Organizing Data and Information. What is Data?? Numbers, characters, images, or other method of...
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![Page 1: Organizing Data and Information. What is Data?? Numbers, characters, images, or other method of recording, in a form which can be assessed by a human.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649ef35503460f94c05f21/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Organizing Data and Information
![Page 2: Organizing Data and Information. What is Data?? Numbers, characters, images, or other method of recording, in a form which can be assessed by a human.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649ef35503460f94c05f21/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is Data?? Numbers, characters, images, or other method of recording,
in a form which can be assessed by a human or (especially)input into a computer, stored and processed there, ortransmitted on some digital channel.
Data on its own has no meaning, only when interpreted by somekind of data processing system does it take on meaning andbecome information.
People or computers can find patterns in data to perceiveinformation, and information can be used to enhanceknowledge. Since knowledge is prerequisite to wisdom, wealways want more data and information.
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What is Data??
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Database Concepts
Data is a valuable resource collection of facts/figures/observations storing, organizing, retrieving, sorting,
maintaining data are important activities.
to organize data you must understand:
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Some Key Terminology
FIELDS: A field is a single attribute of an entity Entity can be person, place, object, event,
idea Field Names: Each field is given a name
Examples: Name, Age, Salary Field Value:
Specific value/content of a field name Ex.: “Joe Blow”, 30, 23000
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Some Key Terminology
RECORDS:Group of related field values belonging to a
given entity under consideration FILE:
Group of related records DATABASE:
Group of related files
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Section 035Fields: Field Names: Field Value:
TCU ID Preferred Last Full Name Grd Basis Status Units106-501-303 Josie Benor Benor,Josie Leiser GRD Enrolled 3106-407-964 Chris Bosillo Bosillo,Christopher Wayne GRD Enrolled 3106-430-298 Michael Buono Buono,Michael Vincent GRD Enrolled 3106-379-381 Christopher Byars Byars,Christopher R. GRD Enrolled 3106-373-583 Katie Clement Clement,Katie R. GRD Enrolled 3106-387-806 Cole Davis Davis,Cole St.Clair GRD Enrolled 3106-353-873 James Day Day,James Curtis GRD Enrolled 3106-360-584 Emery Dodson Dodson,Emery Anne GRD Enrolled 3106-414-752 Hilary Felton Felton,Hilary Schrader GRD Dropped 3
Records
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Data Hierarchy
CharacterCharacter
FieldField
RecordRecord
FileFile
DatabaseDatabase
Bits (0 or 1)Bits (0 or 1)
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Data Hierarchy
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Data Management Concerned with
Data accuracy reliable source of data reliable data entry timeliness.
Security protecting data to keep it from being misused
or lost (authorized access, backup) Data maintenance
procedures used to keep data current (adding, changing, deleting)
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The Traditional Approach To Data Management
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Limitations of Files
Data Redundancy – duplicate fields in multiple files
Data Inconsistency – identical fields have different data
Data Isolation – inaccessibility of data from other applications
Security – nonexistent
Data Integrity – accuracy of data in records
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Database
A Database - an organized collection of related data that can service many applications at the same time.
A collection of data is not per se a database. Organized means that you can easily find
what you want. Related means that the data have
significance when viewed together.
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Data Entities and Attributes
Entity Generalized class of people, places, or things
for which data is collected, stored, and maintained
Examples of entities include employees, customers, and inventory
Attributes A characteristic of an entity
For example, employee number, last name, first name, hire date, and department number are attributes for an employee
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Keys
Key: A field or set of fields in a record that
is used to identify the record Primary Key
A field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record
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Keys and Attributes
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The Database Approach to Data Management
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Advantages of Database Approach Improved strategic use
of corporate data Reduced data
redundancy Improved data
integrity Easier modification
and updating Data and program
independence Better access to data
and information
Standardization of data access
Framework for program development
Better overall protection of the data
Shared data and information resources
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Disadvantages of Database Approach
Relatively high cost of purchasing and operating a DBMS in a mainframe operating environment
Increased cost of specialized staff Increased vulnerability
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Database Models
Hierarchical (tree) Network Relational
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Hierarchical Database Model
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Network Database Model
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Relational Database Model
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A Relational Database Model
Link via a common field between
tables
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Relational database and keys
A relational database is a collection of tables that are related to one another based on a common field.
A field, or a collection of fields, is designated as the primary key. The primary key uniquely identifies a record
in the table. When the primary key of one table is
represented in a second table to form a relationship, it is called a foreign key.
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Relating tables using a common field
The primary key in the Employer table (EmployerID) is the common field that relates this table to the Position table.
PositionID is the primary key in the Position table. The EmployerID field is a foreign key in this table.
Primary keys can only have one occurrence in a table. Foreign keys may have multiple occurrences.
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Linking Database Tables to Answer an Inquiry