Organizational Behaviour Dr. Fred Mugambi Mwirigi JKUAT.
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Transcript of Organizational Behaviour Dr. Fred Mugambi Mwirigi JKUAT.
Organizational Behaviour
Dr. Fred Mugambi MwirigiJKUAT
Introduction
Field of study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on behaviour within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organization’s effectiveness.
It is concerned with what people do in organizations and how that behaviour affects organizational performance.
Introduction Contd.
OB incorporates subjects such as employee motivation, interpersonal communication, learning and perception, leadership and power and organizational change and conflict management, among others.
Behaviour
Behaviour is the sum total of people’s responses to stimuli or a combination of people’s actions and reactions.
Behaviour is not random. It is caused and directed towards toward some end that the individual believes, rightly or wrongly, to be in his or her interest.
Behaviour may or may not be predictable or rational
Predicting Behaviour
Predicting behaviour and the motivation behind it is a major challenge for most managers
Unless we can predict behaviour we cannot affect it positively
To accurately predict human behaviour managers must continuously conduct a systematic study of their employees.
This involves attempting to study relationships within the firm, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence.
Causes of Behaviour
Age Gender Marital status No of dependants
and the nature of dependence
Intellectual levels
Physical abilities Income levels Educational
backgrounds Religion Culture Etc
Human foundations lead to behavior
Behavior is a manifestation of personality
Personality is the sum total of all the variables that make us social beings
It is the sum total of ways in which individuals react and interact with others
Personalities
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Determinants of Personality
Personality- the sum total of ways in which individuals react and interact with others.
It is defined in terms of measurable traits. Traits are the enduring characteristics that
describe an individual’s behaviour. Personality is influenced by the following:
Hereditary factors Social interactions Situational factors (what is happening at that
point in time)
Theories of Personality
The Freudian theory Neo-Freudian theory Trait theory
Freudian Theory Advanced by Sigmund Freud, a Psychologist. His psychoanalytic theory of personality is
the cornerstone of modern psychology. It is based on biological needs and drives. Freud proposes that the human personality
consists of three interactive systems. the id the superego the ego
The id
The id is a store of primitive and impulsive biological drives such as hunger, sex, thirst, etc.
In many cases humans seek immediate satisfaction for these drives without concern for the specific means of satisfaction.
The superego
The superego is the individual’s internal expression of society’s moral and ethical codes of conduct.
Its role is to balance out the id by ensuring that the person’s biological needs are satisfied in a socially acceptable way.
The superego restrains the impulsive demands of the id.
The ego
The ego is the individual’s conscious control. It is an internal monitor that restrains the
impulsive demands of the id and at the same time balances the social cultural constraints of the superego.
Neo-Freudian Personality Theory
Several of Freud’s contemporaries disagreed with Freud’s assertion that personality is primarily instinctual and sexual in nature.
They argued that social relationships play a major role in the development of personality.
Many argued that people attempt to establish significant and rewarding relationships with others and so adopt personalities that are acceptable to those around them.
Trait Theory
Focuses on the measurement of personality in terms of specific psychological traits.
A trait is a characteristic that distinguishes one individual from another.
For example, one person may be more flexible to change than the other when faced with a situation that demands change.
Traits include need for uniqueness, high sociability, critical, etc.
Foundations of Behavior
1. Biographical characteristics (e.g. age, marital status, family background, gender, etc.)
2. Ability (intellectual and physical abilities)
3. Learning (any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience). Theories of learning include operant and classical conditioning and social learning theories
4. Attitudes
5. Conflict
Attitudes and behavior
Attitudes are evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people or events. They come from belief systems. They influence behavior
Attitudes have the following components:
1.Cognitive Component- The opinion or belief segment of an attitude
2.Affective Component- The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude
3.Behavioural Component- An intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something
Friday, April 21, 202325 compiled by Fred Mugambi
Attitudes contd.
The components of attitudes are closely related and the cognition and affective components are inseparable. E.g. if an employee didn’t get a promotion that she thought she deserved (cognition), the employee strongly dislikes her supervisor (affective), and the employee seriously looks for another job (behaviour).
If we affect attitudes we influence behaviour
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Conflict and Behaviour
A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about
Encompasses a wide range of conflicts that people experience in organisations
Incompatibility of goalsDifferences over interpretations of factsDisagreements based on behavioural
expectations
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Transitions in Conflict Thought
Traditional View of Conflict The belief that all conflict is harmful and must be
avoided Human Relations View of Conflict
The belief that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group
Interactionist View of Conflict The belief that conflict is not only a positive force in
a group but that it is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively
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Functional Versus Dysfunctional Conflict
Conflict Resolution Techniques
Problem solving (structured) Expansion of resources Avoidance of conflict Compromise Authoritative command
Perception and Behavior
Perception
A process by which individuals organise and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
People’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important.
People’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important.
Friday, April 21, 202331 compiled by Fred Mugambi
Friday, April 21, 202332 compiled by Fred Mugambi
What Influences Perception?
Methods of shaping behavior
Positive reinforcement- following a response with something pleasant
Negative reinforcement- following a response by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant
Contd.
Punishment- causing an unpleasant condition in an attempt to eliminate an undesirable behaviour
Extinction- eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behaviour. When the behaviour is not reinforced, it tends to gradually be extinguished.
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-interval reinforcement schedule- rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals; the critical variable is time, and it is held constant. Some examples
Variable-interval reinforcements- rewards are distributed in time so that reinforcements are unpredictable
Contd.
Fixed-ratio schedule- after a fixed or constant number of responses are given, a reward is initiated.
Variable-ratio schedule- the reward varies relative to the behaviour of the individual
Recap
Foundations Belief
Systems Personality Behavior
Incorporating controls
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Thank you