Organic Matter
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Transcript of Organic Matter
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Organic Matter
What is organic matter
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Nature of O.M.
• 1. Is the portion of the soil which includes animal and plant remains at stages of decay–Forest= leaves, dead trees, –Prairies=grass roots and tops–Farmland= crop residue
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Chemical Makeup of O.M.
• 1. Consists of complex carbon-containing compounds
• 2. Long chains are formed and other elements use these to make more organic compounds
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Chemical Makeup of O.M
• 3. The most important compounds are–A. Carbohydrates: simple
sugars, starches, and cellulose–B. Lignins: is 10-30% of plant
tissue, makes plants rigid, resists decay
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Chemical Makeup of O.M
–C. Protein
•Amino acid chains
•Supplies N when broken down
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Decomposition
• 1. Micro-organisms digest organic matter
• 2. Releases CO2 and H2O• 3. Carbohydrates are first to be
consumed• 4. Lignin-becomes humus and
slowly broke down
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Decomposition
• 5. Decay Organisms need O2 and microorganisms use O2 to oxidize the different compounds
• 6. 1st breakdown is quick and requires weeks or months
• 7. Well drained soils will lose 1-3% of humus a year to oxidation
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Factors affecting O.M.
• 1. Vegetation
–2 times as much o.m. on grassland to woodland
–O.M. is deeper in prairie soil and is in soil
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Factors affecting O.M.
• 2. Climate
–Arid conditions soil has less O.M.
–High temperatures decay O.M. more rapidly
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Factors affecting O.M.
• 3. Texture
–Fine textured soils hold more organic material because clay protects hums from decay
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Factors affecting O.M
• 4. Tillage
–Prairie will return more than cropping
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Functions of O.M.
• A. Nutrient and water storage–1. O.M. stores many of the
nutrients used by plants and does it in 2 different ways•Colloids hold water and nutrients•O.M. stores nutrients as part of its own makeup
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Functions of O.M.
–2. Both humus and O.M. absorb water like a sponge, humus can store 6 times its own weight
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Functions of O.M.
• B. Nutrient Availability
–Makes several nutrients more available for plant use
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Functions of O.M
• C. Soil Aggregation
–1. Heavy clay responds best. Breaks down particles, aerates, and makes easier to work with
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Functions of O.M
• D. Prevents Erosion–1. Soils kept supplied with O.M.
have improved structure that improves water infiltration
–2. Stops excessive water runoff–3. Increasing O.M. from 1-3%
will reduce erosion 1/5-1/3
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Functions of O.M.
• Undesirable Effects
–1. Nitrogen is immobilized or tied up during the decay process and is unavailable to plants
–2. Certain plant residues are toxic to other plants
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Maintaining Soil O.M.
• A. It is impractical and not economical to raise O.M. levels significantly but should be a goal to maintain at highest levels
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Maintaining Soil O.M.
• B. Adding fresh organic matter will improve soil the best
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Maintaining Soil O.M.
• C. Crop Residues–Leave all crop materials
possible. Don’t burn residues, harvest some
–Use good fertilizer, healthy plants make more residue
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Maintaining Soil O.M.
• D. Green Manure–1. Turn over alfalfa, clover,
sudan grass, will increase N levels
–2. Increases O.M. levels and fixes more nutrients
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Maintaining Soil O.M.
• E. Crop Rotation
–1. A rotation between row crops, small grains, and legumes is better for keeping high O.M.
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Maintaining Soil O.M.
• F. Organic Matter Additions–1. Animal Manures, sludge,
organic wastes–2. Industries may provide
organic wastes, by products, meat scraps, etc.
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Maintaining Soil O.M.
• G. Mulches–1. Not economical in large acres–2. Reduce tillage leaves some
mulch–3. Limits water evaporation,
keeps soil temperature cooler on hot days, and warmer at night
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Maintaining Soil O.M.
–4. Horticulture crops are mulched
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Maintaining Soil O.M.
• H. Conservation Tillage–1. Conserves topsoil which is
high in O.M.–2. Crop residue decays slower
when left on top–3. No till soils are high in O.M. in
the top layer
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Nitrogen Tie-up and Composting
• A. Soil Microorganisms need both Carbon and N in their diet to grow and multiply–1. Fresh organic matter will
increase number of organisms because higher food supply
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Nitrogen Tie-up and Composting
–2. They compete with plants for N and can cause slow plant growth
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Nitrogen Tie-up and Composting
• B. Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio (C:N ratio)
–1. The measure of carbon amounts compared to N amounts
–2. Plants with high c:n ratio’s are of greatest concern
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Nitrogen Tie-up and Composting
–3. Matter with a low c:n ratio N rich
•A high c:n ratio is N poor
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Nitrogen Tie-up and Composting
• Soil Humus 10 Garden Soil 12• Young Alf 12 compost 15-20• Rotted manure 20 Clover
residue 23• Corn stalks 60 Straw 60• Sawdust 400