ORGANIC RICE PRODUCTION

Boondit Varinruk Agronomist

Rice Research and Development Division, Rice Department, MOAC, Thailand. E-mail: boondit.v@rice.mail.go.th June 2-3, 2015

SRI (System of Rice Intensification) &

Topics ORGANIC RICE PRODUCTION :

1. OR production framework

2. OR farming model development

3. Some OR research & development

4. Case: OR cultivation in Upper Northern Thailand

Comment to SRI : 1. SRI & Conventional techniques

2. Modification of SRI

3. Experiment in the farmer field

2. ORGANIC RICE PRODUCTION FRAME WORK

1992 : Chiengrai & Phayao : North

* private company, farmers, RD

‚ FRAGRANT RICE‛

1993 : Surin & Yasothon : Northeast

* NGO’s, farmer group

ORGANIC RICE PRODUCTION in THAILAND

*Chiengrai *Payao

*Surin *Yasothorn

“ CHIENGRAI/PHAYAO “ Facilitate by

‘Top Organic Products & Supplies’ (STC)

MARKETING : TOP, Riseria Monferrato

FARMING : 3 farmer groups RRDD

PROCESSING : CRI miller, CapRice

CERTIFY : BAC (Italy)

‚ORGANIC RICE : ThHML, GR‛

3. ORGANIC FARMING MODEL DEVELOPMENT

3 Layers: A: BASIC ASPECTS/GUIDELINE B: FARMERS PRACTICES C: RECOMMENDED TECHNOLOGY (R&D) 3 COMPONENTS :

A: Production site B: Cultivation model C: Product management

Certification system

BASIC ASPACTS OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

Emphasize; soil fertility, bio-diversity, balance of nature

Chemical-free, GMO’s free ‘safety food’

Health and environment concern

Certification and traceability

Green business.

1. Production site

Soil fertility, Topography, Water, Climate

Resources, Risk & Support factors

Boundary, Contamination, Treatment & Protection

“Production site management”

2. Cultivation model : (techniques & inputs)

Varieties & seed

Cultural practices

Soil fertility management

Crop protection

Post harvest management

“Cultivation management”

3. PRODUCTION/YIELD MANAGEMENT

• Harvesting date

• Estimated yield

• Tools & Material preparation

• Combined harvester dating

• Paddy rice drying plan

• Paddy bags tagging/coding

• Separation from other paddy rice??

Certification system

Site assessment

Cultivation techniques assessment, monitoring and sampling

Production stock & quality control

Report summary & verify

Certify or not…

OR Model arrangement

A : Conformed components adapted

B : Incompatible components:

replace by local materials/techniques

research and development C : Base on : the advantage of local

resource, traditional cultivar, suitable condition.

4. SELECTED RESEARCH ON ORGANIC RICE :

4.1 Varietal assessment :

Variety Group

ORGANIC CHEMICAL

t/ha % t/ha %

1. Photo-sens. 3.3 102 3.2 100

2. Non-photo-sens. 3.7 86 4.4 100

3. HYV 4.3 84 5.1 100

4. Japonica 2.1 73 2.9 100

a. 1999-2001 Varietal assessment

b. 2002 : Varietal assessment

CV(M)=13.3% CV(S) =8.0% F-test: M x S = 1.75ns

Variety (S) Cultivation (M) Mean-

variety Chemical Organic Untreated

1. KDML105 2.98 2.91 2.68 2.86cd

2. Red jasmine 2.84 2.67 2.05 2.52c

3. Hawm Pitsanulok 1 3.38 3.61 2.88 3.29 b

4. RD6 3.08 3.28 2.72 3.03 c

5. Suphan Buri 1 4.05 4.30 3.45 3.91 a

6. Pathumtani 1 3.18 2.69 2.48 2.79 d

7. Sakolnakorn 3.10 2.90 2.75 2.91cd

8. Sanpatong 1 4.14 3.94 3.54 3.88a

Mean – model 3.34 a 3.28 a 2.82 b -

c. 2003 : Varietal assessment

CV(M)=11.0% CV(S) =7.7% F-test: M x S = 2.11*

Variety (S) Cultivation (M) Mean-

variety Chemical Organic Untreated

1. KDML105 3.71a 3.83a 3.01b 3.52

2. Red jasmine 4.04a 4.11a 3.14b 3.76

3. Hawm Pitsanulok 1 3.96a 3.88a 3.33b 3.72

4. RD6 4.28a 4.09ab 3.68b 4.01

5. Suphan Buri 1 5.03a 4.58a 3.86b 4.49

6. Pathumtani 1 4.66a 3.98b 3.66b 4.10

7. Sakolnakorn 3.98a 3.36b 3.23b 3.52

8. Sanpatong 1 5.15a 4.24b 3.84b 4.41

Mean – model 4.35 4.01 3.47 -

d. RICE VARIETY FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION

• Most of photo-sensitive tall varieties are suitable

• Some semi-dwarft is suitable (e.g.SPR1)

• Japonica rice is not suitable to organic cultivation (due to high N requirement)

4.2 Planting method improvement :

a. 1999-2001 : at CHR

Plt. methods Grain yield (t/ha)

1998 1999 2000 2001

1. Dibbling 1/ 4.0a 4.1a 2.8b 1.9b

2. Drilled in row 3.9a 4.0a 4.0a 2.1b

3. Broadcasting 4.2a 4.1a 3.6a 2.2b

4. Transplanting 4.0a 3.7a 3.3ab 3.6a

C.V.(%) 11.6 6.9 15.1 11.8

1/ changed to pre-germinated seed broadcasting

b. 2002-2003 average* on 3 locations :

Planting method

Location Mean

PAN PRE SPT

t/ha %ck t/ha %ck t/ha %ck t/ha %ck

1. pre-germinated seed broadcasting

2.51 79 2.88 67 3.61 98 3.00 81

2. Dry-seed broadcasting 2.88 91 2.83 66 3.17 86 2.96 80

3. Dry-seed drilled 2.80 88 3.54 83 3.06 83 3.13 84

4. Transplanting(CK) 3.18 100 4.28 100 3.69 100 3.72 100

Mean 2.84 - 3.38 - 3.38 - 3.20 -

*Average from 3rd to 6th year experiments out of 8 year

c: PLANTING METHOD for OR

• Transplanting is the most preferred

• Dry-seeded drilling and broadcasting can be used in some area

• Recommend to alternate planting method

4.3 Soil fertility management :

a. 1997-2000 at CRI :

* Rice plants were infected by bacterial leaf bright and neck blast.

Treatments Years

1997 1998 1999 * 2000

1. Green manure (mung bean) 2.63b 4.28a 3.22a 3.31b

2. Animal manure (cow dung) 2.90b 4.14a 3.21a 3.36ab

3. T1+T2 3.18b 4.18a 3.39a 3.83a

4. Chemical fertility (9-6-0) 3.63a 4.45a 3.43a 3.37ab

5. Control 2.82b 3.43b 3.21a 2.80b

Means 3.12 4.11 3.29 3.30

C.V. (%) 8.5 11.1 5.2 11.2

b. 1998-2001 average on 4 locations :

Treatments

Locations Means

PAN PSL UBN PTL T/ha %CK

1. Green manure 3.28 2.58 2.48 1.93 2.57 154 2. Compost - - 2.43 1.99 2.21 132 3. Animal manure 3.28 2.98 2.54 2.01 2.16 129 4. Chemical fertilizer

3.64 3.29 2.61 2.39 2.98 178

5. Control (CK) 2.96 2.22 2.00 1.17 1.67 100 Means 3.29 2.77 2.41 1.90 - -

c.Green manure 1999-2001 at CRI

Treatment RD15 KDML105

1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001

1. Control 2.56b 3.09b 2.68 abc 2.51b 3.19d 3.38bc

2. Cow pea 2.46b 3.11b 2.21c 2.55b 3.32cd 3.36bc

3. Mung bean 2.68b 3.24ab 2.38bc 2.54b 3.28cd 3.12c

4. Sunn hemp 2.63b 3.31ab 2.53 abc 2.50b 3.66bc 3.31bc

5. Seabania rostrata 3.11a 3.41a 2.78ab 3.06a 3.78ab 3.97a

6. CF (3+3) –4-4 3.46a 3.43a 2.99a 3.06a 4.14a 3.51ab

Mean 2.82 3.27 2.60 2.70 3.56 3.44

C.V.(%) 9.1 4.8 12.5 8.5 7.8 6.3

d. SOIL FERTILITY MANAGMANT FOR OR

• GM (mung bean) + FYM = CF

• KDML 105 average yield vary to location (N S)

• Stubble GM CP FYM

• Organic <10-20% return <Chemical

• GM : Sesbania, Sunn hemp = 18.8 kgN/ha = CF : suited to organic farming (erratic rainfall cond.)

5. ORGANIC RICE CULTIVATION IN NORTHERN THAILAND

• 800 ha rice field

• Soil: 1.0-2.5 % o.m. ; 3-38 ppm P, 25-91 ppm K

• Depend to rainfall

• 1,200-1,400 mm annual rainfall

• rice growing during May-Nov.

before rice : GM crops.

after rice : fallow, animal grazing

5.1 RICE VARIETIES & SEED PRODUCTION

• Fragrant rice :

KDML105, RD15

• seed produced by farmer group with technical recommendation and supported by CHR Rice Research Center

รูปภาพ

• รวงขา้ว • ขา้วเปลือก,กลอ้ง,ขา้วสาร

5.2 LAND PREPARATION & PLANTING METHODS

• Plowed twice : Mar-April รูปภาพ

• รถไถนา • ขา้วนาหวา่น

• แปลงกลา้, ขา้วนาด า

Dry ”seeded - 95kg/ha (mixed w/ mung bean broadcast fb. harrowing) Transplanted - 62 kg/ha - prepare seedling nursery in May & June - puddle soil and left submerged - transplant in June & August

5.3 SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT

A Plow rice stubble & corporate in to the soil

B Grow green manure crops ; sunn hemp, Sesbania, mungbean

C Add rice straw compost (if necessary)

D Apply FYM : cow dung (if necessary)

•

5.4 WATER MANAGEMENT & WEED CONTROL

• 5-10 cm dept of water vigorous plants

• transplanting weed control

• hand/mechanical weeding

(if necessary)

• drain out 10-15 d before harvesting (depend on soil texture)

รูปภาพ

• ขา้วหลงัปักด า • คนถอนหญา้

5.5 PEST CONTROL

A Craps & golden apple snail : drain out ;collect for animal feed & bio-extract application

Toxic plants: oleader, tea waste

B Gall midge : DSR < TPR

C Blast : ORF < CRF

D Natural enamies were observed

5.6 POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT

• Harvested by sickle 2-3 d sun dry

collect & pile in the field 10-50 d.

threshing # manpower # machine

13-15 % M.C. paddy • combined-harvester 4-5 d sun dry

AVERAGE GRAIN YIELD : 3-4 T/ha

5.7 STORAGE & PROCESSING

CR/PY farmer * 2,800 t paddy

Miller (CRI) * 1,000 t w/b rice

CapRice(BKK) * graded/packed rice

Riseria M. * transport to Italy

Consumers * EU markets

รูปภาพ

• ขา้วเปลือก • ขา้วสาร • ขา้วบรรจุถุง • โรงสี

6. FARMERS’ ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGY

High : “ seed production

“ cultural practices

“ soil & water management

“ weed control

“ post harvest management

Moderate : “ organic fertilizer

“ pest control

Low : “ cropping system

CONCLUSION ‚OR farming in Northern Thailand‛

• high potential rice land ; less risk factors

• favorable conditions w/o serious pest

• long time experienced farmers

• traditional cultivars, local materials

• R&D appropriate technology

• mostly well adpoted by farmers

‚PROTOTYPE FOR

ORGANIC RICE FARMING‛

OR BOOKS

6 Key elements of SRI

1. Seedlings get transplanted at a much younger age.

2. Only single seedlings, instead of a handful of seedlings get planted in each hill.

3. Plants are spaced wider apart, and in a square pattern.

4. Intermittent water application to create wet and dry soil conditions, instead of continuous flood irrigation.

5. Rotary weeding to control weeds and promote soil aeration.

6. Increased use of organic fertilizer to enhance soil fertility.

SRI concept “growing More with Less”

• Less seed use

• Less water use

• Less imported input

(Chem. Fertilizer & pesticide)

• More vigorous crop

• More grain yield

• More net return

• More labor use ??

Risk factors: 1. Crabs & Golden apple snails damage 2. Weed infestation

Comparison

SRI techniques;

low seed rate>>young seedling >> single plant x wide spacing >> Rice vs. Weed competition >> Require weed control measure = 1 seed/1 plant x space/more tillers/stronger

root & stalk/more panicles x ~150

grains>> 4-6 ton/ha

AWD >> soil aerate >> vigorous root/stem >> high rate of Nutrient uptake

Rotary weeding >> weed control + soil aerate

Organic fertilizer >> soil fertility

Conventional techniques; High seed rate >> High crop density >> Rice vs. Rice competition >> require extra input (Chem.fertilizer, Pesticide, Herbicide) =

1 seed/ 1 plant/ 1panicle x ~100 grains >> ~6 ton/ha

Irrigation continuous flood water,

Adapted to erratic rainfed condition.

Modification of SRI

Rice varietal diversification;

@ Tillering ability are differ between rice varieties and between group of varieties, UR > RFL > IRL > DWR

@ When we plant upland rice in submerged lowland rice, result as no tiller or less tillers.

@ Different rice group, response to different amount of Nitrogen; Japonica > Semi-dwarft indica > traditional tall indica > deep water rice,

@ This must be manage correctly, both for amount & timing.

Modification of SRI

Young seedling /Single plant ;

@ To reduce labor intensive: Seedling nursery for parachute transplanting with single seed in individual holes, transplanting in straight rows by hand or machine for the following rotary weeding.

@ A chance for other rice ecosystem with low labor use: In rainfed area where water is scarce, Dry seed dibbling can be applied using dibbling machine, control for number of seed/hill, and straight rows dibbling for the following rotary weeding.

Experiment in the farmer field

• Technology-generation experiment: to develop new technology w/ higher yield & lower cost in the farmers’ field; compare w/ control CK.

• Technology-verification experiment: To compare new package technology w/ farmer techniques in yield & profit; compare w/ farmer practices.

• Field selection, Expt. design, Comparison, Data collection, Data analysis & presentation.

(P 562-590 in: Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd Edition by Kwanchai A. Gomez and Artiro A. Gomez)

Thank you