Organic Chemistry.Organic Chemistry.

Standard 10.Standard 10.

Ms. Siddall.Ms. Siddall.

Standard 10aStandard 10aOrganic chemistryOrganic chemistry = The study of organic = The study of organic

compounds, which are compounds containing compounds, which are compounds containing carbon.carbon.

There are over 16 million carbon compounds!There are over 16 million carbon compounds!

SummarySummary 1 1

Which compounds are organic?Which compounds are organic? CC33HH88

AlAl22OO33

SOSO22

CC22HH55OO

Organic moleculesOrganic molecules

Hydrocarbon:Hydrocarbon: An organic molecule An organic molecule composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms.composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Example: gasoline, methane.Example: gasoline, methane.

Polymer:Polymer: A large organic molecule A large organic molecule consisting of repeating units called consisting of repeating units called monomers.monomers. Example: plastic, protein.Example: plastic, protein.

SummarySummary 2 2

Which compounds are hydrocarbons?Which compounds are hydrocarbons? CC33HH88

Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22

NONO22

CC2222HH4646

Polymer: PlasticPolymer: Plastic

Monomer

Polymer

C C

H

H H

H

C C

H

H H

H

C C

H

H H

H

C C

H

H H

H

C C

H

H H

H

H H

Starch = polysaccharide (polymer)Starch = polysaccharide (polymer) sugar molecule = monomersugar molecule = monomer

Polymer: StarchPolymer: Starch

Summary 3Summary 3

What is a polymer?What is a polymer? Give an example.Give an example.

CarbonCarbon: : A unique atomA unique atom 4 valence electrons4 valence electrons forms 4 bonds.forms 4 bonds. forms over 16 million forms over 16 million

compounds…..compounds…..

Standard 10b

C• ••

•

electrons

Summary 4Summary 4

Why is carbon a unique atom?Why is carbon a unique atom?

Carbon:Carbon: e.x. Methane e.x. Methane Four single covalent bonds:Four single covalent bonds: Shape = tetrahedral.Shape = tetrahedral.

CH

H HH

2 electrons = 1 bond

Carbon:Carbon: e.x. Formaldehyde. e.x. Formaldehyde. One double covalent bond:One double covalent bond: Shape = trigonal planarShape = trigonal planar..

CHO

H 4 electrons =2 bonds =double bond

Carbon:Carbon: e.x. Carbon dioxidee.x. Carbon dioxide two double covalent bondstwo double covalent bonds Shape = linear.Shape = linear.

CO

O

e.x. Hydrogen cyanidee.x. Hydrogen cyanide One triple covalent bondOne triple covalent bond Shape = linearShape = linear

Carbon:Carbon:

CH

N

Summary 5Summary 5

What is the shape of What is the shape of methanone ?methanone ?

CO

H

H

Amino AcidsAmino Acids: : Proteins are polymersProteins are polymers Amino acids are monomersAmino acids are monomers combine with combine with peptide bondpeptide bond. (polypeptide). (polypeptide) One molecule of water is produced when One molecule of water is produced when

a peptide bond is formed (= dehydration)a peptide bond is formed (= dehydration)

Standard 10c

Unique function of amino acids and proteins Unique function of amino acids and proteins depends on depends on shapeshape and and propertiesproperties..

ExampleExample:: cysteine, glutamine, and glycine cysteine, glutamine, and glycine combine to remove toxins from the body.combine to remove toxins from the body.

Glycine

Glutamine

cystein

Summary 6Summary 6

What are the monomers that make up What are the monomers that make up proteins?proteins?

DNADNA

PolymerPolymer Formed from nucleic acids (monomers)Formed from nucleic acids (monomers) Contains ‘phosphate backbone’ (= bonds)Contains ‘phosphate backbone’ (= bonds) hydrogen bonds connect strands to form a hydrogen bonds connect strands to form a

double helixdouble helix DNA contains the ‘blueprint’ for building DNA contains the ‘blueprint’ for building

proteinsproteins

Summary 7Summary 7

What is DNA made up of?What is DNA made up of?

Standard 10D: Standard 10D: know the know the system for naming the ten system for naming the ten

simplest linear hydrocarbons simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers that contain single and isomers that contain single

bonds, simple hydrocarbons bonds, simple hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds, with double and triple bonds,

and simple molecules that and simple molecules that contain a benzene ring.contain a benzene ring.

Naming organic compounds.Naming organic compounds.

CarbonsCarbons Root nameRoot name

11 MethMeth

22 EthEth

33 PropProp

44 ButBut

55 PentPent

66 HexHex

77 HeptHept

88 OctOct

99 NonNon

1010 Dec Dec

endingending

Single bondSingle bond -ane-ane

Double bondDouble bond -ene-ene

Triple bondTriple bond -yne-yne

Examples:Examples:

C

H

H H

H

C

H

H

• MethaneMethane

• EthaneEthane CH

HH

H

• Propane C

H

HCH

HH

H

C

H

H

Honors summary 1Honors summary 1

Name this compound:Name this compound:

C

H

CH

HH

H

C

H

H

HC

H

H

CH

H

H

C

H

H

HName = ethane

Name = ethene

Name = ethyne

Examples:

CH

H C

H

H

CH C H

Honors summary 2Honors summary 2

Name this compound:Name this compound:

CCH

HH

HC

H

H

Benzene ringBenzene ring

C C

C C

C CH

H H

H

HH

shorthand

RulesRules1.1. Name the ‘parent’ chain (the longest chain)Name the ‘parent’ chain (the longest chain)2.2. Use number to denote bond if necessaryUse number to denote bond if necessary3.3. number the branch (end in –yl) and add as number the branch (end in –yl) and add as

a a prefixprefix

2-methylpentane2-pentene

Honors summary 3Honors summary 3

Draw:Draw: 3-methyl hexane3-methyl hexane PropynePropyne

Standard 10E: Standard 10E: identify the functional groups that form the identify the functional groups that form the basis of alcohols, ketones, ethers, amines, basis of alcohols, ketones, ethers, amines,

esters, aldehydes, and organic acids.esters, aldehydes, and organic acids.

Copy table 23.1 from page 726.Add two extra columns for an example

Omit the first and last row

examplesexamplesEthanol CHEthanol CH33CHCH22OHOH Alcohol in liquorAlcohol in liquor

Diethyl ether CHDiethyl ether CH33CHCH22OCHOCH22CHCH33 anestheticanesthetic

Formaldehyde CHFormaldehyde CH22OO Embalming fluidEmbalming fluid

Acetone CHAcetone CH33COCHCOCH33 Nail polish removerNail polish remover

Acetic acid CHAcetic acid CH33COOHCOOH vinegarvinegar

Methyl pentanoate CHMethyl pentanoate CH33COOCCOOC55HH1111 Banana flavorBanana flavor

Glycine COOHCHGlycine COOHCH22NHNH33 Amino acidAmino acid

Honors summary 4Honors summary 4

What type of compound is this?What type of compound is this?

C

H

CH

HH

H

C O

H