OrganicOrganicChemistryChemistry

UnitUnit

What is Organic Chemistry?What is Organic Chemistry?

The study of carbon-

containing compounds made up ofnon-metal

elements(covalent bonds)

Organic Compound?Organic Compound?Yes or NoYes or No

Na2CO3 No

Yes!

Yes!

C2H6

C4H6Br2F2

Why Carbon??Why Carbon??Found in Nature ( ranked 17th in crust)

ElementCompound

Found in all living matterFound in body tissueFound in food Found in fuels (coal, wood, petroleum)

Forms of Carbon Forms of Carbon Term = Allotrope

Same elementDifferent bonding patternDifferent arrangement

• Diamond• Graphite

• Fullerene

•Carbon exists in 3 solid forms

DiamondDiamond

Tetrahedrally oriented

Hardest material known

Most dense form of Carbon

High melting point

Conducts heat

Does not conduct electricity

GraphiteGraphite

Layers of hexagonal plates

Soft Feels greasy Crumbles easily High melting point Conducts electricity

FullereneFullerene

Discovered in mid 1980s Found in soot Spherical cages of carbon Hexagons and pentagons Most stable is C60

Resembles geodesic dome C60 = Buckminsterfullerene

or

Buckyball

Diversity of Organic ChemistryDiversity of Organic Chemistry

Due to uniqueness of Carbon

• Can bond to itself covalently

• Forms chains and rings

• Term = Catenation

Carbon bonds to elementsCarbon bonds to elements

Carbon readily bonds to :– H– O– N– S– Halogens

Cl, Br, F,I

Hydrocarbons– Simplest

organic compounds

– Only contain Carbon and Hydrogen

(CxHy)

FormulasFormulas

Indicates # of atomsTypes of atoms

Molecular Formula

Written representations of a compound

using letters (and sometimes numbers)

Example:

C8H18

Structural Formula

Indicates

• # of atoms

• Type of atoms

• Bonding Arrangement

Structural formulas show all bonds in compound

Condensed structural formulas only show bonds between carbon atoms

CH3CHCH3

CH3

Arrangement of AtomsArrangement of Atoms

Compounds that have:–Same molecular

formula–Different structure

or arrangement–Called ISOMERS

As # of carbon atoms goes up

# of isomers goes up– C8 18 isomers– C9 35 isomers– C10 75 isomers– C40

69,491,178,805,831

Example of IsomersExample of Isomers

Structural Isomers: same formula but atoms are bonded in a different order

C4H10

Geometric IsomersGeometric Isomers

Order of atoms is the same but the arrangement in space is different

Typically need a rigid bond (double or triple bond). Don’t see this with single bonds!

AlkanesAlkenesAlkynesAromaticsAlcohols

EthersEstersAldehydesKetonesAmines

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