to detect
• e.g. change blindness
• orienting mechanism is blinded by the transient