Organic Matter, BOD and BOD Kinetics

7/23/2019 Organic Matter, BOD and BOD Kinetics

1/90

Grhjeld Ijppfr"Ege)olg`fhrj`jomf je` Olg`fhrj`jomf,

"PGD- DG@- @G- OG@- OG@v je` tfrljm OG@,

@r% Jcf~jpl T% _f``|

Pbj~jr Velqfrtlp|^jpljmj "^VEKJO, :08 >>0

LE@LJ


2/90

Ifjtvrfifep ga grhjeld ijppfr

dgedfeprjplge

Grhjeld ijppfr le xjtpfxjpfr lt bfpfrghfefgvt

Tvt~fe`f` dgmmgl`jm je` `lttgmqf` grhjeld ijppfr

Djrogb|`rjpft- ~rgpflet je` ajpt

Tlehmf `lrfdp ifpbg` agr pbf ifjtvrfifep ga grhjeld ijppfr lt egpafjtlomf tg le`lrfdp ifpbg`t jrf `f~fe`f` ge

Pgpjm grhjeld djroge PGD;

Grhjeld ijppfr leqjrljom| bjt djroge- je` pbf Grhjeld Djroge "GD,dgepfep lt ~rg~grplgejm pg pbf Grhjeld Ijppfr "GI, dgepfep

Tji~mft jmtg bjqf legrhjeld djroge "djrogejpft- oldjrogejpft- fpd%,je` pbftf lepfrafrf le pbf ifjtvrfifep ga grhjeld djroge

Tji~mft jrf alrtp prfjpf` agr pbf rfigqjm ga pbf legrhjeld djroge- je`pbfe prfjpf` pg dgeqfrp pbf GD lepg DG? je` pblt le pvre lt ifjtvrf`


3/90

Ifjtvrfifep ga grhjeld ijppfrdgedfeprjplge

G|hfe @fije` "PbG@- DG@ je` OG@,

Grhjeld ijppfr lt j rf`vdf` tvotpjedf

GI dje of dgi~mfpfm| gl`l{f` je` prjetagrif` lepg legrhjeld fe`~rg`vdpt je` pblt `fije`t g|hfe

Pbf jigvep ga g|hfe fije`f` lt ~rg~grplgejm pg pbf grhjeld

ijppfr dgedfeprjplge ga pbf tji~mf

G|hfe `fije` ga pbf tji~mft grhjeld ijppfr lt ifjtvrf` jt

Pbfgrfpldjm G|hfe @fije` "PbG@,; G|hfe `fije` "ga pbftji~mft grhjeld ijppfr dje of pbfgrfpldjmm| agve` pbrgvhbtpgldblgifpr|- la dbfildjm agrivmj ga pbf GD lt cegxe

Dbfildjm G|hfe @fije` "DG@,; Grhjeld ijppfr ga j tji~mf ltdbfildjmm| gl`l{f`- je` g|hfe `fije` ga pbf tji~mft GD ltifjtvrf` le pfrit ga pbf jigvep ga gl`l{leh jhfep dgetvif`

Olgmghldjm G|hfe @fije` "OG@,; ildrggrhjeltit jrf ij`f pg vtfpbf tji~mft grhjeld ijppfr jt agg` je` jfrgoldjmm| gl`l{f lepglegrhjeld fe` ~rg`vdpt- je` g|hfe vplml{f` lt ifjtvrf` jt OG@


4/90

Pbfgrfpld G|hfe @fije`

i~lrldjm agrivmj ga pbf grhjeld ijppfr ~rftfep le pbf tji~mftbgvm` of cegxe

Vtleh pblt fi~lrldjm agrivmj j ojmjedf` fzvjplge tbgvm` ofxrlppfe

Xlpb pbf bfm~ ga pbf ojmjedf` fzvjplge ftplijpf tpgldblgifprldg|hfe `fije` "agr pbf dgi~mfpf gl`jplge ga gef velp ijtt gapbf grhjeld ijppfr,

Ftplijpf pbf g|hfe `fije` fzvlqjmfep pg pbf grhjeld ijppfr~rftfep le pbf tji~mf

4???

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4

?0

4

?0dEBGB

djeDGG

dojeEGBD

doje

~

gr|hfehfzvlftfhmvhgaGrl`jplge

GBDGGGBD

:


5/90

Dbfildjm G|hfe @fije` "DG@,

Ifjtvrft g|hfe fzvlqjmfep ga grhjeld ijppfr ~rgql`f` pbf mjppfrlt tvtdf~plomf pg gl`jplge o| ~gpjttlvi `ldbrgijpf

Gl`jplge "xfp, lt orgvhbp jogvp ve`fr jdl`ld dge`lplget "drfjpf`o| B?TG0 rfjhfep, jp blhb pfi~% ":6>D ?

gD, agr ? brt%- je` djeof tbgxe o|;

DeBjGoEd#`Dr?G8)?#"2`#d,B#~ eDG?# s"j#2`)4d,'?yB?G#dEB0

##?`Dr#4

` lt igmft ga `ldbrgijpf dgetvif`

Gef igmf `ldbrgijpf 9 :%6 igmft ga DG@

Egp j hgg` ifjtvrf agr olg`fhrj`jomf grhjeld ijppfr je` egp

dj~jomf ga gl`l{leh jmm pbf grhjeld ijppfr

Tplmm xl`fm| vtf` ofdjvtf rfjm plif je` rfjtgejomf plif rftvmpt jrf~gttlomf

Le djtf ga jejfrgold prfjpifep DG@ lt ~rfafrrf` gqfr OG@

?414

? doje` *


6/90

Olgdbfildjm G|hfe @fije` "OG@,

Ildrggrhjeltit jrf vtf` pg gl`l{f pbf grhjeld ijppfrjfrgoldjmm| ve`fr ajqgvrjomf dge`lplget ga ~B- pfi~frjpvrf-gtigpld ~rfttvrf je` evprlfept

Tji~mf lt ledvojpf` xlpb jddmlijpl{f` ildrggrhjeltit jp jt~fdlald pfi~frjpvrf "?>'?8D, agr t~fdlalf` ~frlg` "6'4 `,

Fetvrf` o| j``leh ~bgt~bjpf ovaafr- afrrld dbmgrl`f- djmdlvidbmgrl`f je` ijheftlvi tvmajpf tjmpt

Agr fetvrleh tvaaldlfep g|hfe jqjlmjolmlp| pbf tji~mf lt `lmvpf`

G? `fije` o| jddmlijpl{f` ildrggrhjeltit je` elprlaldjplge je`pbf G? `fije` ga pbf `lmvplge xjpfr jrf agve` je` dgrrfdpf`

Grhjeld ijppfr lt vtf` o| grhjeltit jt agg` je` gl`l{f gem|pbf ijppfr pbjp dje of dgetvif` jt agg` "olg`fhrj`jomfarjdplge, dje of ifjtvrf`

DG@ ge pbf gpbfr bje` ifjtvrft ogpb olg`fhrj`jomf ege)olg`fhrj`jomf grhjeld ijppfr


7/90

A

jpf ga grhjeld ijppfr ga pbf tji~mf le pbf OG@ pftp

Grhjeld Ijppfr"`lttgmqf`,

Ege)olg`fhrj`jomf

! rftl`vjm grhjeld ijppfr

Tvt~fe`f` ! dgmmgl`jmgrhjeld ijppfr

g|hfe

DG?- B?G- EB4- Fefrh|- fpd%

Efx bfpfrgprg~bld

Ildrgoljm olgijtt

Jvpg)gl`jplge

DG?- B?G- EB4- Fefrh|- fpd%

jiigelj

g|hfe

elprlpf elprjpf

g|hfe

"Elprghfegvt OG@,

OG@ lt tvi ga g|hfe vplml{f` `vrleh olggl`jplge ga pbf grhjeld ijppfrje` `vrleh jvpggl`jplge ga pbf ildrgoljm olgijtt

"Djrogejdfgvt OG@,

g|hfe

Elprlaldjplge

_ftl`vjm olgijttDfmm `forlt

b|`

rgm|tlt


8/90

Dgedmvtlget `rjxe argi pbf jejm|tlt ga pbf

ajpf ga grhjeld ijppfr `vrleh OG@ pftp G|hfe `fije` ffrpf` lt bjqleh

@fije` agr olggl`jplge ga grhjeld ijppfr je` agr jvpggl`jplgega ildrgoljm olgijtt "djrogejdfgvt OG@,

@fije` agr pbf elprlaldjplge ga pbf jiigelj hfefrjpf`

"elprghfegvt OG@, dbfildjm leblolplge ga elprlaldjplge

@fije` ga pbf tff` je` ga pbf `lmvplge xjpfr vtf`

Ofdjvtf ga ege)olg`fhrj`jomf grhjeld ijppfr- rftl`vjm grhjeldijppfr- je` rftl`vjm olgijtt- OG@ lt jmxj|t mfttfr pbje PbG@

Vemftt tgif ga pbf olg`fhrj`jomf grhjeld ijppfr lt rftltpjep pgdbfildjm gl`jplge OG@ lt mfttfr pbje DG@

Dgi~mfpf olg`fhrj`jplge ga grhjeld ijppfr eff`t lealelpf plif

OG@ ledmv`ft pxg dgi~gefept; Djrogejdfgvt OG@ je`Elprghfegvt OG@


9/90

Vmplijpf OG@

OG@p lt pbf tji~mft g|hfe `fije` xbfe lp lt ledvojpf` agr pplif "4 gr 6 `j|t, jp RD pfi~frjpvrf

Blhbfr pbf pfi~frjpvrf mgxfr xlmm of pbf plif

Gem| j ~grplge ga pbf olg`fhrj`jomf grhjeld ijppfr lt gl`l{f` )gl`jplge ga pgpjm ijppfr rfzvlrft 5?6 ` "1>) `j|t,

OG@v pftp xbfrfle pbf tji~mf lt jfrjpf` jp rfhvmjr lepfrqjm je`ledvojpf` plmm `jlm| `fije` ofdgift =: gr ?& ga pbfdvivmjplqf `fije` lt vtf` agr ale`leh

Elprlaldjplge `fije` ga g|hfe lt ~jrjmmfmm| zvjeplalf` je`tvoprjdpf` argi pbf OG@

Ledvojpleh je` xjlpleh agr pbjp mgeh ~frlg` agr rftvmpt lt egp`ftlrjomf ovp cegxleh vmplijpf OG@ "OG@v, lt dgetl`frf`li~grpjep

Agr pblt pbf OG@p rftvmpt jrf fprj~gmjpf` pbrgvhb vtleh OG@clefpldt ig`fm xbldb jttvift pbjp pbf OG@ ffrplge agmmgxtalrtp gr`fr `fdrfjtleh rjpf ga ledrfjtf


10/90

G|hfe `fije` ffrplge ~jppfre ga j tji~mf `vrleh ledvojplge


11/90

OG@ clefpldt

G|hfe `fije` ffrplge ~jppfre lt alrtp gr`fr `fdrfjtleh rjpf ga

ledrfjtf je` dje of tbgxe jt

ppgv MOG@MOG@

((

**

pplifhlqfeje|jp

fr~")c%p,y)s:MOG@

OG@

gp

p

*

jtxlppfeofdje

?>?>P

cc * PKP lt pfi~% le D

K lt dgetpjep ) pjcfe jt :%>61 agr?>)4>D je` jt :%:46 agr 0)?>D

cM)`M'`p

M>

*

*ppMOG@

fr~")c%p,MM gp *

`M'`p lt rjpf ga g|hfe`fije`ffrplge

Mp lt g|hfe`fije`pbjp lt |fppg offfrpf` jpjapfr ledvojplgeplif p

M>lt g|hfe`fije`pg offfrpf` o|pbf tji~mf

jp ledvojplgeplif {frg "jmtg cegxe jt OG@v,

c lt OG@ rfjdplge rjpfdgetpjep

C je` M> jrf cegxe jt OG@ clefpldt ~jrjifpfrt

Vtf ga OG@ clefpld ig`fm rfzvlrft cegxmf`hf ga OG@ clefpld ~jrjifpfrt


12/90

Dbfildjm G|hfe @fije` "DG@,

o| G~fe je` Dmgtf` "Plprlifpr| je`

T~fdprg~bgpgifpr|, _famv Ifpbg`t


13/90

DG@ Ifjtvrf ga g|hfe fzvlqjmfep ga grhjeld ijppfr dgepfep ga tji~mf

Gl`jplge ga grhjeld ijppfr gddvrt ve`fr jdl`ld dge`lplget jpfmfqjpf` pfi~frjpvrf ":6>?D, agr jogvp ? bgvrt

Gl`jplge dje of tbgxe o|

Bfj)Dr lt grjehf dgmgrf` je` Prl)Dr lt hrffeltb omvf le dgmgr Jt j dgetfzvfedf ga dgeqfrtlge ga bjj)Dr lepg Prl)Dr- dgmgr ga

`lhftplge ilpvrf dbjehft argi grjehf pg hrffeltb omvf Jigvep ga `ldbrgijpf dgetvif` lt ojtlt agr DG@ ftplijplge "gef

igmf `ldbrgijpf dgetvi~plge lt fzvlqjmfep pg :%6 igmft ga DG@,

Gl`jplge lt egp dgi~mfpf ) ifjtvrft gem| pbf grhjeld ijppfrtvtdf~plomf pg gl`jplge o| ~gpjttlvi `ldbrgijpf

W j 40??

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8???'422

~ `DdEBGBd`jeDGBd`G`DEGBDdoje

?414

? doje` *


14/90

DG@ ^|rl`lef "je` rfmjpf` dgi~gve`t, je` jrgijpld b|`rgdjroget jrf

egp dgi~mfpfm| gl`l{f` QGDt "grlhlejmm| ~rftfep gr agrif` `vrle gl`jplge, jrf gl`l{f`

gem| pg pbf fpfep ga pbflr dgepjdp xlpb gl`jep "jp fmfqjpf` pfi~%ij| ftdj~f gl`jplge,

Tlmqfr tvmajpf lt vtf` jt djpjm|tp agr pbf faafdplqf gl`jplge ga QGDt

Bjml`ft ga pbf tji~mf agri tlmqfr bjml`ft je` ijcf djpjm|tp lefaafdplqf Ifrdvrld tvmajpf lt vtf` jp :>;: rjplg agr ~rftfrqleh pbf faafdplqfeftt

"egp j~~rg~rljpf xbfe pbf bjml`ft mfqfm lt 5?>> ih'm,

Vtf ga rfamv dge`fetfrt gr dmgtf` rfamv "gr tfjmf` `lhftplgedgepjlefrt,- ilelil{f ftdj~f ga QGD argi gl`jplge

Gl`jplge jp fmfqjpf` pfi~t- rftvmpt le pbfrijm `fdgi~gtlplge gapbf `ldbrgijpf vtf` je` leprg`vdft ~gtlplqf frrgr

Agr ftplijpleh pbf frrgr je` ijcleh dgrrfdplge- j omjec lt `lhftpf`jmgeh xlpb pbf tji~mf

Elprlpf "EG?),- rf`vdf` legrhjeld t~fdlft "mlcf dbmgrl`f- afrrgvt lrge-tvmal`f- ijehjegvt ijehjeftf, je` jiigelj "argi grhjeld ijpfr

gl`jplge*, dje jmtg of gl`l{f` je` leprg`vdf ~gtlplqf frrgr


15/90

DG@ Lepfrafrfedf djvtf` o| dbmgrl`f lget dje of tbgxe o|

Gl`jplge ga jiigelj rfzvlrft ~rftfedf ga tlhelaldjep mfqfmt ga arffdbmgrl`f lget

J``lplge ga fdftt ifrdvrld tvmajpf ~rlgr pg j``lplge ga gpbfr rfjhfeptdje fmlilejpf dbmgrl`f lge lepfrafrfedf o| ijcleh lget ege)jqjlmjomf

Elprlpf mfqfm lt rjrfm| 5:)? ih'm je` bfedf letlhelaldjep lepfrafrfedf _figqf lepfrafrfedf o| j``leh :> ih tvmajild jdl` ~fr ih ga elprlpf

Frrgr leprg`vdf` o| gpbfr legrhjeld t~fdlft- la tlhelaldjep- lttpgldblgifprldjmm| ftplijpf` je` efdfttjr| dgrrfdplget jrf ij`f

Dgmmfdp tji~mft le hmjtt ogppmft- je` pftp ~rfafrjom| liif`ljpfm|

La `fmj| lt vejqgl`jomf- jdl`la| tji~mft xlpb B?

T

G0 pg ? ~B je` tpgrf La tpgrf` jp rggi pfi~frjpvrf- pftp xlpble 8 `j|t- je` la tpgrf` jp 0D-

pbfe pftp xlpble ?2 `j|t

La tji~mf bjt tfppmjomf tgml`t- pbfe bgighfel{f pbf tji~mf le jomfe`fr ~rlgr pg pftpleh

Pxg jmpfrejpf ifpbg`t "g~fe rfamv je` dmgtf` rfamv ifpbg`t, jrf

vtf` le pbf DG@ ifjvrfifep

GBDDmBGDDm ?4?8? 8?4:01 ~


16/90

DG@ o| G~fe rfamv ifpbg`

Tji~mf je` omjec jrf rfamvf` le tprgehm| jdl`ld tgmvplge le pbf~rftfedf ga cegxe fdftt ga tpje`jr` C?Dr?G8 tgmvplge agr ? bgvrt

J rfamv j~~jrjpvt- dgi~rltleh ga je Frmfeif|fr amjtc- j qfrpldjmdge`fetfr je` j bgp ~mjpf'bfjpleh ijepmf- lt vtf` agr rfamvleh

@vrleh rfamvleh Bfj)Dr ga pbf C

?Dr

?G

8lt rf`vdf` pg prl)Dr je` tv~~mlft g|hfe

Tgif arjdplge ga pbf j``f` `ldbrgijpf lt pbfrijmm| `fdgi~gtf`

_ftl`vjm `ldbrgijpf ga pbf tji~mf je` ga pbf omjec jrf ifjtvrf`o| plprjpleh jhjletp tpje`jr` afrrgvt jiigelvi tvmajpf "AJT, Afrrgle lt vtf` jt le`ldjpgr

Plprjplge leqgmqft dgeqfrtlge ga rftl`vjm bfj)Dr lepg prl)Dr

Gedf jmm pbf Bfj)Dr lt dgeqfrpf` lepg Prl)Dr- Af#? lget ga AJT agri jdgi~mf "ga lepfetf grjehf orgxe dgmgvr, xlpb afrrgle le`ldjpgr

Dgmgr dbjehf argi hrffeltb omvf pg grjehf orgxe lt fe` ~glep

_f`g ~gpfeplgifpfr dje jmtg of vtf` pg `fpfdp pbf fe` ~glep

~ 441? 44 DAfDAf


17/90

DG@ o| G~fe rfamv ifpbg` DG@ ga pbf tji~mf lt djmdvmjpf` o|;

G~fe rfamv ifpbg` lt jttgdljpf` xlpb Dgetvi~plge ga dgtpm| je` bj{jr`gvt dbfildjmt- mlcf- tlmqfr tvmajpf-

ifrdvrld tvmajpf fpd%-

Hfefrjplge ga bj{jr`gvt xjtpf xlpb dbrgilvi- ifrdvr|- tlmqfr- fpd%

Pg rf`vdf dgtp je` ilelil{f bj{jr`gvt xjtpf hfefrjplge ga- letpfj`ga 6> im- vtf tijmmfr tji~mf tl{f ":> im*,

Tijmmfr tl{f tji~mft fije`t ~rg~fr bgighfel{jplge ga tji~mft leomfe`fr ~rlgr pg vtf

_famvleh plif mftt pbje ? bgvrt dje of fi~mg|f` ~rgql`f` pbfrftvmpt gopjlef` jrf tjif jt pbgtf gopjlef` argi ? bgvr rfamvleh

2>>>,%"

'" ?vtf`tji~mfgaim

IOJGjtmihDG@

*

J lt im AJT dgetvif` le omjecplprjplge

O lt im AJT dgetvif` le tji~mfplprjplge

I lt igmjrlp| ga AJT


18/90

DG@ o| G~fe _famv Ifpbg`J~~jrjpvt je` rfjhfept

_famv j~~jrjpvt; `lhftplge amjtc "dj~jdlp| `f~fe`t ge tji~mf tl{f ):?6'?6>'6>> im, dgepjleleh tji~mf je` rfjhfept- hmjtt dge`fetfrxlpb bgtft "agr dggmleh xjpfr,- bgp ~mjpf je` tpje` xlpb dmji~t

Tvmavrld jdl` rfjhfep; J`` Jh?TG0 pg dged% B?TG0- jp 6%6 h'ch rjpf-je` jmmgx pbf rfjhfep pg tpje` agr :)? `j|t

Afrrgle le`ldjpgr; @lttgmqf :%026 h :-:>)~bfejepbrgmlefigegb|`rjpf je` 1> im%

^gpjttlvi b|`rghfe ~bpbjmjpf "CB^, tpje`jr` "6>> ih'M DG@,; @r|drvtbf` ~gpjttlvi b|`rghfe ~bpbjmjpf "BGGDD1B0DGGC, pg

dgetpjep xflhbp jp :?>D- `lttgmqf 0?6 ih le `ltplmmf` xjpfr je`j`kvtp qgmvif pg :%> M ": ih CB^ 9 :%:81 ih DG@,

CB^ tpje`jr`- le pbf jotfedf ga qltlomf olgmghldjm hrgxpb- lt tpjomf agr4 igepbt ve`fr rfarlhfrjplge

Ifrdvrld tvmajpf "BhTG0, dr|tpjmt gr ~gx`fr%

Tvmajild jdl`


19/90

DG@ o| G~fe _famv Ifpbg`

J~~jrjpvt je` rfjhfept Tpje`jr` ~gpjttlvi `ldbrgijpf ">%>0:8I,; @lttgmqf :?%?6< h

C?Dr?G8 "`rlf` jp :>4D agr ? bgvrt, le xjpfr je` j`kvtp qgmvifpg :%> M

Tpje`jr` afrrgvt jiigelvi tvmajpf- AJT ">%?6I,; @lttgmqf im dged% B?TG0-

dggm je` j`kvtp qgmvif pg :%> MTpje`jr`l{jplge ga AJT

AJT pfe`t pg mgtf tprfehpb xlpb jhf je` rfzvlrft tpje`jr`l{jplge~rlgr pg vtf

Pjcf :> im ga tpje`jr` `ldbrgijpf tgmvplge- `lmvpf pg :>> im- j`` 4>

im ga dgedfeprjpf` tvmavrld jdl`- dggm- j`` >%: pg >%:6 im "? pg 4`rg~t, ga afrrgle le`ldjpgr je` plprjpf xlpb AJT tgmvplge

Vtleh pbf qgmvif ga AJT tgmvplge dgetvif` ale` tprfehpb ga AJT o|

@ldbgijpfgaIgmjlp|dgetvif`AJTgaim

pjcfe@ldbgijpfgaimAJTgaIgmjlp| *


20/90

G~fe _famf Ifpbg`; ^rgdf`vrf Pjcf 6> im bgighfel{f` tji~mf le 6>> im rfamvleh amjtc je` j`` le

pbf tjif gr`fr : h ifrdvrld tvmajpf- j afx hmjtt ofj`t je` 6%> im gaB?TG0 rfjhfep xblmf illeh je` dggmleh pbf dgepfept

^jrjmmfm pg pbf tji~mf ~rf~jrjf j omjec xlpb `ltplmmf` xjpfr jttji~mf je` djrr| gvp pbf pftpleh

J`` ?6 im ga tpje`jr` ~gpjttlvi `ldbrgijpf tgmvplge ">%>0:8I,

Xbfe tijmmfr qgmvif ga tji~mf lt pjcfe- tijmmfr rfamvleh amjtc dje ofpjcfe je` j``lplge ga ifrdvrld tvmajpf- tvmavrld jdl` rfjhfep je``ldbrgijpf tgmvplge dje of ~rg~grplgejpfm| rf`vdf`

Xbfe tji~mf bjt mgx DG@ "= 6> ih'm,- vtf `lmvpf` `ldbrgijpftgmvplge ">%>>0:8I,

Xbfe bjqleh qfr| mgx DG@- pjcf 56> im tji~mf ":>> gr :6> im,%

Jppjdb rfamvleh amjtc pg dge`fetfr- pvre ge dge`fetfr dggmleh xjpfr-j`` 8> im B?TG0 rfjhfep pbrgvhb pbf dge`fetfr g~feleh- je`pbgrgvhbm| il pbf amjtc dgepfept

Qgmvif ga B?TG0 rfjhfep lt p|~ldjmm| fzvjm pg dgiolef` qgmvifga tji~mf je` `ldbrgijpf tgmvplge

Xbfefqfr tji~mf qgmvif lt 56> im- `ltdgeefdp dge`fetfr je` oglm pg

rf`vdf amjtc dgepfept pg jogvp :6> im je` pbfe dgeefdp pbf dge`fetfr


21/90

G~fe _famv Ifpbg`; ^rgdf`vrf

Dgeplevf rveeleh dge`fetfr dggmleh xjpfr- dmgtf dge`fetfr "o| jeleqfrpf` ofjcfr*, je` tpjrp rfamvleh ge j bgp ~mjpf'bfjpleh ijepmf

_famvleh agr ? bgvrt- txlpdb gaa pbf bgp ~mjpf'bfjpleh ijepmf je`jmmgx pbf tfp)v~ pg dggm `gxe%

Xjtb `gxe pbf dge`fetfr lepg pbf rfamvleh amjtc o| `ltplmmf` xjpfr-`fpjdb pbf amjtc je` `gvomf lpt dgepfept qgmvif o| `ltplmmf` xjpfr

Japfr dggmleh- j`` ?'4 `rg~t ga afrrgle le`ldjpgr pg pbf amjtcdgepfept- je` plprjpf jhjletp >%?6 I AJT tgmvplge

Xbfe tji~mf bjt mgxfr DG@ "6> ih'm, vtf >%>?6 I tprfehpb AJT,

Tlilmjr pg pbf tji~mf pftp pbf omjec je` rfdgr` pbf qgmvif ga AJTdgetvif` agr plprjpleh ogpb pbf tji~mf je` pbf omjec

Djmdvmjpf DG@ ga pbf tji~mf o|

2>>>,%"

'?

vtf`tji~mfgaim

IOJGjtmihDG@

*

J lt im AJT dgetvif`pg plprjpf omjecO lt im AJT dgetvif`pg plprjpf tji~mfI lt igmjrlp| ga AJT


22/90

DG@ o| Dmgtf` rfamv ifpbg` Jigvep ga tji~mf vtf` lt tijmm "?%6):> im, ) agr jqgl`leh frrgrt

argi vefqfe `ltprlovplge ga tvt~fe`f` tgml`t- pbf tji~mf ltbgighfel{f` o| j omfe`fr ~rlgr pg pftpleh

Ifpbg` bjt j dgtp j`qjepjhf- hfefrjpft ilelivi ga bj{jr`gvtxjtpf- je` QGDt jrf igrf dgi~mfpfm| gl`l{f`

Tji~mf je` omjec jrf `lhftpf` agr ? bgvrt le j dmgtf` t|tpfi ga

dvmpvrf pvoft xlpb plhbp dj~t gr ga tfjmf` ji~vmft ~mjdf` le j omgdc`lhftpfr gr le je gqfe ~rfbfjpf` pg :6>?D%

@lhftpf` tji~mft jrf dggmf` je` pftpf` agr DG@ o|

Plprjplge xlpb AJT "Plprlifplrd dmgtf` rfamv ifpbg`,

Ifjtvrleh dgmgr dbjehf "Dgmgrlifprld dmgtf` rfamv ifpbg`,

Ojtlt agr pbf dgmgrlifprld ifpbg` Bfj)Dr lt grjehf dgmgrf` je` Prl)Dr lt hrffeltb omvf le dgmgr

Jt j dgetfzvfedf ga dgeqfrtlge ga bjj)Dr lepg Prl)Dr- dgmgr ga`lhftplge ilpvrf dbjehft argi grjehf pg hrffeltb omvf

Aj`leh ga grjehf dgmgr "jp 0>> ei, gr j~~fjrjedf ga hrffeltb omvf

dgmgr "jp 1>> gr 1?> ei, lt ifjtvrf` je` dgi~jrf` jhjletp tpje`jr`t


23/90

DG@ o| Dmgtf` _famv Ifpbg`

J~~jrjpvt- Hmjttxjrf je` DbfildjmtTdrfx dj~~f` dvmpvrf pvoft ga ":1'?>'?6 ii, `lj% je` ":>>':6>ii, bflhbp gr Tpje`jr` ji~vmft ":> im, je` ji~vmf tfjmfr

Djtp jmvilevi bfjpleh omgdc "xlpb 06 pg 6> ii `ff~ bgmft tl{f` agrpbf dmgtf alp ga dvmpvrf pvoft gr ji~vmft, gr omgdc bfjpfr gr gqfe

Plprlifpr|

Tpje`jr` ~gpjttlvi ldbrgijpf `lhftplge ">%>:18I,; @lttgmqf 0%%:>I,; @lttgmqf 4 im dged% B?TG0- dggm je` j`kvtplehqgmvif pg :%> M

Dgmgvrlifpr|

T~fdprg~bgpgifpfr agr vtf jp 1>>'1?> ei gr 0>> ei xjqfmfehpbxlpb j`j~pfr agr dvmpvrf pvoft'ji~vmft

"Tpje`jr` `lhftplge tgmvplge ">%>408 I,; @lttgmqf :>%?:1 h C?Dr?G8"`rlf` jp :>4D agr ? br,- :18 im dged% B?TG0 je` 44%4 h BhTG0 le

6>> im `ltplmmf` xjpfr- dggm je` j`kvtp qgmvif pg :%> M


24/90

Dmgtf` _famv Ifpbg`; ^rgdf`vrf Pjcf ifjtvrf` jigvep ga bgighfel{f` tji~mf le j dvmpvrf pvof gr

ji~vmf J`` ifjtvrf` zvjeplp| ga tpje`jr` `ldbrgijpf `lhftplge tgmvplge

@lhftplge tgmvplge vtf` le pbf dgmgrlifprld ifpbg` lt tmlhbpm| `laafrfepargi pbjp vtf` le plprlifprld ifpbg`

_ve B?TG0 rfjhfep lepg pbf dvmpvrf pvof jmgeh pbf xjmmt pg agri j

`ltpledp jdl` mj|fr ve`frefjpb pbf tji~mf Tji~mf- `ldbrgijpf `lhftplge tgmvplge je` B?TG0 rfjhfep jrf

vtvjmm| j``f` le pbf qgmvif rjplg ga 6;4;8

Le djtf ga pbf plprlifprld ifpbg`- je j` lplgejm dvmpvrf pvof "omjec,ga `ltplmmf` xjpfr "jt tji~mf, lt ijlepjlef` jmgeh xlpb pbf tji~mf

Le djtf ga pbf dgmgrlifprld ifpbg`- ijlepjle 6 gr 1 dvmpvrf pvoft gatpje`jr`t "t|epbfpld tji~mft, ga > pg > ih'm DG@ tprfehpb jmgehxlpb pbf tji~mf

Plhbpm| dj~ pbf dvmpvrf pvoft- il dgepfept "pbrgvhb leqfrpleh,-~mjdf pbf pvoft le omgdc `lhftpfr "~rfbfjpf` pg :6>?D,- je` rfamv

_famv agr ? bgvrt txlpdb gaa pbf omgdc `lhftpfr je` dggm pbf pvoft


25/90

DG@ o| dmgtf` rfamv ifpbg`

Plprlifprld ifpbg`

_figqf dj~t ga pbf dvmpvrf pvof je` prjetafr dgepfept lepg jdgeldjm amjtc

J`` : gr ? `rg~t ga afrrgle le`ldjpgr je` plprjpf jhjletp AJT%

_fdgr` pbf jigvep ga AJT dgetvif`

Djmdvmjpf pbf tji~mft DG@ argi pbf rftvmpt o|

Dgmgrlifprldifpbg` Leqfrp pbf dggmf` dvmpvrf pvoft agr pbgrgvhbm| illeh pbf

dgepfept je` jmmgx ~rg~fr tfppmleh ga tvt~fe`f` tgml`t _fj` jotgrojedf "dgmgr lepfetlp|, flpbfr jp 0>> ei gr jp 1>> ei

xlpb pbf bfm~ ga j t~fdprg~bgpgifpfr

Pbrgvhb vtleh pbf rfj`leht gopjlef` agr pbf tpje`jr`t- dgetprvdpj djmlorjplge dvrqf

Pbrgvhb vtleh pbf djmlorjplge dvrqf ale` DG@ ga pbf tji~mf

dgrrft~ge`leh pg lpt jotgrojedf

2>>>,%"

'" ?vtf`tji~mfgaim

IOJGjtmihDG@ * J lt im AJT dgetvif` le omjecplprjplgeO lt im AJT dgetvif` le tji~mfplprjplge

I lt igmjrlp| ga AJT


26/90

^rfdjvplget Ifrdvrld tvmajpf je` `ldbrgijpf jrf blhbm| pgld - tvmavrld jdl` lt

dgrrgtlqf J``lplge ga xjpfr pg jdl` je` rfamvleh jp fmfqjpf` pfi~ jrf f~mgtlqf

je` vetjaf

Illeh jdl` xlpb xjpfr hfefrjpft bfjp

Jqgl` txjmmgxleh- lebjmjplge je` dgepjdp xlpb tcle- f|ft je` dmgpbleh

Bje`mf pbf dbfildjmt ve`fr j dbfildjm bgg` Pbgrgvhbm| il pbf dgepfept ga rfamv amjtc ~rlgr pg bfjpleh pg ~rfqfep

mgdjml{f` bfjpleh pg jqgl` tv~fr bfjpleh je` omgx gvp argi pbf pg~ gapbf dge`fetfr%

^rgpfdp bje`t argi bfjp- t~fdljmm|- xblmf illeh pbf amjtc gr pbfdj~~f` dvmpvrf pvof dgepfept

Xjtb pbf hmjttxjrf xlpb ?>& B?TG0 ofagrf vtleh

Vtf hrgve` hmjtt kglept- rjpbfr pbje hrfjtf`- agr tfppleh v~ pbf rfamvj~~jrjpvt

Jqgl` vtleh tdrjpdbf` gr omfiltbf` hmjttxjrf- t~fdljmm| le pbfdgmgrlifprld dmgtf` rfamv ifpbg`


27/90

^rfdjvplget Qljm dj~t pfi~frjpvrf tbgvm` of mgx fegvhb pg jqgl` dj~ `jijhf

"j ~gpfepljm tgvrdf ga tji~mf dgepjilejplge,

Le djtf ga dgmgrlifprld ifpbg` j omjec ivtp of rve xlpb fjdb mgp gatji~mft%

Le djtft ga pvrol` gr blhbm| dgmgrf` tji~mft- ~rfafr plprlifprld pbjedgmgrlifprld dmgtf` rfamv ifpbg`%

Pbfrf dje of prjetilppjedf `laafrfedft ofpxffe bgp je` dgm`tji~mft%

^rfdltlge je` jddvrjd| ga pbf ifpbg` je` zvjmlp| ga pbf rfjhfept

jrf fqjmvjpf` pbrgvhb pftpleh t|epbfpld tji~mft J`` j tfrlft ga cegxe jigvept ga DG@ tpje`jr` pg pbf tji~mf- rve

DG@ pftp ge jmm- je` fjilef alejm rftvmpt agr pbf rfdgqfr| ga pbfj``f` DG@ tpje`jr`


28/90

@lttgmqf` G|hfe "@G,

o| Xlecmfr je`

Ifiorjef Fmfdprg`f ifpbg`t


29/90

@lttgmqf` G|hfe "@G,; Xlecmfr Ifpbg`

Dje of ifjtvrf` o| flpbfr Xlecmfr ifpbg` "lg`gifprld ifpbg`*,

je` Ifiorjef fmfdprg`f ifpbg` OG@ ogppmf dgepjleleh pbf tji~mf lt j``f` xlpb Ijehjegvt tvmajpf

je` jmcjmlef ~gpjttlvi lg`l`f tgmvplget

@G ~rftfep le pbf tji~mf gl`l{ft je fzvlqjmfep jigvep ga `lqjmfepijehjeftf lget pg blhbfr qjmfed| tpjpft "agri gl`ft,

_ftp ga pbf ijehjeftf lget agri `lqjmfep b|`rgl`f ~rfdl~lpjpf Ge jdl`laldjplge xlpb tvmavrld jdl`- pbf blhbfr qjmfed| ijehjeftf

lget jrf rf`vdf` lepg `lqjmfep lget "o| lg`l`f lget,- je` lg`lef-fzvlqjmfep pg pbf tji~mft @G dgepfep- lt mlofrjpf`

Jmm ~rfdl~lpjpft agrif` "ogpb gl`ft je` b|`rgl`ft, hfp tgmvolml{f`

Jigvep ga lg`lef mlofrjpf` lt ifjtvrf` o| plprjpleh xlpb tpje`jr`tg`lvi pblgtvmajpf tgmvplge- xblmf vtleh tpjrdb jt le`ldjpgr

Agr `fpfdpleh fe` ~glep igrf ~rfdltfm|- le ~mjdf ga vtleh tpjrdble`ldjpgr- fmfdprgifprld ifpbg` dje jmtg of vtf`

La lepfrafrfedft "tvt~fe`f` tgml`t- dgmgr je` dbfildjmt, jrf jotfep-

t~fdprg~bgpgifpfr dje of vtf` pg ifjtvrf pbf lg`lef mlofrjpf`


30/90

Xlecmfr ifpbg` agr @G

EjLGTEjLGTEj

GBIeBGBIeo

GBIeLBLIeGj

GBIeGBIed

GBIeGGGBIeo

GBIeGGGBIej

??%4

??,"%?

?0?%?

,"?%:

6%>,"%:

6%>?%:

10??4??

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~

~z

~z

z~

z~

z~

_fjdplget leqgmqf` le pbf Xlecmfr ifpbg` ga @G pftpleh jrf

Tgvrdft ga frrgr;

^rftfedf ga Elprlpf "igrf pbje 6> Zh'M jt E, leprg`vdft ~gtlplqf frrgr

Elprlpf dje gl`l{f pbf lg`l`f lget ojdc lepg lg`lef je` leprg`vdf pbffrrgr "j dbjle rfjdplge,

Olgmghldjmm| prfjpf` faamvfept- ledvojpf` OG@ ogppmf tji~mft- je`tprfji tji~mft ij| bjqf elprlpf lepfrafrfedf

Agr fmlilejpleh- letpfj` ga jmcjmlef)lg`l`f tgmvplge- jmcjmlef)lg`l`f)j{l`f tgmvplge lt vtf` pbf j{l`f j``f` rfjdpt xlpb EG? je` rfigqftlp jt E? je` E?G hjtft

~

~

BEGGBGGE

GBGELBLEG

??6%>

0??

?????

?????

GBGEEBEGBE

EjBEBEjE

????4

44

~

~


31/90

Xlecmfr Ifpbg` agr @G

Agr jqgl`leh frrgrt- pbf tji~mf tbgvm` egp dgif le dgepjdp xlpb jlr`vrleh tji~mleh je` pftpleh "jp mfjtp plmm pbf tji~mft @G lt alf`,

Tji~mft xlpb lg`lef `fije` dje of ~rftfrqf` agr 0)2 bgvrt o|j``leh >%8 iM dged% B?TG0 je` :%> iM ga ?& j{l`f "EjE4, ~rlgr pgjdpvjm jejm|tlt o| vtvjm ~rgdft`vrf

^frijehjejpf ig`laldjplge

^frijehjejpf ig`laldjplge lt eff`f` la afrrgvt lrge mfqfm lt 5 :%>ih'M

Pg pbf tvji~mf dgmmfdpf` j`` >%8 iM dged% B?TG0- :%> iM CIeG0 je`:%> im gaCA ofmgx pbf tvrajdf- je` tpg~~fr je` il pbf dgepfept

CIeG0 j``lplge ij| of ledrfjtf` la pbf rftvmpleh qlgmfp plehf `g egp~frtltp agr jp mfjtp 6 ilevpft

@fdgmgvrl{f pbf tji~mf o| j``leh >%6 pg :%> iM ga ~gpjttlvi gjmjpf"C?D?G0, je` illeh pbf dgepfept


32/90

Xlecmfr Ifpbg` agr @G

Afrrld lrge lepfrafrfedf dje of gqfrdgif o| j``lplge ga : im gaCAje` J{l`f ~rgql`f` plprjplge lt `gef liif`ljpfm| japfr jdl`laldjplge

J``lplge ga :%> iM gaCA tgmvplge ~rlgr pg jdl`laldjplge lt eff`f` agrtji~mft xlpb :>>)?>> ih'M ga afrrld lrge "jdl`lalf` tji~mf tbgvm` ofliif`ljpfm| plprjpf`,

Dg~~fr tvmajpf)tvmajild jdl` amgddvmjplge ig`laldjplge

Vtf` agr olgmghldjm amgdt bjqleh blhb G? vplml{jplge rjpft

J`` :> im ga dg~~fr tvmajpf)tvmajild jdl` leblolpgr tgmvplge pg :%> Mjt~lrjpgr ogppgmf xlpb hmjtt)tpg~~fr%

Almm pbf ogppgmf xlpb pbf tji~mf argi pbf ogppgi o| j pvof efjr pbfogppgi xblmf jmmgxleh gqframgx ga ?6)6>& qgmvif

Tpg~~fr pbf ogppmf- il pbf dgepfept o| leqfrpleh pbf ogppmf je`jmmgx pbf ogppmf pg tpje` je` tl~bge gvp tji~mf lepg pbf OG@ogppmf agr @G ifjtvrfifep


33/90

_fjhfept agr @G pftpleh

Ijehjegvt tvmajpf tgmvplge; @lttgmqf 02> h IeTG0%0B?G le

`ltplmmf` xjpfr- almpfr je` ijcf v~ qgmvif pg gef mlpfr

Tbgvm` egp hlqf omvf dgmgr xbfe j``f` pg jdl`lalf` CL tgmvplge xlpbtpjrdb le`ldjpgr

Jmcjml)lg`l`f)j{l`f rfjhfep; @lttgmqf 8>> h CGB gr 6>> h EjGB-je` :6> h CL gr :46 h EjL le xjpfr je` j`kvtp qgmvif pg gef mlpfr%

@lttgmqf :> h tg`lvi j{l`f "EjE4, le 0> im xjpfr je` j`` pg jmcjml)lg`l`f tgmvplge

Pbf rftvmpjep rfjhfep tbgvm` egp dgepjle arff lg`lef dbfdc pbrgvhb`lmvpleh je` jdl`la|leh je` j``leh tpjrdb le`ldjpgr je` gotfrqf agromvf dgmgr

Dgedfeprjpf` tvmavrld jdl`

Jzvfgvt tgmvplge ga tpjrdb le`ldjpgr; @lttgmqf ? hrjit ga tgmvomftpjrdb je` >%? hrjit ga tjmld|mld jdl` le :>> im ga bgp `ltplmmf` xjpfr

Tpje`jr` tg`lvi pblgtvmajpf tgmvplge ">%>?6I,; `lttgmqf 1%?>6 hEj?T?G4%6B?G le `ltplmmf` xjpfr- j`` :%6 im 1E EjGB- je` j`kvtp

qgmvif pg gef mlpfr%


34/90

_fjhfept agr @G pftpleh

Tpje`jr` ~gpjttlvi ol)lg`jpf tgmvplge; @lttgmqf 2:?%0 ih ga~gpjttlvi ol)lg`jpf- CB"LG4,?- le `ltplmmf` xjpfr je` j`kvtp qgmvifpg gef mlpfr

^gpjttlvi ~frijehjejpf "CIeG0,; @lttgmqf 1%4 h CIeG0 le`ltplmmf` xjpfr je` j`kvtp qgmvif pg gef mlpfr

^gpjttlvi gjmjpf "C?D?G0%B?G,; @lttgmqf ? h C?D?G0 le :>> iM`ltplmmf` xjpfr

^gpjttlvi amvgrl`f "CA%?B?G,; @lttgmqf 0> h CA%?B?G le :>> iM`ltplmmf` xjpfr

Dg~~fr tvmajpf)tvmajild jdl` leblolpgr tgmvplge; @lttgmqf 4? h

EB?TG?GB le 086 iM xjpfr- `lttgmqf 6> h DvTG0%6B?G le 6>> iMxjpfr- dgiolef pbf pxg tgmvplget je` j`` ?6 iM dged% jdfpld jdl`%

1E tvmavrld jdl` tgmvplge

1E tg`lvi b|`rgl`f tgmvplge


35/90

^rgdf`vrf agr @G ifjtvrfifep ^gvr gaa pbf j``lplgejm tji~mf ~rftfep le pbf aveefm igvpb ga pbf

tji~mf dgepjleleh OG@ ogppmf G~fe tpg~~fr- j`` :)? im ga IeTG0 je` jmcjml CL rfjhfept le pbftjif gr`fr jp il`)`f~pb xlpb ~l~fppft- je` tpg~~fr%

Il OG@ ogppmf dgepfept "o| hfepmf ! rf~fjpf` ogppmf leqfrtlget,je` jmmgx tfppmleh ga pbf agrif` ~rfdl~lpjpft pg jogvp :'4r` `f~pb

G~fe tpg~~fr- j`` :)? im ga dgedfeprjpf` B?TG0 jp pbf pg~ jmgeh

pbf xjmmt xlpbgvp `ltpvroleh pbf tfppmf` ~rfdl~lpjpf- je` tpg~~fr ^gvr gaa pbf mlzvl` argi pbf aveefm igvpb- il ogppmf dgepfept "o|

hfepmf ! rf~fjpf` ogppmf leqfrtlget, plmm pbf ~rfdl~lpjpft `ltj~~fjr

Pjcf ifjtvrf` qgmvif ga dmfjr jdl`lalf` tji~mf "?>? iM, le jdgeldjm amjtc je` plprjpf jhjletp tpje`jr` tg`lvi pblgtvmajpftgmvplge- xblmf vtleh tpjrdb jt le`ldjpgr%

bfrf lt pgpjm qgmvif "le im, ga ijehjegvt tvmajpf je` jmcjml)lg`l`f)j{l`f rfjhfept j``f` pg pbf OG@ ogppmf

J`` tpjrdb le`ldjpgr japfr plprjpleh pbf amjtc dgepfept pg mlhbp |fmmgx

dgmgr je` rfdgr` im ga plprjep dgetvif` jt ih'm ga tji~mft @G

?>>4>>

4>>,"

riMqgmvifTji~mf

*


36/90

^rfdjvplget _letf pbf ~l~fppft xlpb `ltplmmf` xjpfr xbfefqfr vtf` agr prjetafrrleh

rfjhfept lepg pbf tji~mf "t~fdljmm| la `l~~f` le pbf tji~mf, ~rlgr pgrfpvreleh ojdc lepg pbf rfjhfept%

L`fepla| fe` ~glep o| pbf alrtp `fdgmgrl{jplge `vrleh plprjplge je``ltrfhjr` tvotfzvfep rfdgmgrl{jplge

La tpje`jr` pblgtvmajpf tgmvplge lt gqfrrve "of|ge` fe` ~glep,- vtftpje`jr` ol)lg`jpf tgmvplge agr ojdc plprjpleh je` ijcleh efdfttjr|dgrrfdplge pg pbf pblgtvmajpf dgetvif`

Tpje`jr`l{jplge ga tg`lvi pblgtvmajpf tgmvplge

Pjcf ? hrjit CL le :>>):6> im ga `ltplmmf` xjpfr ~mvt : im ga 1E B?TG0je` ?> im ga tpje`jr` ~gpjttlvi ol)lg`jpf tgmvplge `lmvpf pg ?>> im

Plprjpf pbf tgmvplge xlpb tpje`jr` tg`lvi pblgtvmajpf tgmvplge xblmfvtleh tpjrdb jt le`ldjpgr

Dgetvi~plge ga ?> im ga pbf tpje`jr` tg`lvi pblgtvmajpf tgmvplgele`ldjpft pbjp lpt tprfehpb lt >%>?6I

@G o| Xlecmfr Ifpbg`


37/90

Ifiorjef Fmfdprg`f Ifpbg` agr @G Ifiorjef fmfdprg`f lt dgi~gtf` ga pxg tgml` ifpjm fmfdprg`ft je` je

fmfdprgm|pf tgmvplge agrileh j orl`hf ofpxffe pbfi

Pbf fmfdprg`ft je` pbf fmfdprgm|pf tgmvplge jrf tf~jrjpf` argi pbf tji~mfo| j igmfdvmjr g|hfe ~frifjomf ifiorjef

Pbf ifiorjef fmfdprg`f t|tpfi "@G ~rgof, lt flpbfr j ~gmjrghrj~bldt|tpfi gr j hjmqjeld t|tpfi

Ofdjvtf ga pbf ~frifjomf ejpvrf- j `|ejild fzvlmlorlvi lt ftpjomltbf`"pbrgvhb g|hfe `laavtlge, ofpxffe pbf @G ga pbf fmfdprgm|pf tgmvplge je`pbjp ga pbf tji~mf

G|hfe ~rftfep le pbf fmfdprgm|pf lt rf`vdf` jp pbf djpbg`f je` fmfdprget

rfzvlrf` jrf ~rg`vdf` jp pbf jeg`f je` prjet~grpf` pg pbf djpbg`f Dvrrfep rftvmpleh argi pbf rfzvlrf` fmfdprge prjet~grp lt ~rg~grplgejm pg

pbf @G dgedfeprjplge le pbf fmfdprgm|pf tgmvplge "le`lrfdpm| le pbf tji~mf,

Dvrrfep le pbf dlrdvlp lt ifjtvrf` je` rfmjpf` xlpb pbf @G ga pbf tji~mf


38/90

Ifiorjef Fmfdprg`f Ifpbg` agr @GDjmlorjplge

Ftpjomltbleh rfmjplgetbl~ ofpxffe @G ga pbf tji~mf je` dvrrfep lepbf dlrdvlp

Djmlorjplge ga ifiorjef fmfdprg`f t|tpfi leqgmqft vtf tji~mft gacegxe @G Tji~mft xlpb cegxe @G dje of ~rf~jrf` o| jfrjplge- ovoomleh

elprghfe hjt- j``lplge ga tg`lvi tvmalpf je` prjdft ga dgojmp dbmgrl`f

Pbf ifiorjef fmfdprg`f "@G ~rgof, lt ~mjdf` le xjpfr tjpvrjpf`jlr- je` dvrrfep hfefrjpf` le pbf dlrdvlp lt pjcfe jt ~rg~grplgejm pgpbf @Gt jp pbjp pfi~frjpvrf je` ~rfttvrf Xbfe djmlorjpf` le tjpvrjpf` jlr- efdfttjr| dgi~fetjplge agr jmplpv`f

"gr jpigt~bfrld ~rfttvrf, tbgvm` of ij`f "Ijevajdpvrfr ~rgql`ft jtpje`jr` pjomf agr jmplpv`f dgrrfdplge,

@ltplmmf` xjpfr "gr ve~gmmvpf` xjpfr xlpb cegxe dge`vdplqlp|'tjmlelp|' dbmgrlelp|, tjpvrjpf` xlpb @G dje jmtg of vtf` agr djmlorjplge

Tji~mft xlpb cegxe @G dje jmtg of vtf` agr pbf djmlorjplge Xlecmfr ifpbg` lt vtf` agr cegxleh @G xlpb ~rfdltlge je` jddvrjd|

Ijevajdpvrfr ga @G ~rgof je` @G ifpfr ~rgql`ft j xrlppfedjmlorjplge ~rgdf`vrf je` lp tbgvm` of tprldpm| agmmgxf`


39/90

Ifiorjef Fmfdprg`f Ifpbg` agr @G Ifiorjef ~frifjolmlp| lt ogpb pfi~% je` tjmp dged% Tfetlplqf%

Pfi~ je` tjmp dged% ga pbf tji~mf tbgvm` of igelpgrf` je` efdfttjr|dgrrfdplget of ij`f pg pbf ~rgof tfetlplqlp|

Egighrj~bld dbjrpt jqjlmjomf argi pbf ijevajdpvrfr dje of vtf`

Dfrpjle @G ifpfrt ij| ledmv`f ajdlmlplft agr jvpgijpld pfi~% je` tjmp

dged% dgi~fetjplge Agr dgealrileh pbf dgrrfdplget ij`f o| egighrj~bld dbjrpt-

tfetlplqlp| ga pbf @G ~rgof lt arfzvfepm| drgtt)dbfdcf` jp gef gr pxgpfi~% je` tjmp dged%

Xlpb plif ifiorjef mggtft lpt ~rg~frplft- je` bfedf- lp ltarfzvfepm| dbjehf` je` pbf fmfdprg`f t|tpfi lt djmlorjpf` jarftb

^rfdltlge je` jddvrjd| ga ifiorjef fmfdprg`f ifpbg` " >%: ih'mje` >%>6 ih'm, lt egp qfr| hgg`

^rfdltlge ga Xlecmfr ifpbg` lt 6> h'm- ovp ofleh j `ftprvdplqfpftp- dje egp of vtf` agr dgeplevgvt @G igelpgrleh le tji~mft


40/90

Ifiorjef fmfdprg`f ifpbg` agr @G^rgdf`vrf

Djrfavmm| letfrp j djmlorjpf` @G ~rgof lepg pbf tji~mf xblmf egp

jmmgxleh jlr feprj~ifep le qldlelp| ga f~gtf` ifiorjef ~grplge _fj` pfi~% je` tjmp dged% ga pbf tji~mf je` ijcf pfi~% je` tjmp

dged% dgi~fetjplge

Ifjtvrf @G- xblmf fetvrleh tvaaldlfep amgx ga tji~mf jdrgtt pbfifiorjef tvrajdf- pbrgvhb tplrrleh- je` rf~grp pbf rftvmp le ih'm

^rfdjvplget

Tprldpm| agmmgx pbf ijevajdpvrfrt ~rgdf`vrf agr dmfjelehfmfdprg`ft- je` agr dbjehleh ifiorjef je` fmfdprgm|pf tgmvplge

Vtf blhb zvjmlp| fmfdprgm|pf tgmvplge "flpbfr ~rf~jrf` jt ~frijevajdpvrfrt t~fdlaldjplget gr tv~~mlf` o| ijevajdpvrfr,

Vtf ve~vedpvrf` je` dmfje ifiorjeft- je` jqgl` feprj~ifep gafqfe ilevpf jlr ovoomft xblmf dbjehleh pbf ifiorjef

Vtf ga pbf ifiorjef fmfdprg`f t|tpfi dje rftvmp le~mjpleh'fpdbleh je`'gr dgepjilejplge ga fmfdprg`ft

Ijevajdpvrfrt letprvdplget agr tpgrleh pbf @G ~rgof xbfe egp levtf "tbgrp pfri je` mgeh pfri tpgrjhf, tbgvm` of tprldpm| agmmgxf`

Hlqf fegvhb plif agr @G ~rgof pg rfjdb pbfrijm je` @G fzvlmlorlj


41/90

Olgmghldjm G|hfe @fije`

"6 gr 4 `j| OG@,

o| OG@ Ogppmf Ifpbg`


42/90

OG@ Ogppmf Ifpbg` agr OG@ Ftplijplge

J OG@ ogppmf almmf` xlpb `lmvpf` tji~mf xlpb tff` je`tpg~~frf` lt ledvojpf` jp dgetpjep pfi~frjpvrf agr jalf` `vrjplge @lmvplge ga pbf tji~mf

Jddmlijpf` tff`

Ajqgvrjomf evprlfep je` gtigpld dge`lplget

Eg jlr ovoomf feprjleifep

cegxe lelpljm @G

6 `j|t ledvojplge jp ?>D "4 `j|t jp ?8D, gem| ~jrpljm gl`jplge ga pbf grhjeld ijppfr

dgi~mfpf gl`jplge eff`t ledvojplge agr mgehfr plif "1> pg `j|t,

Ifjtvrfifep ga alejm @G @laafrfedf ofpxffe lelpljm je` alejm @G lt g|hfe fije` ga pbf

`lmvpf` tji~mf `vrleh pbf ledvojplge ~frlg`


43/90

Tgvrdft ga FrrgrTff` j``f` lt grhjeld ijppfr je` ve`frhgft olg)gl`jplge ffrpleh

g|hfe `fije` `vrleh ledvojplge ^gtlplqf frrgr leprg`vdf` lt ifjtvrf` pbrgvhb ledvojpleh j omjec

dgepjleleh tff` le `lmvplge xjpfr ovp eg tji~mf

Ifjtvrf` frrgr lt pbfe tvoprjdpf` argi pbf gqfrjmm g|hfe `fije` agrgopjleleh g|hfe `fije` ga pbf tji~mf

G|hfe `fije` lt `fegpf` jt OG@p jp RD "OG@6 jp ?>D- OG@4 jp

?8D- fpd%, Velpt agr OG@p jp RD jrf ih'M "OG@p lt g|hfe `fije` xbfe pbf

tji~mf lt ledvojpf` agr p `j|t jp RD

Pftpleh hlqft g|hfe `fije` ga `lmvpf` tji~mf ) ivmpl~mldjplge ga pbltxlpb `lmvplge ajdpgr hlqft tji~mft g|hfe `fije`

EB4)E j``f` "jt evprlfep tv~~mfifep, je` EB4)E rfmfjtf` `vrleh

ledvojplge jrf ~rgef pg elprlaldjplge je` leprg`vdleh ~gtlplqf frrgr

Pg fmlilejpf pblt frrgr- flpbfr leblolp pbf elprlaldjplge gr zvjepla| je`

tvoprjdp argi pbf ifjtvrfifep

Le 6)`j| OG@ pftp- vtf ga elprlaldjplge leblolpgr dbfildjm lt ~rfafrrf`

Le OG@v pftp zveplaldjplge je` tvoprjdplge ga frrgr lt ~rfafrrf`


44/90

F~rfttlge agr OG@p argi pftp rftvmpt

OG@p jp RD ga j tji~mf dje of xrlppfe jt

@lmvplge Ajdpgr @a lt pbf ajdpgr o| xbldb grlhlejm tji~mf lt`lmvpf` agr gopjleleh `lmvpf` tji~mf ) dje of `falef` jt;

G@ ga `lmvpf` tji~mf;

Frrgr leprg`vdf` o| pbf tff`

G|hfe `fije` ga `lmvplge xjpfr lt jmigtp efhmlhlomf

Ovp- tff`f` `lmvplge xjpfr bjt tlhelaldjep g|hfe fije`

J`` cegxe qgmvif ga tff` "6 plift gr igrf pg pbjp j``f` pg `lmvpf`tji~mf, pg `lmvplge xjpfr pg rjltf pbf G@ pg 5 ? ih'm

Pftp pbf tff` dgeprgm agr G@ pbrgvhb ledvojpleh ~jrjmmfm xlpb pbf

`lmvpf` tji~mf agr pbf tjif `vrjplge

*

Ajdpgr

@lmvplge

lgeelprlaldjp

o|frrgr)

jpfr`lmvplge xje`

tff`o|frrgr)

tji~mf`lmvpf`

pbfgaG@OG@p

,"

:>>>

tji~mf`lmvpf`gamlpfgef~f~jlehagvtf`tji~mfgaim@a *

tatl @G@GG@ *@Gtl ! @gtajrf lelpljm ! alejm @G ga`lmvpf`

tji~mf ofagrf ! japfr p`j|t ga ledvojplge


45/90

A,@G)"@Gjpfr`lmvplge xtff`f`gaG@dadl

*

~f~jf`dgepgmtff`gamlpf~ftff`gaim

~f~jf`tji~mf`lmvpf`gamlpf~ftff`gaimA*

a

a

dadltatl

g

p@A

@@G@G@G@GDRjpOG@

*

::,","

dadl@G)@Gtff`gaG@ * @Gdl ! @Gdajrf lelpljm ! alejm @G ga

pbf tff`dgeprgm ledvojpf` agr p`j|t

A@

@G@Gxjpf`lmvplgetff`f`gaG@a

dadl

*:

:,"

F~rfttlge agr OG@p argi pftp rftvmpt

ogppmfOG@lexjpf`lmvplgetff`f`gaajdplgeqgmviflt@a

::

Frrgr o|elprlaldjplge; Elprlaldjplge rfjdplge lt leblolpf` o| j``leh

elprlaldjplge leblolplgedbfildjm je`bfedfeg dgrrfdplgeeff`f`%


46/90

Ledvojplge dge`lplget Ajqgvrjomf ~B dge`lplget

Ildrg)grhjeltit jrf ~B tfetlplqf ) 8%? lt dgetl`frf` jt g~plivi

~B ga ledvojpf` tji~mf dje dbjehf argi ~rg`vdplge ga DG?

^bgt~bjpf ovaafr lt vtf` pg j`kvtp pbf ~B pg g~plivi je` pgijlepjle ~B `vrleh ledvojplge

Ajqgvrjomf evprlfep dge`lplget

Olg)gl`jplge ga grhjeld ijppfr leqgmqft t|epbftlt ga efxildrgoljm olgijtt

Pblt t|epbftlt rfzvlrft elprghfe "EB4)E gr EG4)E,- ~bgt~bgrvt"grpbrg, je` gpbfr legrhjeld evprlfept

Letvaaldlfep evprlfept ijcf olg)gl`jplge evprlfep mlilpleh

Pbf tji~mf lt tv~~mfifepf` xlpb evprlfep agrivmjplget

"~bgt~bjpf ovaafr bjt CB?^G0- C?B^G0- Ej?B^G0 je` EB0Dm, Tjmpt j``f` agr ijlepjleleh gtigpld dge`lplget "AfDm4- DjDm?

je` IhTG0, ij| jmtg dgeprlovpf

Ajqgvrjomf gtigpld dge`lplget; Ijlepjleleh gtigpld dge`lplget lt li~grpjep agr fetvrleh pblt

AfDm4- DjDm? je` IhTG0 tjmpt jrf j``f`

o `


47/90

Ledvojplge dge`lplget; Dgetpjeppfi~frjpvrf pbrgvhbgvp

6'4 `j| ledvojplge olg)gl`l{ft gem| j arjdplge ga grhjeld ijppfr

"GI, pgpjm gl`jplge rfzvlrft lealelpf plif OG@ clefpldt ig`fm ltvtf` ftplijpleh pbf pgpjm GI o| fprj~gmjpleh OG@p rftvmpt OG@ clefpldt ig`fm leqgmqft j rfjdplge rjpf dgetpjep "C, xbldb lt

pfi~% tfetlplqf

OG@ clefpldt ig`fm dje egp of j~~mlf` pg pbf rftvmpt gopjlef` argi jpftp xbfrf pbf tji~mf lt egp ledvojpf` jp dgetpjep pfi~frjpvrf

Pbf OG@ pftp rftvmpt jrf jmxj|t rf~grpf` jmgeh xlpb pfi~frjpvrfje` ~frlg` ga ledvojplge "OG@6 jp ?>D,%

O| dgeqldplge ledvojpf` agr 6 `j|t jp ?>rD "jeevjm jqfrjhf pfi~% gaVC je` plif pjcfe o| pbf Pbjift pg rfjdb pbf gdfje, D^DOrfdgiife`t 4 `j|t jp ?8D "jeevjm jqfrjhf pfi~% ga Le`lj*,

6 `j|t ledvojplge bjt je j`qjepjhf ) elprghfegvt OG@ le ije|djtft xlmm egp lepfrafrf xlpb djrogejdfgvt OG@ ifjtvrfifep Gef dje j`j~p je| pfi~% xlpble pbf rjehf pbjp xlmm egp jaafdp pbf

ildrgoljm ifpjogmld jdplqlp|

Ledvojplge ~frlg` hlqleh OG@p 9 1>)8>& ga OG@v dje of j`j~pf`

Agr fetvrleh ledvojplge jp dgetpjep pfi~%- tji~mft jrf ledvojpf`

flpbfr le OG@ ledvojpgrt gr le xjpfr ojpbt tfp jp `ftlrf` pfi~%


48/90

Jddmlijpl{f` tff`

Agr pbf olg)gl`jplge ga GI- pbf ledvojpf` tji~mf tbgvm`bjqf j~~rg~rljpf ildrgoljm ~g~vmjplget

@vrleh lelpljm ~frlg` ga ledvojplge- tfmfdplge jigeh pbf~g~vmjplget je` pbflr tl{f ledrfjtf gddvrt pblt rftvmpt lelelpljm mjh le g|hfe `fije` ~jppfre je` dgetfzvfepm|

Dvivmjplqf `fije` ij| egp agmmgx alrtp gr`fr clefpldt

Efhjplqf frrgr ij| of ij`f le OG@6 ifjtvrfifep- je` le pbfOG@v ftplijplge

Iveldl~jm tfxjhf- olgmghldjmm| prfjpf` faamvfept je` tji~mft

dgmmfdpf` argi rfdflqleh xjpfr og`lft jrf tv~~gtf` pg bjqfpbftf ~g~vmjplget

Ije| le`vtprljm xjtpfxjpfrt ij| egp bjqf "x'x hfefrjpf` jpfmfqjpf` pfi~% je` x'x dgepjleleh pgldjept jogqf pbfpbrftbgm` mlilpt,


49/90

Jddmlijpl{f` tff`

Ildrgoft bjqf ~rfafrfedft jt pg pbf GI pbf| dje olg)gl`l{f tff` j``f` ij| egp bjqf j~~rg~rljpf ildrgoljm ~g~vmjplget le

tlhelaldjep tl{f

X'x egp bjqleh j~~rg~rljpf ildrgoljm ~g~vmjplget rfzvlrfj``lplge ga pbftf ~g~vmjplget jt tff`

Pbf lelpljm mjh dje of fmlilejpf` pbrgvhb vtf ga jddmlijpf`tff`%

^rf~jrjplge ga jddmlijpl{f` tff`;

Pjcf ilf` mlzvgr gr tfdge`jr| ga j TP^ je` tpjrp jfrjplge

Xblmf dgeplevleh jfrjplge- hrj`vjmm| rf~mjdf pbf ilf`mlzvgr'tfdge`jr| tmv`hf xlpb pbf xjtpfxjpfr xjtpfxjpfr lezvftplge gqfr j j ~frlg` ga pxg j|t gr igrf

Tfppmf pbf dgepfept je` vtf pbf tv~frejpjep jt tff`


50/90

Jdmjijpl{f` Tff` Tji~mft ga `giftpld xjtpfxjpfr- ve`ltleafdpf` faamvfept argi

olgmghldjm prfjpifep velpt- je` ga rfdflqleh xjpfrt vtvjmm| bjqfj~~rg~rljpf je` j`j~pf` ildrgoljm ~g~vmjplget ) rfzvlrf eg tff`

Ije| veprfjpf` le`vtprljm xjtpfxjpfrt "`ltleafdpf` xjtpfxjpfrt-blhb pfi~frjpvrf xjtpfxjpfrt je` xjtpfxjpfrt xlpb fprfif ~Bqjmvf, rfzvlrf j``lplge jdmjilpl{f` tff`

Xbjp dje of tff` Tfppmf` `giftpld tfxjhf- dmjrlalf` je` ve`ltleafdpf` faamvfept ga

olgmghldjm prfjpifep velpt- je` dmfjr xjpfr argi rfdflqleh xjpfrt

Faamvfep argi pbf olgmghldjm prfjpifep ~mjep- prfjpleh pbf xjtpfxjpfrofleh tji~mf` "igtp j~~rg~rljpf,

Dmfjr xjpfr dgmmfdpf` argi pbf xjpfr og`|- xbldb lt rfdflqleh pbfxjtpfxjpfr le zvftplge- jp j ~glep 4 pg 2 CI gxe tprfji

Tff`- t~fdljmm|- `fqfmg~f` le mjogrjpgr|

@fqfmg~f` argi tfppmf` `giftpld tfxjhf gr tvt~fetlge ~rf~jrf`argi xjtpfxjpfr dgepjilejpf` tglm- pbrgvhb dgeplevgvtm| jfrjplehagr j afx `j|t je` j``leh tijmm `jlm| ledrfifept ga pbf xjtpfxjpfrle zvftplge


51/90

@lmvplge ajdpgr "@a,

G|hfe lt t~jrlehm| tgmvomf le xjpfr je` `f~fe`t ge jmplpv`f-pfi~frjpvrf je` tjmlelp|

Jmplpv`f "leifpfr,

Tjpvrjpf`@G "leih'm,

Pfi~frjpvrf "le

rD,

Tjpvrjpf`@G "leih'm,

Dbmgrlelp|

Tjpvrjpf` @G"le ih'm,

tfj mfqfm %> :0%1? >%> < "?>rD,

4>6 2%< 6%> :?%88 8%61 "4>rD,

1:> 2%1 :>%> ::%?< 1%0: "0>rD,

:>%>2 6%> 2%1? "?>rD,

:?:< 8%< ?>%> < %% 8%:< "4>rD,

:6?0 8%1 ?6%> 2%?1 %% 1%:? "0>rD,

:2?< 8%0 4>%> 8%61 :>%> 2%:8 "?>rD,

?:40 8%: 46%> 1%rD,

?804 1%6 06%> 6% 1%6: "4>rD,

4>02 1%4 6>%> 6%02 ?>%> 1%?> "4>rD,


52/90

@lmvplge ajdpgr "@a, @lmvpf` tji~mf lt jfrjpf` pg rltf @Gl dmgtfr pg @GT

Jp ?>D- @G mfqfm dje rltf pg joglp 2 ih'm mfqfm ) `lmvpf` tji~mftlelpljm @G; jogvp 2 ih'm

Jp f >%6 ih'm @G- olg)gl`jplge rjpft jrf leamvfedf` o| @G je`jttvi~plge ga alrtp gr`fr clefpldt "OG@ clefpldt, ofdgift leqjml`

@G le ledvojpf` tji~mft tbgvm` of 5:%> ih'M alejm @G tbgvm` of5:%> ih'M

@G jqjlmjomf agr olg)gl`jplge dje of jogvp 8 ih'M

Tji~mf eff`t `lmvplge tg jt lpt dvivmjplqf G@ lt f 8 ih'M%

Agr ale`leh @a- je l`fj ga rjehf ga f~fdpf` OG@ agr pbf tji~mftbgvm` of cegxe "^vomltbf` mlpfrjpvrf gr ~jtp f~frlfedf dje bfm~,

DG@ ga pbf tji~mf dje jmtg bfm~

Pjcf v~~fr mlilp ga pbf rjehf je` `lql`f o| 8 ih'm pg hfp @a% La eg l`fj ge f~fdpf` OG@ rjehf- pbfe pftp jp j tfrlft ga `lmvplget

Agr jddf~pjomf rftvmpt- G@ tbgvm` of 5: ih'M je` rftl`vjm @Gtbgvm` of 5: ih'M

J hfgifprld ~rghrfttlge ga @a":- 6- ?6- :?6- 1?6- - tg ge, dje of

vtf` le pbf pftp


53/90

Tpje`jr` OG@ Ogppmf Ifpbg`; Mlilpjplget

Tji~mf `lmvplge leprg`vdft frrgr le ifjtvrfifep je` jaafdprf~rg`vdlolmlp|

Dje egp of tvddfttavmm| vtf` agr pbf ifjtvrfifep ga OG@dgeprlovpf` o| tvt~fe`f` grhjeld ijppfr

Ivtp alrtp ve`frhg b|`rgm|tlt ) pjcft plif "? pg 4 `j|t gr igrf,- OG@

ffrplge egp agmmgx alrtp gr`fr clefpldt "OG@ ig`fm jttvift, Qfr| `laaldvmp pg fetvrf velagri `ltprlovplge ga pbf PTT jigeh pbf OG@

ogppmft ) Dgetfzvfedf lt frrgefgvt OG@ ifjtvrfifep%

Pftpleh rfzvlrft mgeh plif "6 `j|t, ) rftvmpt ofdgif mftt rfmfqjep"agr g~frjplge je` dgeprgm ga- t~fdljmm|- olgmghldjm prfjpifep velpt,

Jppfi~p pg rf`vdf pbf plif rfzvlrf`; ledrfjtf pbf ledvojplgepfi~frjpvrf "pg ?8D pg rf`vdf plif pg 4 j|t,%

@lmvplge ga tji~mf xlpb evprlfep rldb ovaafr tgmvplge ij| egp rfamfdppbf dge`lplget fltpleh le pbf prfjpifep ~rgdfttft

Lejddvrjd| ga OG@p ifjtvrfifep; :6 pg 6>& ":2& T@,


54/90

6)`j| OG@ Pftp o| OG@ Ogppmf Ifpbg`

OG@ lt j olgjttj| pftp vtf` pg ifjtvrf olg`fhrj`jomf grhjeld

ijppfr dgedfeprjplge Jigvep ga g|hfe rfzvlrf` pg olg)gl`f grhjeld ijppfr ga pbf tji~mf

lt ifjtvrf`

@lmvpf` tji~mf lt ledvojpf` xlpb j~~rg~rljpf ildrgoljm ~g~vmjplgetagr 6 `j|t jp ?>D

@ltplmmf` xjpfr "gr pj~ xjpfr gr xjpfr dgmmfdpf` argi rfdflqleh xjpfr t-la bjqleh efhmlhlomf OG@, lt vtf` agr `lmvpleh pbf tji~mf

Xjpfr tbgvm` egp bjqf olg)leblolpgr| tvotpjedft mlcf dbmgrlef- bfjq|ifpjmt fpd%

Jfrgold olg)gl`jplge ga olg`fhrj`jomf grhjeld ijppfr dgetvift@G ga pbf tji~mf

Dbjehf le @G ga pbf ledvojpf` tji~mf lt ifjtvrf` je` rf~grpf` jtOG@6 jp ?>D

F~frlifepjm rftvmpt pg ofdgif jddf~pjomf

_ftl`vjm @G ga pbf tji~mf tbgvm` of 5:%> ih'm

@G `laafrfedf ofpxffe lelpljm je` alejm tbgvm` fo 5:%> ih'M


55/90

Lepfrafrfedft Tfdge`jr| faamvfep tji~mft je` tji~mft tff`f` xlpb tfdge`jr|

faamvfept- je` ~gmmvpf` xjpfr tji~mft dgmmfdpf` argi tvrajdf xjpfr

og`lft tbgx tlhelaldjep elprlaldjplge rjpft Elprlaldjplge leblolpgr dbfildjmt; PDI^ "?)dbmgrg- 1)prldbmgrg ifpb|m

~|rl`lef, Xbfefqfr elprlaldjplge leblolpgr dbfildjm lt vtf`- rftvmpt jrf rf~grpf`

jt DOG@6 "egp jt OG@6,

@lmvplge xjpfr vtf` dje jmtg leprg`vdf ~gtlplqf frrgr

Hgg` zvjmlp| `lmvplge xjpfr ffrpt = >%: gr >%? ih'm ga g|hfe `fije``vrleh 6)`j| ledvojplge jp ?>D%

Tvmal`ft je` afrrgvt lrge dje of gl`l{f` `vrleh ledvojplge je`leprg`vdf ~gtlplqf frrgr

_ftl`vjm dbmgrlef la ~rftfep dje leblolp olgmghldjm jdplqlp| je` olg)gl`jplge ga grhjeld ijppfr

Tji~mft xlpb rftl`vjm dbmgrlef jrf alrtp `fdbmgrlejpf` Cff~leh ve`fr mlhbp agr : pg ? bgvrt dje `fdbmgrlejpf pbf tji~mf

J``lplge ga ~rf`fpfrilef` zvjeplp| ga tg`lvi tvmalpf dje fdbmgrlejpf

@gtf ga tg`lvi tvmajpf rfzvlrf`; Pjcf ?>> im tji~mf- j`` ? im ga:;: jdfpld jdl` gr :;6> B?TG0 je` ? im ga :& CL- je` plprjpf jhjletp

Ej?TG4- vtf tpjrdb jt le`ldjpgr ) Ej?TG4 dgetvif` lt `gtf


56/90

J~~jrjpvt- Hmjttxjrf je` Dbfildjmt

J~~jrjpvt je` hmjttxjrf OG@ ledvojpgr gr Xjpfr Ojpb tfp jp ?>:D gr ?8:D%

@lj~brjhi jfrjpgr `fmlqfrleh grhjeld arff)almpfrf` jlr je``laavtf` jfrjplge t|tpfi agr jfrjpleh pbf `lmvplge xjpfr

OG@ Ogppmft "aveefm igvpb- 4>>)44> iM qgmvif- velzvf eviofr-hrgve`f` efdc- bfjq| tpg~~fr xlpb hrgve` tvrajdf je` dgeldjmpl~,%

Jt~lrjpgr ogppmft ga 4 M dj~jdlp|- ofjcfrt ga 4 pg 6 dj~jdlp|-ifjtvrleh d|mle`frt- ovrfppf- ~l~fppf- fpd% hmjttxjrf

Dbfildjmt

^bgt~bjpf ovaafr tgmvplge; 2%6 h CB?^G0- ?:%86 h C?B^G0- 44%0 hEj?B^G0%8B?G je` :%8 h EB0Dm le 6>> im xjpfr je` alejm qgmvifj`kvtpf` pg gef mlpfr "`ltdjr` la olgmghldjm hrgxpb gotfrqf`,%

Ijheftlvi tvmajpf tgmvplge; ??%6 h IhTG0%8B?G le xjpfr je`j`kvtp alejm qgmvif pg gef mlpfr%

Djmdlvi dbmgrl`f tgmvplge; ?8%6 h DjDm? le xjpfr je` j`kvtp alejmqgmvif pg gef mlpfr%

Afrrld dbmgrl`f tgmvplge; >%?6 h AfDm4%1B?G le xjpfr je` j`kvtp

alejm qgmvif pg gef mlpfr%


57/90

J~~jrjpvt- Hmjttxjrf je` DbfildjmtDbfildjmt :E jdl` gr jmcjml tgmvplge "?2 im ga dged% B?TG0 pg gef mlpfr3 gr 0>

h EjGB le gef mlpfr alejm qgmvif,%

Tg`lvi tvmalpf tgmvplge; :%686 h Ej?TG4 le :>>> im `ltplmmf`

xjpfr "egp tpjomf ~rf~jrf jarftb fqfr| plif,% Elprlaldjplge leblolplge dbfildjm; ?%?& tgmvplge ga ?)Dbmgrg)1)

"prldbmgrg ifpb|m, ~|rl`lef

Hmvdgtf)hmvpjild jdl` tgmvplge; @r| rfjhfep hrj`f hmvdgtf je`hmvpjild jdl` jp :>4D agr gef bgvr- pjcf :6> ih fjdb- `lttgmqf lexjpfr je` j`kvtp pg gef mlpfr alejm qgmvif "egp tpjomf je` ~rf~jrf

jarftb fqfr| plif, Jiigelvi dbmgrl`f; :%:6 h EB0Dm le 6>> im xjpfr- j`kvtp ~B pg

8%? xlpb EjGB tgmvplge je` j`kvtp alejm qgmvif pg gef mlpfr


58/90

^rgdf`vrf agr 6)`j| OG@ pftp Pjcf `lmvplge xjpfr- j`` : iM'M fjdb ga ~bgt~bjpf ovaafr- afrrld

dbmgrl`f- djmdlvi dbmgrl`f je` ijheftlvi tvmajpf tgmvplget3J`kvtp pfi~% pg ?>D o| cff~leh le je ledvojpgr je` g|hfejpfpbf xjpfr pbrgvhb ovoomleh grhjeld arff almpfrf` jlr

L`fepla| j~~rg~rljpf tgvrdf agr tff` ijpfrljm ) fetvrf pbjp pbftff` lt tvaaldlfepm| dmfjr je` `fqgl` ga qltlomf tvt~fe`f` tgml`t j`` pbf tff` pg pbf xjpfr jp : iM'M rjpf

J``f` tff` tbgvm` egp ledrfjtf g|hfe `fije` ga `lmvplge xjpfr"gqfr 6)`j| ~frlg` jp ?>D, of|ge` :%> ih'm%

La elprlaldjplge leblolpgr dbfildjm lt pg of vtf`- tpgrf pbf tff`f``lmvplge xjpfr le pbf ledvojpgr jp ?>D veplm lpt g|hfe `fije`"gqfr 6)`j|t, ajmmt ofmgx >%? ih'm%

J``lplge ga tff` lt egp rfzvlrf` la pbf tji~mf lt bjqlehj~~rg~rljpf je` j`j~pf` ildrgoljm ~g~vmjplget

La rftl`vjm dbmgrlef lt tvt~fdpf` `fdbmgrlejpf pbf tji~mf%

La pfi~% lt =?>D- j`kvtp tji~mft pfi~% pg ?>D "~jrpljmm| almm pbftji~mf le j ogppmf je` qlhgrgvtm| jhlpjpf,


59/90

^rgdf`vrf agr 6)`j| OG@ pftp

J`kvtp tji~mft ~B pg 1%6)8%6 o| :E B?TG0 gr EjGB @fdl`f ge @aje` ale` gvp tji~mf qgmvif agr ~rf~jrleh ? gr 4 M ga

`lmvpf` tji~mf

Pjcf rfzvlrf` qgmvif ga pbf tji~mf- j`` g|hfejpf` "je`tff`f`*, `lmvplge xjpfr je` j`kvtp qgmvif pg ? gr 4 mlpfrt

La elprlaldjplge leblolplge lt `ftlrf`- j`` ?> gr 4> ih ga PDI^ pg

pbf ? gr 4 mlpfrt ga pbf ~rf~jrf` `lmvpf` tji~mf La @G lt tvt~fdpf` jt letvaaldlfep- pbfe jfrjpf pbf tji~mf

Prjetafr tji~mf pg jt~lrjpgr ogppmf je` almm 0 gr 1 OG@ ogppmft

Ledvojpf ? gr 4 ga pbf ogppmft jp ?>:D le ledvojpgr'xjpfr ojpb

Vtf rftp ga pbf ogppmft pg ifjtvrf @Gl ga pbf ledvojpf` tji~mf

Agr ifjtvrleh pbf @G vtf flpbfr pbf Xlecmfr ifpbg` "j{l`fig`lalf`, gr pbf Ifiorjef fmfdprg`f ifpbg`

^rf~jrf tff` dgeprgm o| pjcleh ifjtvrf` qgmvif ga tff` "6 pliftigrf pbje pbjp vtf` le ~rf~jrleh pbf `lmvpf` tji~mf, je` j`kvtpqgmvif pg ? gr 4 mlpfrt xlpb g|hfejpf` "vetff`f`, `lmvplge xjpfr


60/90

^rgdf`vrf agr 6)`j| OG@ pftp Jfrjpf pbf ~rf~jrf` tff` dgeprgm- prjetafr lepg jt~lrjpgr ogppmf

je` almm 0 gr 1 OG@ ogppmft Ledvojpf ? gr 4 ga pbf ogppmft jp ?>D je` vtf rftp ga pbf ogppmft

agr ifjtvrleh @Gl ga pbf ledvojpf` tff` dgeprgm

Pftpleh tff` dgeprgm lt egp rfzvlrf` la pbf tji~mf lt egp tff`f`

La elprlaldjplge leblolpgr dbfildjm lt j``f` pg pbf tji~mf pbfe jmtgj`` pbf leblolpgr dbfildjm pg pbf tff` dgeprgm jt xfmm

Agr fqjmvjpleh pbf `lmvplge xjpfr zvjmlp|- je` agr jttfttleh pbffaafdplqfeftt ga pbf tff` je` pbf jejm|pldjm pfdbelzvf ge pbfxbgmf- ~fragri t|epbfpld hmvdgtf)hmvpjild jdl` tji~mf pftpleh

Pjcf 0> gr 1> im ga hmvdgtf)hmvpjild jdl` tgmvplge lepg jifjtvrleh d|mle`fr je` j`kvtp qgmvif pg ? gr 4 M xlpb tff`f`

je` g|hfejpf` `lmvplge xjpfr Jfrjpf pbf ~rf~jrf` t|epbfpld tji~mf- prjetafr pg je jt~lrjpgr

ogppmf je` almm 0 gr 1 OG@ ogppmft

Ledvojpf ? gr 4 ga pbf ogppmft je` vtf pbf rftp agr ifjtvrleh @Glga pbf ledvojpf` t|epbfpld tji~mf

_veeleh hmvdgtf)hmvpjild jdl` dbfdc lt g~plgejm


61/90

^rgdf`vrf agr 6)`j| OG@ pftp Japfr ledvojpleh agr 6 `j|t : bgvr- pjcf gvp pbf ledvojpf` OG@

ogppmft je` ifjtvrf pbflr @Gaflpbfr o| Xlecmfr ifpbg` "j{l`fig`laldjplge, gr o| Ifiorjef fmfdprg`f ifpbg`

@ltdgr` pbf rftvmpt la @Ga lt =:%> ih'M- gr la @Gl)@Ga lt =?%> ih'M

_fdgr` rftvmpt je` ale` gvp OG@6 jp ?>D agr pbf tji~mf "je` jmtgagr pbf t|epbfpld hmvdgtf)hmvpjild jdl` dbfdc,

Vtf pbf rftvmpt ga pbf hmvdgtf)hmvpjild jdl` dbfdc agr ftpjomltblehpbf Mjogrjpgr| Dgeprgm Mlilp "MDM,

Vtf rftvmpt ga jrgve` ?6 ga hmvdgtf)hmvpjild jdl` dbfdct pg ale`gvp pbf MDM "MDM 9 Ifje 4%Tpje`jr` @fqljplge,

MDM tbgvm` of xlpble pbf :%6 ih'm ) La egp- tgifpbleh lt

xrgeh xlpb pbf pfdbelzvf- gr xlpb pbf `lmvplge xjpfr- gr xlpb pbftff` fi~mg|f` leqftplhjpf je` dgrrfdp pbf ~rgomfi

_ftvmpt gopjlef` agr pbf tji~mf jrf dgetl`frf` ~rfdltf la pbfrftvmpt agr pbf hmvdgtf)hmvpjild jdl` dbfdc mlf xlpble ?>0:>%0ih'M rjehf

A p a `l pb OG@ p p mp


62/90

Agrijp agr rfdgr`leh pbf OG@ pftp rftvmpt Tji~mf; @jpf;

@lmvplge ajdpgr;

Ledvojplge ~frlg` "`j|t,; Ledvojplge pfi~% "D,;

Qgmvif ga le pbf `lmvpf` tji~mf "iM'M,;

Qgmvif ga tff` le pbf tff` dgeprgm "iM'M,;

@lmvpf` Tji~mf Tff` dgeprgmOgppmfEg%

Lelpljm @G"@Gtl,

OgppmfEg%

Alejm @G"@Gta,

OgppmfEg%

Lelpljm @G"@Gdl,

OgppmfEg%

Alejm @G"@Gda,

Jqfrjhf Jqfrjhf Jqfrjhf Jqfrjhf


63/90

_fijrct je` ^rfdjvplget Ifpbg` lt j~~rg~rljpf- ~rfdltf je` jddvrjpf agr ifjtvrleh tgmvomf

olg)`fhrj`jomf grhjeld ijppfr dgedfeprjplge

^jrpldvmjpf tvt~fe`f`- amgjpleh gr tfppmfjomf grhjeld ijppfr jaafdptjddvrjd| je` ~rfdltlge ga OG@ ifjtvrfifep

Agr dbfdcleh faafdplqfeftt ga tff` ijpfrljm- qfr| gapfe- letpfj` gahmvdgtf)hmvpjild jdl` dbfdc- ~fragri j dbfdc ge pbf ~vrf grhjelddgi~gve`- xbldb lt ijkgr dgetplpvfep ga pbf tji~mf le zvftplge

6)`j| OG@ pftp o| OG@ ogppmf ifpbg` lt egp j~~rg~rljpf agr pftplehtji~mf xlpb OG@

6

jp ?>D =? ih'm%

D^DO bjt tvhhftpf` 4)`j|t ledvojplge jp ?8D pfi~%- le ~mjdf ga 6`j|t ledvojplge jp ?>D pfi~%


64/90

_fijrct je` ^rfdjvplget Fetvrf pbjp pbf ledvojpf` OG@ ogppmft bjqf xjpfr tfjmt je` jqgl`

pbflr `r|leh v~ o| ~mjdleh ~j~fr'~mjtpld'aglm dj~t gqfr pbf OG@ogppmf igvpbt

^gvr gaa pbf tji~mf jdpleh jt xjpfr tfjm ~rlgr pg ~rgdff`leh xlpbpbf @G

a

ifjtvrfifep

^rgpfdp ledvojpf` OG@ ogppmft argi mlhbp jmhjm ~bgpgt|epbftlt djeleprg`vdf efhjplqf frrgr

Jqgl` qgmvif frrgrt- o| egp ~rf~jrleh `lmvplget `lrfdpm| le pbf OG@ogppmf "OG@ ogppmft qgmvif lt egp dgetpjep- ovp qjrlft,

Pg cegx g|hfe `fije` ga vetff`f` `lmvplge xjpfr- dge`vdp pftpge tff` dgeprgm jp `laafrfep tff` dgedfeprjplget- ~mgp g|hfe`fije` jhjletp tff` dgedfeprjplge je` rfj` lepfrdf~p ge g|hfe`fije` jlt jt g|hfe `fije` ga pbf vetff`f` tji~mf


65/90

Vmplijpf OG@ "OG@v,


66/90

Vmplijpf OG@ "OG@v, o| OG@ Ogppmf Ifpbg`

6)`j| OG@ pftp ajlmt pg ifjtvrf OG@v ) Clefpld `ftdrl~pgrt "OG@

clefpld ~jrjifpfrt, dje rfmjpf OG@6 xlpb OG@v je` ftplijpf OG@v Gl`jplge lt egp dgi~mfpf le 6 `j|t ga ledvojplge ) 1> pg `j|t

ledvojplge eff`f` agr dgi~mfpf gl`jplge je` OG@v ifjtvrfifep

Agr pbf ifjtvrfifep ga OG@v- ledvojpf pbf tji~mf plmm lpt xffcm|g|hfe `fije` `rg~t pg =:)?& ga pbf dvivmjplqf `fije` ) avrpbfr-vtf j~~rg~rljpf tpjpltpldjm fprj~gmjplge pfdbelzvf agr ftplijplehOG@v argi pbf ifjtvrf` dvivmjplqf g|hfe `fije`

Pblt ifpbg` vtvjmm| ledmv`ft ifjtvrfifep ga @G ga pbf ledvojpf`tji~mf jp rfhvmjr lepfrqjmt "agr jddf~pjomf rftvmpt- 5? ih'm ga @G`f~mfplge tbgvm` gddvr ofpxffe pxg tvddfttlqf @G ifjtvrfifept,

Pbf tji~mf lt `lmvpf` xlpb `lmvplge xjpfr pg pbf rjehf ga ?> pg 4>

ih'm ga g|hfe `fije` "OG@v, Agr fetvrleh jqjlmjolmlp| ga tvaaldlfep @G- pbf ledvojpf` tji~mf ltrfjfrjpf` jp rfhvmjr lepfrqjmt "@G ifjtvrfifep- rfjfrjplge je` @Gifjtvrfifep tfzvfedf ga tpf~t,

G|hfe tfetlplqf ifiorjef fmfdprg`f ifpbg`- rjpbfr pbje Xlecmfrifpbg`- lt vtf` agr pbf @G ifjtvrfifep ) Xlecmfr ifpbg` lt j

`ftprvdplqf ifpbg` je` egp tvlpjomf agr vtf%


67/90

Vmplijpf OG@ "OG@v, o| OG@ Ogppmf Ifpbg`

Dgedfeprjplget ga EG4)E je` EG?)E ga pbf ledvojpf` tji~mf jrf

ifjtvrf` ge `j| > je` ge pbf mjtp `j| ga ledvojplge "la lepfrftpf`le elprlaldjplge rjpft pbfe ifjtvrleh jp rfhvmjr lepfrqjmt lt eff`f`, )g|hfe fzvlqjmfed| ga elprlaldjplge lt dgi~vpf` je` tvoprjdpf`argi pbf ffrpf` g|hfe `fije`

G|hfe fzvlqjmfed| ga elprlaldjplge ga EB4E pg EG4E je` EG?Epg EG4E jrf 4%04 je` :%:0 ih'ih rft~fdplqfm|

Xbfe lepfe`f` pg cegx le)tprfji g|hfe `fije` rjpft- pbfe pbftji~mf lt jt ajr jt ~gttlomf egp `lmvpf`- je` lp lt egp tv~~mfifepf`xlpb je| evprlfept gr ovaafr agrivmjplget gr xlpb je| tff`

Tji~mft tbgvm` of `rjxe argi pbf ledvojpf` ogppmf dgepfept agrEG4)E je` EG?)E ifjtvrfifep

Pbf tji~mf ogppmf lt tvokfdpf` pg arfzvfep letfrplge ga ifiorjeffmfdprg`f lepg lp je` tpg~~frleh

Pbftf leqgmqf mgtt ga pbf ledvojpf` tji~mf je` dje leprg`vdf frrgrt

Agr ilelil{leh pbf frrgrt- ogppmft ga ?)M gr igrf dj~jdlp| jrf vtf`%

Agr ijcleh v~ pbf tji~mf mgttft- j``lplgejm tji~mf lt ijlepjlef` lej rftfrqglr ogppmf le pbf ledvojpgr jmgeh xlpb pbf tji~mf ogppmf

` a


68/90

^rgdf`vrf agr OG@v ifjtvrfifep J``lplgejm j~~jrjpvt je` hmjttxjrf

OG@ ogppmft ga ?M gr igrf dj~jdlp| "xlpb jmm pbf afjpvrft ga 4>> imdj~jdlp| ogppmft,

_ftfrqglr ogppmft ga ?M gr igrf dj~jdlp| "? M OG@ ogppmft dje of vtf`rftfrqglr ogppmft- pbrgvhb ~jrpljm almmleh je` vetpg~~frleh

G|hfe tfetlplqf ifiorjef fmfdprg`f je` @G ifpfr agr ifjtvrleh@G ga pbf ledvojpf` tji~mf

Ijhefpld tplrrfr je` ijhefpld olpt agr ajdlmlpjpleh illeh ga pbfledvojpf` tji~mf

^rf~jrjplge ga vetff`f` `lmvplge xjpfr "tlilmjr pg pbjp `gef agr pbf6 `j| OG@ ogppmf ifpbg`, Dgmmfdpleh dgetfrqjplqfm| ftplijpf` qgmvif ga xjpfr

j``lplge ga ~bgt~bjpf ovaafr- afrrld dbmgrl`f- djmdlvi dbmgrl`f je`

ijheftlvi tvmajpf tgmvplget jp : iM'M rjpf dge`lplgeleh pg ?>D

g|hfejplge pg tjpvrjplge

La rfzvlrf` tff` ijpfrljm lt j``f` pg pbf `lmvplge xjpfr "qgmvif gatff` j``f` tbgvm` egp tlhelaldjepm| ledrfjtf g|hfe `fije` ga pbf`lmvpf` tji~mf- =: ih'm ,

^ ` a OG@ p


69/90

^rgdf`vrf agr OG@v ifjtvrfifep La rftl`vjm dbmgrlef lt tvt~fdpf`- `fdbmgrlejpf pbf tji~mf

J`kvtp tji~mft pfi~frjpvrf pg ?>D je` ~B pg 1%6 pg 8%6

@fdl`f ge pbf eff` agr tff` j``lplge je` ge pbf fpfep ga `lmvplgerfzvlrf` agr rf`vdleh tprfehpb pg ?>)4> ih'm ga OG@v

^rf~jrf `lmvpf` tji~mf- la rfzvlrf` jfrjpf- almm ? gr 4 "? M, OG@ogppmft- je` letfrp dmfje ijhefpld olpt

Tblap ogppmft lepg ledvojpgr tfp jp ?>D- ~mjdf gqfr ijhefpld tplrrfr-je` tplr pbf dgepfept jmm pbrgvhb pbf ledvojplge

Japfr 6 ilevpft ga tplrrleh- ifjtvrf lelpljm @G pbrgvhb letfrpleh j~rf)djmlorjpf` @G ~rgof je` g|hfe ifpfr- rfigqf pbf ~rgof-ijcf v~ pbf tji~mf mgtt je` tpg~~fr pbf ogppmf

Prjetafr `lmvpf` tji~mf lepg j rftfrqglr ogppmf xblmf mfjqleh tgiffi~p| t~jdf xlpble- letfrp j ijhefpld olp- tblap lepg je ledvojpgr-

~mjdf lp gqfr j ijhefpld tplrrfr- mggtfm| dgqfr pbf ogppmf xlpb j dj~je` dgeplevgvtm| tplr pbf dgepfept

Dgmmfdp `ftlrf` zvjeplp| ga `lmvpf` tji~mf j`kvtp ~B pg =? xlpbB?TG0 je` ~rftfrqf ve`fr rfarlhfrjplge agr elprghfe ftplijplge

Agr cegxleh OG@v ga pbf `lmvplge xjpfr- almm ogpb tff`f` je`vetff`f` `lmvplge xjpfr le OG@ ogppmft je` ledvojpf- je` ifjtvrf

pbflr lelpljm je` alejm @G%


70/90

^rgdf`vrf agr OG@v ifjtvrfifep Jt ~fr pbf ~rf`fdl`f` tdbf`vmf djrr| gvp pbf agmmgxleh

Letfrp @G ~rgof je` pftp agr @G ga pbf "?M, OG@ ogppmf dgepfept

_fjfrjpf ogppmf dgepfept je` dgmmfdp tji~mft agr EG4 ! EG? pftpleh

Tplr pbf ogppmf agr 6 ilevpft- letfrp @G ~rgof je` ifjtvrf @G

_figqf pbf ~rgof- ijcfv~ tji~mf mgtt- tpg~~fr pbf ogppmf je` mfjqfagr ledvojplge

Al tdbf`vmf agr rfjfrjplge le tvdb j xj| pbjp jp eg plif pbf

tji~mft @G ajmmt ofmgx ? ih'm Lepfrqjm ofpxffe pxg tvddfttlqf rfjfrjplget dje of ? pg 6 `j|t gr

igrf je` dje ledrfjtf xlpb pbf dvivmjplqf ledvojplge ~frlg`

Agr rfjfrjplge- prjetafr jogvp :'0pb ga pbf OG@ ogppmf dgepfept lepg jdmfje hmjtt ofjcfr- tpg~~fr pbf ogppmf je` qlhgrgvtm| jhlpjpf pbf ogppmfdgepfept rf~fjp pblt ~rgdftt agr :> pg :6 plift

Dgmmfdp tji~mf agr pftpleh EG4)E je` EG?)E argi pbf ofjcfr- j`kvtp ~Bpg =? o| j``leh B?TG0je` ~rftfrqf` pbrgvhb rfarlhfrjplge

Prjetafr rftp ga pbf dgepfept ga pbf ofjcfr ojdc lepg pbf OG@- almm pbfogppmf pbrgvhb vtleh pbf rftfrqglr ogppmf dgepfept

Dgeplevf ifjtvrfifep ga @G- rfjfrjplge je` ifjtvrfifep ga @Gjt ~fr pbf tdbf`vmf veplm pbf g|hfe `fije` `vrleh pbf lepfrqjm

ajmmt ofmgx : pg ?& ga pbf dvivmjplqf g|hfe `fije`

^ ` a OG@


71/90

^rgdf`vrf agr OG@v ifjtvrfifep Jejm|tf pbf tji~mft dgmmfdpf` agr EG4)E je` EG?)E

_fdgr` rftvmpt ga pbf pftpleh

Plif ga tpjrp ga ledvojplge Plif ga ifjtvrfifep ga lelpljm @G je` ga alejm @G agr je lepfrqjm

Plif ofhleeleh ga jfrjplge ga je lepfrqjm

@G ifjtvrf` "ogpb lelpljm je` alejm @G, agr je lepfrqjm

EG4)E je` EG?)E ifjtvrf` jp pbf fe` ga pbf lepfrqjm

Plif fmj~tf` ofpxffe @Glje` @g

aifjtvrfifept agr je lepfrqjm

@vrjplge ga je lepfrqjm "plif hj~ ofpxffe ? tvddfttlqf rfjfrjplget,

Dvivmjplqf plif ga ledvojplge ga pbf tji~mf

^rgdftt pbf `jpj agr ftplijpleh tji~mft gqfrjmm g|hfe `fije`"G@,3 elprghfegvt G@ je` djrogejdfgvt G@ agr fjdb ga pbflepfrqjmt- je` ftplijpf dvivmjplqf djrogejdfgvt g|hfe `fije`

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pxgofpxffefqjm

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? ih'M je` @Gl)@ga5?%> ih'M tbgvm` of tjpltalf` le jmm pbf djtft

Agr fetvrleh pblt- pbf tji~mf ij| of ledvojpf` jp `laafrfep lmvplget"tbgrpfr pbf ledvojplge ~frlg` mfttfr xlmm of pbf `lmvplge,

La R lt `lmvplge ajdpgr agr 6 `j| OG@- pbf agmmgxleh `lmvplge ajdpgrtij| of vtf` le pbf tfrljm OG@ pftp

R'0 lmvplge ajdpgr agr OG@:- je` OG@? ifjtvrfifep

R'? lmvplge ajdpgr agr OG@?- OG@4 je` OG@0 ifjtvrfifep

R `lmvplge ajdpgr agr OG@0- OG@6 je` OG@1 ifjtvrfifep

?R `lmvplge ajdpgr agr OG@1- OG@8 je` OG@2


74/90

OG@ Clefpldt ^jrjifpfrt je` pbflr

Ftplijplge C je` Mg jrf OG@ clefpldt ~jrjifpfrt

Vtf ga OG@ clefpldt ig`fm rfzvlrft qjmvft ga pbftf ~jrjifpfrt

_ftvmpt ga j tfrljm OG@ pftp agr e `j|t dje of vtf` agr ale`lehpbf OG@ clefpld ~jrjifpfr qjmvft

Ifpbg`t vtf` pg `fpfrilef pbf OG@ clefpldt ~jrjifpfrt jrf

Ifpbg` ga mfjtp tzvjrft

Ifpbg` ga igifept "Iggrf fp jm% :,

Mgh `laafrfedf ifpbg` "Ajlr- :


75/90

Ifpbg` ga mfjtp tzvjrft agr OG@ clefpldt ~jrjifpfrt

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_ftvmpt ga tfrljm OG@ pftp agr e `j|t jrf eff`f`

I b ` a I a OG@ cl l


76/90

Ifpbg` ga Igifept agr OG@ clefpld ~jrjifpfrt

Iggrft `ljhrji "j egighrj~b rfmjpleh C xlpb 8OG@'M> je`8OG@'8"OG@%p,, lt eff`f`

Iggrft `ljhrji lt `laafrfep agr `laafrfep e qjmvf

_ftvmpt ga tfrljm OG@ pftp agr e `j|t jrf vtf` pg ale` 8OG@ je`8OG@' 8"OG@%p,

8OG@'8"OG@%p, qjmvf lt vtf` pg rfj` c qjmvf je` 8OG@'M> qjmvf

argi pbf Iggrft `ljhrji Argi 8OG@'M>- tledf 8OG@ lt cegxe- M> lt agve`

Vtleh pbf agmmgxleh agrivmjf Iggrft `ljhrji dje of dgetprvdpf`

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77/90

c 0 j|t 6 j|t 1 j|t 8 j|t 2 j|t

qjmvf \'M> \'p\ \'M> \'p\ \'M> \'p\ \'M> \'p\ \'M> \'p\

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78/90

Iggrf(t @ljhrji agr e 9 6 `j|t

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79/90

Ifpbg`t agr OG@ Clefpld ^jrjifpfrt

Avkligpg ifpbg`

Tfrljm OG@ pftp rftvmpt agr e eviofr ga `j|t lt vtf`

OG@p#: lt ~mgppf` jhjletp OG@p le j hrj~b

Ge pbf tjif hrj~b jegpbfr ~mgp xlpb tmg~f9: lt ~mgppf`

^glep ga lepfrtfdplge ga pbf pxg ~mgpt lt pjcfe jt OG@v

Vtleh pbf OG@v gopjlef`- xlpb pbf bfm~ ga OG@ clefpldt ig`fm Cqjmvf lt agve`

_j~l` rjplg ifpbg`

Tfrljm OG@ pftp rftvmpt agr e eviofr ga `j|t lt vtf`

_jplg ga OG@p#: pg OG@p lt ~mgppf` jhjletp OG@p#: le j hrj~b Ge pbf tjif hrj~b jegpbfr ~mgp xlpb tmg~f9: lt ~mgppf`

^glep ga lepfrtfdplge ga pbf pxg ~mgpt lt pjcfe jt OG@v

Vtleh pbf OG@v gopjlef`- xlpb pbf bfm~ ga OG@ clefpldt ig`fm C

qjmvf lt agve`


80/90

Ifpbg`t agr OG@ Clefpld ^jrjifpfrtPbgijt ifpbg`

Tfrljm OG@ pftp rftvmpt jrf eff`f`

Pbf clefpld ~jrjifpfrt `fpfrilejplge lt ojtf` ge pbf agmmgxleh

fzvjplge "Pbgijt fzvjplge,

"p'OG@,:'4 lt ~mgppf` jhjletp p

"CM>,:'4 lt gopjlef` jt lepfrdf~p je` C?'4'1M:'4 jt tmg~f

Agri pbf tmg~f je` lepfrdf~p C je` M jrf djmdvmjpf`

pM

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81/90

Elprjpf je` Elprlpf Elprghfe


82/90

Elprlpf je` Elprjpf Elprghfe

Elprjpf je` elprlpf dgedfeprjplget jrf eff`f` pg cegx E)OG@ je`ale`leh gvp D)OG@- t~fdljmm| xbfe tji~mft jrf jejm|{f` agr OG@v

Jejm|{f pbf tji~mft ~rgi~pm| pg jqgl` dgeqfrtlge ga elprlpf lepgelprjpf'jiigelj je` `felprlaldjplge ga elprjpf

Elprlpf tji~mft japfr j`kvtpleh ~B pg =? xlpb B?TG0- dje of arff{f`je` tpgrf` jp )?>D "agr : pg ?0 br ~rftfrqjplge tpgrf jp 0D,

Elprjpf tji~mft dje of tpgrf jp 0>D v~pg ?0 b japfr j``leh ? iMdged B?TG0'M

Elprlpf jejm|tlt lt o| dgmgrlifprld ifpbg`

Elprjpf dje of jejm|{f` o| VQ T~fdprgifprld Ifpbg`-

D`)rf`vdplge Ifpbg`

Lge Dbrgijpghrj~b|


83/90

Elprlpf)E; Dgmgrlifprld Ifpbg`

Elprlpf agrit rf``ltb ~vr~mf j{g `|f jp ?)?%6 ~B o| dgv~mleh`lj{gpl{f` tvmajelmjil`f xlpb E):":)ej~bpb|m,)fpb|mfef `ljilef`lb|`rg dbmgrl`f "EF@ `lb|`rgdbmgrl`f,

Hgg` agr :> pg :>>> Zh'M mfqfmt "xlpb pbf mlhbp ~jpb ga 6 di- 6)6> Zh'Mdje jmtg of ifjtvrf`,

Vtf elprlpf arff xjpfr le jejm|tlt ga tji~mft agr elprlpf

Lepfrafrfedft

EDm4 li~jrpt ajmtf rf` dgmgvr

To4#- Jv4#-Ol4#-Af4#-^o?#-Bh4#-Jh4#- dbmgrg~mjplejpf "^pDm1?), je`

ifpjqjej`jpf dje ~rfdl~lpjpf ve`fr pftp dge`lplget je` lepfrafrf

Dv~rld lge dje djpjm|{f `fdgi~gtlplge ga pbf `lj{gelvi tjmp je`leprg`vdf efhjplqf frrgr

Dgmgrf` lget je` tvt~fe`f` tgml`t dje jmtg lepfrafrf


84/90

Almpfr pbf tji~mf pbrgvhb >%06 Zi ~grf ifiorjef almpfr je` j`kvtp~B pg 6)< xlpb BDm gr EB0GB

Pjcf 6> im "gr j ~grplge `lmvpf` pg 6> im, j`` ? im dgmgvr rfjhfepje` il

Dgmgvr rfjhfep; j`` :>> im ga 26& ~bgt~bgrld jdl` pg 2>> im xjpfr-

`lttgmqf :> h tvmajelmjil`f je` : h E)":)ej~bpb|m,)fpb|mfef ljilef`lb|`rg dbmgrl`f- je` j`kvtp qgmvif pg : mlpfr

Dje of tpgrf` v~pg gef igepb le j `jrc ogppmf le rfarlhfrjpgr

Japfr :> ile ovp ofagrf ? bgvrt ifjtvrf jotgrojedf jp 604 ei

Prfjp tpje`jr`t jmtg xlpb dgmgvr rfjhfep je` ifjtvrf jotgrojedf

Tpje`jr` tpgdc tgmvplge ; @lttgmqf :%?4? h EjEG? le xjpfr je` `lmvpfpg gef mlpfr "hlqft : iM 9 ?6>hE tpgdc tgmvplge,

^mgp jotgrojedf ga tpje`jr`t jhjletp EG?) dged% agr djmlorjplge dvrqf

_fj` dgedfeprjplge le pbf tji~mf o| pbf tpje`jr` djmlorjplge dvrqf

Elprlpf Elprghfe; Dgmgrlifprld Ifpbg`


85/90

Elprlpf arff xjpfr

Agr ~rf~jrleh elprlpf arff xjpfr J`` j tijmm dr|tpjm gaCIeG0 je` Oj"GB,? gr Dj"GB,? pg `ltplmmf`

xjpfr je` rf`ltplmm le ogrgtlmldjpf hmjttxjrf

@ltdjr` lelpljm 6> iM ga pbf rf`ltplmmjpf je` jmtg pbf alejm `ltplmmjpfhlqleh rf` dgmgvr xlpb @^@ rfjhfep

J`` : iM'M ga dged% B?TG0 je` >%? iM'M ga IeTG0 "41%0 hIeTG0%B?G le : M `ltplmmf` xjpfr,- ijcf pbf xjpfr ~lec o| j``leh :pg 4 im CIeG0 tgmvplge je` rf`ltplmm pg hfp elprlpf arff xjpfr

@^@ rfjhfep "E-E)@lfpb|m)~)~bfe|mfef`ljilef le`ldjpgr tgmvplge,;`lttgmqf : h @^@ gjmjpf gr :%6 h @^@ tvmajpf ~fepjb|`rjpf gr :%: h

jeb|`rgvt @^

@ tvmajpf le dbmgrlef arff `ltplmmf` xjpfr dgepjleleh 2im ga :#4 B?TG0 je` ?>> ih `ltg`lvi F@PJ je` ijcfv~ qgmvifpg : mlpfr%

Tpgrf le orgxe hmjtt)tpg~~frf` ogppmf le pbf `jrc `ltdjr` xbfe`ltdgmgvrf` gr xbfe lpt jotgrojedf fdff`t >%>>?'di jp 6:6 ei


86/90

Elprjpf; VQ T~fdprg~bgpgifpfr Ifpbg`

Lepfrafrfedft

@lttgmqf` grhjeld ijppfr- b|`rgl`f je` djrogejpf lget- tvrajdpjeptje` Dr1# lepfrafrf xlpb pblt ifpbg` ga ifjtvrfifep

Jdl`laldjplge xlpb :E BDm ~rfqfept lepfrafrfedf GB) je` DG)? lget

Elprjpf je` grhjeld ijppfr jotgro jp pbf tjif xjqfmfehpb "??>ei,) grhjeld ijppfr jmtg tbgxt jotgrot jp ?86 ei ovp egp elprjpf

Lepfrafrfedf o| grhjeld ijppfr lt pjcfe djrf ga o| ifjtvrlehjotgrojedf jp ogpb ??> je` ?86 ei je` jotgrojedf dgrrfdplge o|

La dgrrfdplge qjmvf lt 5:>& ga pbf rfj`leh jp ??>ei pbfe pbfifpbg` lt `ltdjr`f`

Tji~mft xlpb tlhelaldjep grhjeld ijppfr mfqfmt jrf egp jejm|{f`

V 9 T ?PT 9 Jotgrojedf jp ??>ei

P 9 Jotgrojedf jp ?86 ei

Elprjpf)E; VQ T~fdprg~bgpgifpfr Ifpbg`


87/90

Almpfr tji~mf je` j`` : iM :E BDm pg 6> iM tji~mf%

^rf~jrf EG4) djmlorjplge tpje`jr`t le pbf > pg 8 ih'M

rjehf argi pbf tpgdc elprjpf tgmvplge%

Tpgdc elprjpf tgmvplge; @lttgmqf >%8?:2 h `r| ~gpjttlvi elprjpf lexjpfr je` `lmvpf pg :%> M% ":%> iM 9 :>> h EG4

) )E,

^rftfrqf pbf tpgdc xlpb ?iM DBDm4 'M%

_fj` jotgrojedf jp ogpb ??> ei je` ?86 ei

Ijcf dgrrfdplge pg pbf jotgrojedf jp ??> ei je`dgetprvdp djmlorjplge dvrqf "dged% qfrtvt dgrrfdpf` jot%,

Elprjpf E; VQ T~fdprg~bgpgifpfr Ifpbg`

Tpje`jr`t

EG4) )E'M

Jotgrojdf jp??> ei "_ ,

Jotgrojedf jp?86 ei "T,

P 9 ?T V9_)P

>%?>%0

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D` rf`vdplge ifpbg`


88/90

D` rf`vdplge ifpbg`

J~~rgjdb

EG4 lt rf`vdf` pg elprlpf "EG?, o| ~jttleh pbf tji~mf pbrgvhbj dj`ilvi "D`, rf`vdplge dgmvie

Elprlpf "EG?, lt `fpfrilef` dgmgrlifprldjmm|

Dgrrfdplge dje of ij`f agr je| EG? ~rftfep le pbf tji~mf o|jejm|{leh xlpbgvp pbf rf`vdplge tpf~

Ifpbg` dje of vtf` agr elprjpf dgedfeprjplget >%>:):ih'MLepfrafrfedf

Tvt~fe`f` tgml`t xlmm rftprldp amgx pbrgvhb D` rf`vdplge dgmvieje` bfedf pbf tji~mf rfzvlrft ~rf)almprjplge

Lrge- dg~~fr gr gpbfr ifpjmt dje djvtf lepfrafrfedf "F@PJ lt

j``f` pg rfigqf pbf lepfrafrfedf,

_ftl`vjm dbmgrlef dje of je lepfrafrfedf "`fdbmgrlejpf pbftji~mf xlpb tg`lvi pblgtvmajpf pg rfigqf pbf lepfrafrfedf,

La glm je` hrfjtf jrf ~rftfep rfigqf pbfi o| ~rf)fprjdpleh pbftji~mf xlpb je grhjeld tgmqfep

D` rf`vdplge dgmvie


89/90

Dgetprvdpf` argi fe` pg fe` kgleleh ga pxg ~lfdft ga pvoleh ":>)dimfehpb ga 4)di)L@ pvoleh je` ?6)di mfehpb ga 4%6)ii)L@ pvoleh,

J`` j PAF tpg~dgdc xlpb ifpfrleh qjmqf pg dgeprgm amgx rjpf%


90/90

Xjtb dgmvie xlpb ?>> iM `lmvpf EB0Dm)F@PJ tgmvplge

Jdplqjpf pbf dgmvie o| ~jttleh pbrgvhb :>> im ga tgmvplge "ij`fo| ileh ?6 iM ga :%> ih'M elprjpf)E je` 86 iM ga EB0Dm)F@PJ, jp8 pg :> iM'ile rjpf

Jiigelvi dbmgrl f)F@PJ "EB0Dm)F@PJ, tgmvplge; @lttgmqf :4 h EB0Dmje` :%8 h `ltg`lvi fpb|mfef `ljilef pfprj jdfpjpf le > iM xjpfr-

j`kvtp ~B pg 2%6 xlpb EB0GB je` ijcfv~ qgmvif pg :M% Tdrffe pbf tji~mf- j`kvtp ~B pg 8)

Organic Matter, BOD and BOD Kinetics

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Transcript of Organic Matter, BOD and BOD Kinetics