Organic Cotton Ppt Prashanth

A STUDY ON ADOPTION OF ORGANIC A STUDY ON ADOPTION OF ORGANIC FARMING IN COTTON IN KARIMNAGAR FARMING IN COTTON IN KARIMNAGAR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESHDISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

P.PRASHANTH M. S.c (Ag).RAM/09-16Department of Department of AgriculturalAgricultural Extension Extension [email protected]

“Ever green revolution and hunger free world”

- Dr. M S Swaminathan

“A second Green Revolution is required to give a fresh impetus to multi cropping, and organic farming for accelerated growth”

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Former President of India

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYOBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY1. To study the profile characteristics of organic and conventional cotton farmers

2. To study the level of knowledge of organic and conventional cotton farmers on organic cotton practices.

3. To find out the extent of adoption of cotton organic practices by the organic and conventional cotton farmers.

4. To find out the relationship between profile characteristics and level of knowledge and extent of adoption of organic cotton farming practices by the organic and conventional cotton farmers.

5. To elicit the constraints and suggestions of organic and conventional cotton farmers and suggesting a suitable extension strategy to promote organic cotton crop.

6. To identify the success cases if any of the organic cotton farmers.

RESEARCH DESIGN Ex-post facto Research Design was adopted for the study

SAMPLING PROCEDURE LOCALE OF THE STUDY

Andhra Pradesh was selected purposively for the study

SELECTION OF THE REGION

Telangana region was purposively selected

SELECTION OF THE DISTRICT

karimnagar district was selected purposively

SELECTION OF THE MANDALS

Two mandals namely Ellanthakunta and Bejjanki were selected purposively

SELECTION OF THE VILLAGES

From each sampled mandal three villages were selected randomly Rapaka, Venkatraopalli,

Arepalli villages of Ellantha kunta mandal; Kallepalli, Madapoor, Vadloor

villages of Bejjanki mandal were selected for the study.

SELECTION OF THE RESPONDENTS

From each selected village, ten conventional and ten organic cotton farmers were selected

randomly thus a total of 60 conventional and 60 organic cotton cultivating farmers were

constituted as sample for the study.

VARIABLES AND THEIR EMPIRICAL MEASUREMENT

S.No Variable Empirical Measurement

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

1. Level of knowledge Knowledge test developed for the study

2. Extent of adoption Schedule developed for the study

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

1. Age Chronological Age

2. Education Number of years of formal education

3. Farming experience Number of years of experience possessed by a farmer in farming

4. Farm size Total number of acres possessed

5. Annual income Net monitory returns received by the farmer

6. Herd size No. of animals possessed

7. Organic inputs utilisation pattern Schedule developed for the study

8. Training received Number of trainings received on cotton cultivation

9. Decision making behavior Schedule developed for the study

10. Extension Contact Schedule developed for the study

DEVICES USED FOR COLLECTION OF DATAAn interview schedule was used for the data collection.

STATISTICAL TESTS AND PROCEDURES FOLLOWEDMean, Standard deviation, Frequency, Z-test, Percentage, Co-efficient of correlation and Class interval methods will be used for the study.

COLLABORATION WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTSState Department of Agriculture, N.G.Os- COFA, Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP), Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA),

DEPENDENT VARIABLESDEPENDENT VARIABLES

LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE The variable ‘knowledge’ is operationalised as “the information possessed on organic cotton

cultivation practices both by the selected organic and conventional cotton farmers”.

A knowledge test was developed with 45 items to measure knowledge of organic and conventional cotton growing farmers on organic cotton farming. Each item is measured on two point continuum. i.e. Correct and incorrect with ‘1’ and ‘0’ respectively.

Category Organic

(Scores)

Conventional

(Scores)

Low knowledge group 22-28 0-15

Medium knowledge group 29-35 16-30

High knowledge group 36-42 31-45

KNOWLEDGE TESTKNOWLEDGE TEST

COLLECTION OF ITEMSITEM ANALYSIS ITEM DIFFICULTY INDEX (P) ITEM DISCRIMINATION INDEX (E 1/3)

(S1 + S2) – (S5 + S6)E 1/3 = _____________________________

N/3

POINT BISERIAL CORRELATION (r pbis)

MP-MQrpbis = ____________ x √pq

SD

SELECTION OF TOTAL ITEMS

OUT OF 66 ITEMS, 45 ITEMS WERE FINALLY SELECTED BASED ON

Items with difficulty level indices ranging from 30 to 70Items with discrimination indices ranging from 0.3 to

0.7Items having significant point biserial correlation either

at 1 per cent or 5 per cent level.

TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY VALIDITY CONTENT VALIDITY ADMINISTRATION OF THE TEST

ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSESRESPONSES ON ON STANDARDISEDSTANDARDISED KNOWLEDGE TEST KNOWLEDGE TEST

45 items of knowledge test on organic cotton practices were grouped into four categories. i.e.

CATEGORY I- CONVERSION AND CERTIFICATION AND

CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

CATEGORY II- LAND PREPARATION, BIO MASS

DEVELOPMENT, SOWING AND WEED

MANAGEMENT

CATEGORY III- PLANT PROTECTION

CATEGORY IV - HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST

MANAGEMENT

Based on the responses obtained on the items mean score was calculated for each category and accordingly knowledge percentage and rank was obtained.

Mean score for each category= Obtained total score in that category

Number of respondents (n=60)

Knowledge percentage=_Obtained total score x100

Total score

EXTENT OF ADOPTIONEXTENT OF ADOPTIONIt was operationalised as “extent to which the organic

cotton cultivation practices were accepted and practically applied in the field both by the organic and conventional cotton growers”.

CATEGORISATION

Category Organic

(Scores)

Conventional

(Scores)

Low adoption group 51-61 12-22

Medium adoption group 62-72 23-33

High adoption group 73-83 34-44

ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSES ON ADOPTION OF ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSES ON ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTONPRACTICES.ORGANIC COTTONPRACTICES.

45 items of organic cotton practices were grouped into four categories. i.e.

CATEGORY I- CONVERSION AND CERTIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS

CATEGORY II- LAND PREPARATION, BIO MASS DEVELOPMENT, SOWING AND WEED

MANAGEMENT CATEGORY III- PLANT PROTECTION

CATEGORY IV - HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT

Based on the responses obtained on the items mean score was calculated for each category and accordingly adoption percentage and rank was obtained.

Mean score for each category= Obtained total score in that category

Number of respondents (n=60)

Adoption percentage=_Obtained total score x100

Total score

INDEPENDENT VARIABLESINDEPENDENT VARIABLES

AGE It was operationalised as the chronological age of the

respondent in terms of the total number of years completed at the time of conducting the study.

S. NO. Category Age range

1 Young age Up to 35 years

2 Middle age 36-55 years

3 Old age Above 55 years

EDUCATIONEDUCATION It was operationally defined as the degree of formal

schooling received by the respondents.A schedule was developed to measure the level of

education. The respondents were classified into seven

categories as follows.Category Score

Illiterate 1

Primary school (Upto 5th Class) 2

Upper primary school (6th to 7th Class) 3

High school (8, 9 and 10th Class) 4

Intermediate 5

Under Graduation 6

Post Graduation and above 7

FARMING EXPERIENCE FARMING EXPERIENCE

It was operationalized as the number of years of experience a respondent had in cultivation crops. Weightage of one score was assigned for one year of experience in cultivation.

Category Organic

(Scores)

Conventional

(Scores)

Low 5-13 6-16

Medium 14-22 17-27

High 23-31 28-38

FARM SIZEFARM SIZEIt was operationally defined as the number of acres

of land the farmer is utilizing for cotton cultivation out of the total cultivated land.

Weightage of one score was given to one acre of land under cotton cultivation.

Category Criteria followed

Marginal < 2.5 acres

Small 2.5 to 5.0 acres

Large >5.0 acres

ANNUAL INCOMEANNUAL INCOME

This variable was operationalised as the actual income of the respondent summed up for the whole year from cotton cultivation and other than cotton cultivation from his whole land under cultivation excluding debts.

Accordingly total score was calculated for each respondent.

Category Organic Conventional

Low 1-3 2-7

Medium 4-6 8-13

High 7-9 14-19

HERD SIZE HERD SIZE

It was operationalised as total number of animals possessed by the respondent at the time of investigation such as cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat and poultry etc.

The scoring pattern is as follows. Weightage of one score was assigned for one animal.

Category Organic

(Scores)

Conventional

(Scores)

Small 4-9 animals 2-5 animals

Medium 10-15 animals 6-9 animals

Large 16-21 animals 10-13 animals

ORGANIC INPUTS UTILISATION PATTERNORGANIC INPUTS UTILISATION PATTERN

It was operationalised as “The Frequency of application or usage of various organic inputs by the respondent in growing the cotton crop.

This variable consists of seven selected organic inputs with a four point continuum namely very often, often, occasionally and never.

A score of four was given for very often, three was given for often, two was given for occasionally and one score was given for never.

Category Organic

(Scores)

Conventional

(Scores)

Low 14– 18 8-11

Medium 19 – 23 12-15

High 24 – 28 16-19

TRAINING RECEIVEDTRAINING RECEIVEDTraining was operationally defined as an intensive learning

activity for a group of selected cotton farmers assigned by competent trainers to understand and practice the skills required in the adoption of improved cotton farming practices.

It was measured in terms of number of trainings attended by the respondents as revealed by them at the time of interview.

Category Organic

(Scores)

Conventional

(Scores)

Low 6-8 0-1

Medium 9-11 2-3

High 12-14 4-5

DECISION MAKING DECISION MAKING BEHAVIOURBEHAVIOUR

It was operationally defined as the ability of cotton farmers to make their decisions regarding raising the cotton crop in accordance with the cotton cultivation practices.

This variable consists of fourteen (14) statements with three point continuum namely respondent himself, respondent and help of family, head of family with weightages of 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

Category Organic

(Scores)

Conventional

(Scores)

Low 21 – 27 18-21

Medium 28 – 34 22-25

High 35 – 41 26-29

EXTENSION CONTACTEXTENSION CONTACTThis was operationalised as the frequency of contacts made

by the respondents with the various extension personnel.This variable was measured on four point continuum i.e.

very often, often, occasionally and never with the scores of 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively.

Category Organic (Scores) Conventional (Scores)

Low extension contact 12-17 9-13

Medium extension contact 18-23 14-18

High extension contact 24-29 19-23

AGEAGE

Table 4. Distribution of respondents according to their age

S.NO. Category of

Farmers

Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)

frequency percentage frequency percentage

1. Young age(up to 35) 22 36.66 12 20.00

2. Middle age(36-45) 32 53.33 29 48.33

3. Old age(>55years ) 6 10.00 19 31.66

EDUCATIONEDUCATIONTable 5. Distribution of respondents according to their

education

S.NO Level of Education Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)

frequency Percentage Frequency percenta

ge

1. Illiterate 5 8.33 15 25.00

2. Primary School 25 41.66 19 31.66

3. Upper primary

school

13 21.66 11 18.33

4. High school 7 11.66 6 10.00

5. Intermediate 3 5.00 5 8.33

6. Under graduate 2 3.33 3 5.00

7. Post graduate 5 8.33 1 1.66

FARMING EXPERIENCE FARMING EXPERIENCE

Table 6. Distribution of respondents according to their farming experience


Category Low

(5-13)

Medium

(14-22)

High

(23-31)

Low

(6-

16)

Medium

(17-27)

High

(28-38)

Frequency 18 27 15 15 30 15

Percentage 30.00 45.00 25.00 25.00 50.00 25.00

FARM SIZE FARM SIZE

Table 7. Distribution of respondents according to their farmsize

S.NO. Category of

Farmers

Organic (n=60) Conventional

(n=60)

frequency Percentage freque

ncy

percentag

e

1. Marginal(1ha) 17 28.33 12 20.00

2. Small(1.1-2ha) 22 36.66 23 38.33

3. Large(>2ha) 21 35.00 25 41.66

ANNUAL INCOME ANNUAL INCOME

Table 8. Distribution of respondents according to their annual income

S.NO.

Category Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)

Low

(1-3)

Medium

(4-6)

High

(7-9)

Low

(2-7)

Medium

(8-13)

High

(14-19)

1. Frequency 20 29 11 19 26 15

2. Percentag

e

33.33 48.33 18.33 31.66 43.33 25.00

HERD SIZEHERD SIZE

Table 9.Distribution of respondents according to their herd size

S.NO. Category Organic (n=60) Conventional (n=60)

Small

(4-9)

Medium

(10-15)

Big

(16-21)

Small

(2-5)

Medium

(6-9)

Big

(10-13)

1. Frequency 23 24 13 31 23 7

2. percentage 38.33 40.00 21.66 51.66 38.33 11.66

ORGANIC INPUTS UTILISATION PATTERNORGANIC INPUTS UTILISATION PATTERN

Table 10. Distribution of respondents according to their Organic inputs utilisation pattern


Category Low

(14-18)

Medium

(19-23)

High

(24-28)

Low

(8-11)

Medium

(12-15)

High

(16-19)

Frequency 16 15 29 32 19 9

Percentage 26.66 25.00 48.33 53.33 31.66 15.00

TRAINING RECEIVED TRAINING RECEIVED

Table 11. Distribution of respondents according to their training received


Category Low

(6-8)

Medium

(9-11)

High

(12-14)

Low

(0-1)

Medium

(2-3)

High

(4-5)

Frequency 7 30 23 36 15 9

Percentage 11.66 50.00 38.33 60.00 25.00 15.00

DECISION MAKING BEHAVIOURDECISION MAKING BEHAVIOUR

Table 12.Distribution of respondents according to their decision making behaviour


Category Low

(21-27)

Medium

(28-34)

High

(35-41)

Low

(18-21)

Medium

(22-25)

High

(26-29)

Frequency 21 29 10 16 33 11

Percentag

e

35.00 48.33 16.66 26.66 55.00 18.33

EXTENSION CONTACTEXTENSION CONTACT

Table 13. Distribution of respondents according to their extension contact


Category Low

(12-17)

Medium

(18-23)

High

(24-29)

Low

(9-13)

Medium

(14-18)

High

(19-23)

Frequency 15 26 19 19 27 14

Percentage 25.00 43.33 31.66 31.66 45.00 23.33

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES

S. No. Respondent

category

Size of the

sample

Mean S.D. ‘Z’

value

1. Organic 60 35.08 7.661 16.08*

2. Conventional 60 21.45 9.985

DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS BASED ON THEIR LEVEL OF COTTON FARMERS BASED ON THEIR LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES.KNOWLEDGE ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES.


Category Low

( 12-17)

Medium

(18-23)

High

(24-29)

Low

(9-13)

Medium

(14-18)

High

(19-23)

Frequency 9 14 37 24 26 10

Percentage 15.00 23.33 61.66 40.00 43.00 16.67

DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS ON THE BASISOF DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS ON THE BASISOF KNOWLEDGE SCORE REGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESKNOWLEDGE SCORE REGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES

S. No.Organic farming practices in

cotton (Categories)Groups

Score

rangeFrequency Percent-age

Mean

score

Knowledge

percentageRank

1. Conversion and certification

requirements

(Items 9)

Low 5-6 7 11.66

7.82 84.97

IMedium 7-8 3 5.00

High 9-10 50 80.33

2. Land preparation, Biomass

Development, sowing and weed

management

(Items 9)

Low 4-5 4 6.66

6.47 80.33 IIMedium 6-7 16 26.66

High 8-9 40 66.66

3. Plant protection

(Items 18)

Low 3-6 5 8.32

12.35 68.61

IVMedium 7-10 14 23.30

High 11-14 41 68.50

4. Harvesting and post harvest

management

(Items 9)

Low 3-5 15 25.00

5.65 70.63 IIIMedium 6-8 13 21.00

High 9-11 32 54.00

DISTRIBUTION OF CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON THE BASIS OF DISTRIBUTION OF CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON THE BASIS OF KNOWLEDGE SCORE REGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESKNOWLEDGE SCORE REGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES

S.No.Organic farming practice in cotton

(categories)Groups

Score

rangeFrequency Percent-age

Mean

score

Knowledge

percentageRank

1. Conversion and certification

requirements (Items9)

Low 0-2 37 61.66

3.98 44.26

IVMedium 3-5 16 26.66

High 6-8 7 11.66


Development, sowing and weed

management (Items9)

Low 2-3 32 53.33

5.71 57.16

IMedium 4-5 20 33.33

High 6-7 8 13.33

3. Plant protection

(Items 18)

Low 3-5 16 26.66

8.4 46.66 IIIMedium 6-8 32 53.33

High 9-11 12 20.00

4. Harvesting and

post harvest management

(Items 9)

Low 2-3 26 43.33

3.88 48.54 IIMedium 4-5 28 46.66

High 6-7 6 10.00

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES

S. No. Respondent

category

Size of the

sample

Mean S.D. ‘Z’ value

1. Organic 60 60.08 29.01 11.0654*

2. Conventional 60 29.32 19.42

DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS BASED ON THEIR EXTENT OF COTTON FARMERS BASED ON THEIR EXTENT OF ADOPTION ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES.ADOPTION ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES.


Category Low

(51-61)

Medium

(62-72)

High

(73-83)

Low

(12-22)

Medium

(23-33)

High

(34-44)

Frequency 12 17 31 34 18 8

Percentage 20.00 28.33 51.66 56.66 30.00 13.33

Distribution of Organic Cotton Farmers on the Basis of Distribution of Organic Cotton Farmers on the Basis of Adoption ScoreAdoption Score Regarding Organic Cotton Practices n=60Regarding Organic Cotton Practices n=60

S.No.

Organic farming practices

in cotton

(Categories)

groupsScore

range

Frequenc

y

Percent-

age

Mean

score

Adoption

percentageRank

1. Conversion and

certification requirements

(Items 9)

Low 4-8 12 20.00

12.86 71.48 IMedium 9-12 6 10.00

High 13-16 42 70.00


Development, sowing and

weed management (Items 9)

Low 5-8 18 10.00

15.95 66.45 IIMedium 9-12 16 36.66

High 13-15 26 53.33

3. Plant protection

(Items 18)

Low 8-16 10 8.32

22.58 62.73 IIIMedium 17-25 12 23.30

High 26-34 38 68.50

4. Harvesting and post

harvest management

(Items 9)

Low 4-8 9 30.00

11.00 55.00 IVMedium 9-13 19 26.66

High 14-17 32 43.33

DISTRIBUTION OF CONVENTIONAL COTTON DISTRIBUTION OF CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON THE BASIS OF ADOPTION SCOREFARMERS ON THE BASIS OF ADOPTION SCORE REGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESREGARDING ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESn=60n=60

S. No.Organic farming

practices in cotton(categories)

Groups Score range FrequencyPercent-

ageMean score

Adoption percentage

Rank

1. Conversion and certification requirements(Items9)

Low 2-5 44 73.33

3.41 18.98 IVMedium 6-9 10 16.66

High 10-13 6 10.00

2. Land preparation, Biomass Development, sowing and weed management (Items 9)

Low 3-5 34 55.00

9.15 50.83 IMedium 6-8 22 40.00

High 9-11 4 5.00

3. Plant protection(Items 18)

Low 6-12 38 63.33

15.08 41.89 IIMedium 13-19 14 23.33

High 20-26 8 13.33

4. Harvesting and post harvest management (Items 9

Low 3-5 33 50.00

7.633 38.16 IIIMedium 6-8 24 36.66

High 9-11 3 13.33

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND LEVEL OFLEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC KNOWLEDGE OF ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICESCOTTON PRACTICES ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES

n=60n=60

S.No. Characteristics Correlation coefficient(r )

1. Age 0.101NS

2. Education 0.420*

3. Farming experience 0.0648NS

4. Farm size 0.0685NS

5. Annual income 0.2279**

6. Herd size 0.416*

7. Organic inputs utilisation pattern 0.358*

8. Training received 0.365*

9. Decision making behaviour 0.427*

10. Extension contact 0.447*•Significant at 0.05 level of probability * **Significant at 0.01 level of probability NS –Non Significant

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES BY THE EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES BY THE ORGANIC COTTON FARMERSORGANIC COTTON FARMERSn=60n=60

S. No. Characteristics Correlation coefficient (r )

1. Age 0.120NS

2. Education 0.385*


4. Farm size 0.321*

5. Annual income 0.075 NS

6. Herd size 0.226**

7. Organic inputs utilisation pattern 0.312*


9. Decision making behaviour 0.384*

10. Extension contact 0.297**•Significant at 0.05 level of probability * **Significant at 0.01 level of probability NS –Non Significant

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF CONVENTIONAL VARIABLES AND LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF CONVENTIONAL

COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES n=60n=60


1. Age 0.126 NS

2. Education 0.0258 NS


4. Farm size 0.3645*

5. Annual income 0.2895*

6. Herd size 0.0379 NS

7. Organic inputs utilisation pattern 0.0193NS

8. Training received 0.0279 NS

9. Decision making behaviour 0.0468 NS

10. Extension contact 0.0573NS•Significant at 0.05 level of probability * **Significant at 0.01 level of probability NS –Non Significant

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTON VARIABLES AND EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF ORGANIC COTTON PRACTICES BY THE CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS. PRACTICES BY THE CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS.

n=60n=60


1. Age 0.0256NS

2. Education 0.0137 NS

3. Farming experience 0.0238 NS

4. Farm size 0.284*

5. Annual income 0.090NS

6. Herd size 0.0464NS

7. Organic inputs utilisation pattern 0.1693NS


9. Decision making behaviour 0.0141 NS

10. Extension contact 0.365*•Significant at 0.05 level of probability * ** Significant at 0.01 level of probability NS –Non Significant

SRI CHAITANYA SRI CHAITANYA COOPERATIVE COOPERATIVE – ORGANIC SUCCESS STORY– ORGANIC SUCCESS STORYSri Chaitanya, MACS is established

by farmers in 2004BEFORE ESTABLISHMENTFarmers suicides due to debt trapContinuous mono-cropping with Bt cotton, which reduces soils

fertility and pest resurgence .AFTER EST. In the year 2008, FFID a voluntary organisation

and the COFA, a co-operative society started Internal Control System for certifying the farms.

Presently COFA owned by 174 families or households

CHAITANYA ORGANIC ADOPTED THE CHAITANYA ORGANIC ADOPTED THE FOLLOWING STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THIS FOLLOWING STRATEGIES TO ACHIEVE THIS PURPOSE. PURPOSE.

Develop farmers through marketing and value addition and build up supply chain in Textile industry.

Organisation development through reducing middle men involvement. To provide good facilities for agricultural labour who are working in

organic cotton fields. On the ground, Chaitantya organic is managed through FFID and

COAPCL. FFID ensures the Transfer of technology, Internal Control system, and

Certification of organic products through Field level farmers groups development.

COAPCL ensures (i) Minimum support price and premium price for the organic cotton,

ii) By transparency trading by giving profit shares to the farmers. iii) Marketing, training and capacity building of farmers.

ACTIVITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY COFAACTIVITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY COFA FORMATION OF ORGANIC FARMERS GROUPS IN VILLAGES INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM COLLECT AND MAINTENANCE OF BASE LINE DATA CAPACITY BUILDING OF FARMERS ORGANISING SEEDS, ORGANIC INPUTS AND CREDIT SUPPORT CULTIVATION OF CROPS LAND AND BIOMASS DEVELOPMENT SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT CROP HARVEST ORGANIC CERTIFICATION GROUP RECORDS AND DOCUMENTATION PURCHASE OF ORGANIC PRODUCE

KISTAPUR - A WHOLE VILLAGEKISTAPUR - A WHOLE VILLAGE SHOWS THE WAY– A SUCCESS STORY SHOWS THE WAY– A SUCCESS STORY

In 2004-05, 15 farmers started

sustainable organic agriculture on 30 acres and in 2007, these farms were certified into organic.

Presently, 94 farmers were cultivating land in the village is 249 acres.

Farmers also reducing the cost of FYM, poultry manures by group approach. That is they bought one lorry load of poultry manures for their whole village by investing 12,000/- for season.

They were using ½ kg poultry per cotton plant for nutrients by replacing chemical fertilizers.

Trap crops – Bhendi, Tajitus were used as trap cropsBorder crop of maize Planted around the organic cotton Now they were growing cotton intercrop with redgram for

kharif season. 2007, farmers attended a training programme on “System of

Rice Intensification (SRI)” method of paddy cultivation organised by MMS and realized that they can grow rabi crop (winter season crop) with the little water available to them. Now they were cultivating two crops per year.

Cotton produce is certified as organic by European Agency. The prices of organic cotton, 30-40 % higher than conventional Bt cotton crop.

FARMERS SUCCESS STORY-1FARMERS SUCCESS STORY-1 Name of the farmer: Mr. Bhupathi Reddy (52 yrs)

Village: Repaka, Illanthakunta (Ma.),Karimnagar(Dt.).) Education: Bachlor’s degree holder with

agriculture occupation. Land cultivation: 11 acres of land of which 4 acres paddy, 5 acres cotton

+ red gram. He possesses 6 buffalos and a tractor. He cultivates paddy, cotton, pulses

on his 11 acres of land which is fully organic. Krishi a local NGO influenced him to switch over to organic farming. Since

from the past 6 years he has completely stopped the use of chemicals and became cent per cent organic farmer.

Achieved highest yield in Organic cotton cultivation (10 qt./Acre) Prepared his own organic pesticides and organic fungicides Earlier he used to burn the cotton and paddy stubbles, but after initiating

organic farming, cotton and paddy stubbles are being incorporated into the soil

FARMERS SUCCESS STORY-2FARMERS SUCCESS STORY-2 Name of the farmer: Mr. Nampalli (45) Village: Kistapur (vi.) Karimnagar (Di.) Education: Illiterate. Area possessed: 4 acres of land. He had 3 animals. He prepared compost by himself by collecting leaves, cow dung from

locally available resource. He also preparing NSKE to control thrips and sucking pests infestation He followed Seed treatment with: Trichoderma, cow urine, rice water +

Salt and then spreading of cotton seed for 2-3 hrs in the air reduce pest damage.

He also uses pheromone traps 5-6 per acre. He also intercropped cotton with red gram at the ratio of

7:2. He also was growing 3 rows of Red gram in between

conventional fields. Achieved highest yield in Organic cotton cultivation (9

qt./Acre)+ red gram yield (3qt./acre)His net returns were 30 percent higher than conventional.

CONSTRAINTS EXPRESSED BY THE ORGANIC CONSTRAINTS EXPRESSED BY THE ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON FARMINGCOTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON FARMING

S.No. A. Technological constraints Percentage

RANK

1. Lack of knowledge regarding different methods of pest control under

organic farming

60.95 V

2. Lack of skill regarding the preparation and production of certain organic

inputs

66.19 II

3. Lack of methods for easy detection of the pest economic threshold

levels

48.00 VII

4. Complex and costly certification process 76.35 I

5. Lack of knowledge about the maintenance of records and conversion

plan details

64.00 III

6. Lack of Knowledge on identifying the harmful and beneficial insects

and to conserve natural predators

55.00 VI

7. Lack of standardised, recommended low cost technologies for organic

cotton farming.

62.00 IV

B. Socio- Economical problems percentage Rank

1. Lack of community Approach 85.70 I

2. Lack of organizational and cooperative efforts of farmers 22.00 VIII

3. Increased cost of cultivation due to addition of organic

technologies

42.86 VII

4. Reduction in the yields due to adoption of Various

organic inputs

82.00 II

5. High rate of interest on credit 20.00 IX

6. High cost of organic inputs 50.00 VI

7. Lack of technical and input support during conversion

period

80.00 IV

8. Low profitability 75.00 V

9. Pressure from family members not to volunteer the

organic cotton farming.

81.00 III

C. Supply, service and marketing problems Percentage Rank

1. Non availability of critical in time organic inputs( Bio-

pesticides, Bio-agents and Traps)

72.00 III

2. At times the produce of in organic cotton is pricing more in the

market.

70.00 IV

3. The market intelligence on organic cotton farming is very poor

among the scientists, departmental officials and farmers.

39.00 VIII

4. Lack of sufficient warehouses, to store the cotton produced

under organic farming.

42.00 VII

5. Strong fluctuation of prices in the local and world market on

organic cotton produce.

54.00 VI

6. Unfair competition in the trade invasion of buyers, who do not

provide extension services and side selling.

68.00 V

7. Lack of subsidy on bio agents , bio-pesticides, traps and

spraying equipments used in organic cotton farming

76.00 II

8. Weak marketing system on organic cotton trade 78.00 I

S. No. Transfer of technology problems Percentage Rank

1. Lack of regulatory /dependability/credibility of

extension personnel visits

52.00 III

2. Lack of co-ordinated effort by all the concerned

cotton related departments for promotion of organic

cotton farming.

45.00 IV

3. Organic recommendations not communicated in an

understandable form

70.00 I

4. Minimal usage of various forms/ channels of

communication to disseminate the information on

organic cotton farming

42.00 V

5. Lack of regular visits by extension worker to give

the farmers on organic cotton farming

54.00 II

E. Situational constraints Per centage Rank

1. Transportation of organic and poultry manures is

costly and laborious

60.00 III

2. Small herd size 85.00 I

3. Non - availability of biologically treated seed in the

market

80.00 II

4. Lack of serious and continuous focus by the

subsequent governments in promotion of organic

cotton farming.

56.00 IV

5. Lack of access to ginning facility 30.00 V

CONSTRAINTS EXPRESSED BY THE CONVENTIONAL CONSTRAINTS EXPRESSED BY THE CONVENTIONAL COTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON FARMINGCOTTON FARMERS ON ORGANIC COTTON FARMING

S. No. Constraints in organic cotton farming by conventional cotton farmers

1. Labour intensive 80.00 II

2. Cost of cultivation is very high 73.00 VII

3. Lack of specific package of practices 79.00 III

4. Low yields and not suitable for irrigated conditions 78.00 IV

5. Conversion &Certification is a complex and

costlyprocess

82.76 I

6. Poor availability of organic inputs 45.00 IX

7. Higher weed infestation 76.00 VI

8. High incidence of pest and disease problems 77.68 V

9. Lack of mechanisms for making aware the farmers on

organic cotton farming

68.00 VIII

SUGGESTIONS EXPRESSED BY THE ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS FOR SUGGESTIONS EXPRESSED BY THE ORGANIC COTTON FARMERS FOR PROMOTION OF ORGANIC FARMING IN COTTON CROPPROMOTION OF ORGANIC FARMING IN COTTON CROP

A. TECHNOLOGICAL SUGGESTIONS

1. More awareness may be created among the farmers on

skilful handling of various methods of non chemical pest

control under organic farming

82.56 I

2. Produce may be certified by formation of groups 76.38 III

3. The importance and the method of maintaining the records

and scientific procedure of converting the land for organic

farming may be imparted to the farmers

62.46 V

4. The surveillance and diagnosis mechanism should be

imparted to the farmers for identify the pest ETL

78.35 II

5. A Cotton variety which is tolerant to sucking pests should

be developed

74.00 IV

B. SOCIO –ECONOMIC SUGGESTIONS

1. More financial credit may be lended to the organic

cotton farmers with reasonable interest

64.00 IV

2. Farmers should be sensitised to take up organic

farming on community basis in the entire village.

74.00 III

3. The key organic inputs like compost, cakes, and

manures should be available in large quantities at

low cost

83.00 II

4. High price may be fixed for organic cotton produce

to differentiate between conventional and organic

farmers profitability

84.00 I

C. SUPPLY, SERVICE AND MARKETING SUGGESTIONS

1. Bio pesticides and bio fertilisers, pheromone traps and

light traps should be available in time for effective

management of pest population

72.45 I

2. The wavering of prices of cotton produce should be

minimised to build the confidence among the farmers

64.00 IV

3. Subsidy for organic inputs should be given on par with

the subsidy incurred on chemical fertilisers

69.00 III

4. The data on market intelligence of organic cotton

marketing should be strengthened

72.00 II

5. The practice of variety wise grading and standardisation

as to be refined and strengthening assured of better price

62.00 V

D. SUGGESTIONS FOR EXTENSION DELIVERY SYSTEM

1. Sufficient number of training programmes should be organised on roughing, weed

control, post harvest handling, (harvesting, grading, standardisation etc) other market

related aspects to build the confidence of farmers on organic farming in cotton crop.

76.00 I

2. The government should be use various mass communication media like radio and

television, to broad cast market prices of cotton regularly

68.58 III

3. The existing polambadi programme should be used as a plat form to disseminate the

knowledge on organic cotton farming to various farmers.

74.00 II

4. Information corners run by the officials of DOA should be used as an effective channels

to high light market prices, demand and supply, certification aspect and other organic

related information on regular basis

64.00 IV

5. The government insist for establishment comprehensive and rapid expansion of

regulated markets would aim at development of the marketing structure especially to

ensure remunerative price to organic cotton producer, reduce non functional margins of

traders and commission agent and to narrow down the price spread between producers

and consumers

62.00 V

6. Un scientific methods of storing is leading to considerable wastage due to absence of

sufficient number of ware houses, therefore majority of the farmers were resorting to

distress sales with the prevailing low prices. Hence the govt, should thought of creating

more number of ware houses to preserve the old organic cotton

61.00 VI

IMPLICATIONS OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDYSTUDY More number of agricultural information materials (farm literature)

should be published in the form of leaflets, pamphlets, simple booklets on organic aspects of cotton farming has good size of respondents had formal education .

Majority of the organic cotton respondents had medium age, these indicates that the government should encourage the youth to take up farming as their profession in general and organic farming in particular.

Majority of the organic cotton respondents were habituated to apply the organic inputs in their cotton cultivation. In this endeavor the administrators should thought of keeping these inputs readily available in terms of quantity and quality at farmer’s level. In contrast to this the utility of organic inputs by the conventional cotton farmers is very less. Hence awareness may be created among these farmers by the officials of DOA on the benefits and role of organic inputs in improving the soil fertility, quality of produce and maintaining the ecological balance.

The training received by the organic and conventional cotton farmers are medium and low respectively. In order to update the knowledge level of these 2 categories of famers and also to increase the rate of adoption of organic farming (public, private and N. G.O s) should organize more need based location specific and specialized training programmes to the cotton farmers.

The extension contacts of both the organic and conventional cotton farmers are medium. Hence public service extension personnel especially the officials of DOA in the ranks A.E.O., A.O., and A.D.A should be accessible to the farmers and provide round the clock guidance to the farmers.

The lowest rank attributed by the organic cotton respondents on plant protection indicates that they don’t have sufficient knowledge on these aspects. Hence, the scientists of agricultural university, officials of DOA and private personnel should bestow special attention on evaluating new ways and means to control the pests and diseases and refining the existing integrated pest management practices.

The least adoption of harvesting of harvesting and post harvest management practices by organic cotton farmers in organic cotton cultivation shows that there is every need to educate the organic cotton growers by the officials of department of marketing and agriculture on the importance and value of post harvest practices in enhancing the price of the cotton produce at local, national and international markets.

The conventional cotton farmers had less knowledge and poor adoption of conversion and certification practices. The first step to bring the cotton farmers into organic farming is orienting them on conversion and certification requirements of organic farming. Hence, the organizations concerned with the promotion of organic farming in cotton cultivation should focus on enlightening the farmers to understand and apply the conversion and certification requirements.

Majority of the respondents felt that the process /procedure followed to certify the quality of organic cotton produce is very complex and expensive. Hence, the officials of APEDA and other recognized certification agencies should cut short the procedure and design a participative group mechanism.

Strategy for Administrators / Policy makersStrategy for Administrators / Policy makers

The administrators at the help of affairs should have broad vision and mission with regard to promotion of organic farming in cotton cultivation.

A cooperative mechanism should be established between the governments private sector and NGO’s at National level to percolate the spirit of organic farming at gross root level.

Scaling up of NPM, Polam Badi (FFS) and rainfed cotton farmers a step towards organic cotton farming.

The programmes and policies should be designed in such a passion that they should inculcate a spirit of collective approach and co-operative farming among the organic cotton farmers to generate meaningful profits / results by cultivating the organic cotton.

Strategy for Research Strategy for Research OrganisationsOrganisations The research should focus more on evolving non pesticidal strategies and measures

to control the pests and diseases on cotton crop. The present IPM strategy to control various pests and diseases should be refined,

fine-tuned by specifying the resources which are available at local level. Needful research should be conducted on post harvest handling of organic cotton

i.e. Judging the quality of fibre, in terms of strength, length, moisture percentage, colour, these are the parameters decides the price of the organic cotton at international market.

Research should be carried out to identify the alternatives for high cost organic inputs to enrich the soil fertility as the biological resources are declining day by day.

Research should be focussed on standardising the scientific procedures for preparation and manufacture of various organic inputs at local level for enough preparation of vermicompost, trichoderma and PSB (Phosphorus soluble bacteria etc.).

The recommendations for organic cotton cultivation at various practices should be standardized.

A variety alternative to Bt cotton and tolerant to sucking pests and could able to withstand adverse weather conditions should be evolved.

StrategiesStrategies to Promote Organic Cotton Crop. to Promote Organic Cotton Crop.

Strategies for Farmers Farmers should understand basically the Pros and Cons and benefits of

organic cotton farming to the soil, environment and mankind as a whole. Farmers should understand and implement the spirit of collective approach

and cooperative organic farming in cotton crop to realise the maximise the dividends.

Each individual farmer should maintain enough amount of cattle population to generate and recycle the organic inputs in his farm.

The farmers should strive to get maximum formal education to be able to understand the surrounding knowledge pertaining to organic farmers and its applicability in the cotton crop.

The farmers should volunteer to undergo training programmes conducted by various organisations on organic cotton related aspects.

The farmers should understand that the profits in organic farming are not decided by the production of the produce i.e rather it is decided by the quality of the produce.

Strategies for Extension OfficersStrategies for Extension Officers More number of channels (print, audio, audio-video, visual form, folk

songs, skits, dramas, puppet shows) should be put into use simultaneously to reach various categories of farmers at a greater geographical area in a short time.

Need based training programmes should be planned designed and implemented on the aspects like quarantine laws the utility of organic inputs certification procedure, conversion plan etc. The periodicity and duration of the training programme should be decided based on the needs and interns of farmers and complexity of the topic.

The extension officials should update their market intelligence on organic cotton and they should accessible to farmers at critical periods of crop cultivation.

The extension officials should focus on enhancing one of the personal traits like decision making behaviour of individual farmers for quick promotion of organic farming is given geographical area.

The formal education levels among the farmers should be improved to support them to get the information on organic cotton cultivation from various sources.

The much needed impetus may be given to the organic farming, if the subsidy is given at right time in right quantity to the critical organic inputs.

The government should search for way and means to increase the cattle population in rural areas. A specialised programmes should be designed in line with cattle improvement programme to help the farmers to conserve maintain and increasing the number of cattle population.

Institutional credit should be provided at a less interest rate as an incentive for the practicing organic cotton farms.

The organic cotton crop of farmer should be covered under crop insurance scheme with the initiation taken by government. These promotes organic farming in the cotton crop.

The marketing system as expressed by the respondents to market the organic cotton produce is unstructured, irregular and lot of interventions by middle men. Hence, the department of marketing should come out with a structured, pool proof, transport and well regulated marketing system to fetch good remunerative prices for the organic cotton produce.

The study revealed that, community approach is lacking among the respondents in organic cotton cultivation. In order to encourage the collective and cooperative farming among the cotton farmers. The government should design schemes to lend les s interest rate financial credit to the groups formed to take up organic farming collectively with the additional benefit of creating development fund for the community and insurance coverage.

Strategies for Marketing Strategies for Marketing OfficialOfficial A transparent, regulated and well structured marketing

system should be designed for effective marketing of organic cotton produce.

The market intelligence on organic cotton should be well maintained and informed at right time to all the state holders like Scientists, Extension marketing Officials and farmers.

The price disparity should be shown between the produce of organic and inorganic cotton.

The fluctuation of price of organic cotton should be minimised to avoid the distressed sales of organic cotton by the farmers.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Organic Cotton Ppt Prashanth

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