Organic Chemistry & Acids/Bases Welcome To The GowerHour.
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Transcript of Organic Chemistry & Acids/Bases Welcome To The GowerHour.
Organic Chemistry & Acids/Bases
Welcome
To
The GowerHour
I. PolymersI. Polymers: A polymer is a compound with a repeating unit, called a
___________, and contains a ______ molar mass.A. Types of Polymers1. Natural polymers:(a) Rubber (______________)(b) Biological compounds:(i) (ii)(iii)(iv)2. Synthetic polymers:(a)(b)(c)(d)
monomer high
polyisoprene
ProteinsNucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
CelluloseStarch
NylonPolyesterPVCPlexiglass
B. Reaction Types
1. Addition reaction: One molecule _____ to another molecule.Monomer: _________
Example: Polyethylene
H
H H
HCC
CC CC CC CC
CC CC CC CC
addsethylene
Addition Reaction
Monomer: _____________
Example: Polyvinyl chloride (____)
Vinyl chloride
H
H Cl
HCC
CC
Cl
CC
Cl
CC
Cl
CC
Cl
CC CC CC CC
Cl Cl Cl Cl
PVC
The simple repeating unit of a polymer is the monomer.
Homopolymer is a polymer made up of only one type of monomer
( CF2 CF2 )n
Teflon
( CH2 CH2 )n
Polyethylene
( CH2 CH )n
Cl
PVC
ester
2. Condensation reactions: A ____ molecule is formed in the reaction.
Amine group (amino):
Carboxylic acid group (carboxyl):
Example: Polyester
NH2 or N HH··
COOH
H2O
or
O··O
C H··
O··O
O··O
CH ··
C H··
+ H O CH2 CH2 OH
H2O Dehydration synthesis vs Hydrolysis
ester
OO··O
CH ··
C
O CH2 CH2 OH····
Example: Proteins (Alanine + Glycine)
H2N C C OH + H2N C C OH
H
CH3
H
H
O O
H2N C C N C C OH + H2O
H
CH3
H
H
O O
H
Alanine Glycine
R group H2O (Dehydration Synthesis)
Peptide bond
Amino acids are the basic structural units of proteins. An amino acid is a compound that contains at least one amino group (-NH2) and at least one carboxyl group (-COOH)
Peptide bond = _______ group : ______________dipeptide = ___ amino acidstripeptide = ___ amino acidspolypeptide = ______ amino acids = _______
amide carboxyl group 2
3 many protein
Example: Glycogen, cellulose, and starch (Polysaccharides)
Monomer: _________glucose
Complex carbohydrates
C
C C
C
O C
CH2OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
or
Glycogen: Animals store energy in the form of glycogen & turn it back into glucose as needed.
Cellulose: The most common organic compound on Earth (ie. cotton)
Hydrogen Bonds (Cross-linking) Plants use cellulose for strength. The cellulose chains are all stretched out, and like to stay right next to each other, like raw spaghetti that's all stuck together. That's why cellulose can hold up the tallest trees!
Starch:
Starch is a compact way to store a lot of glucose in a small space. Our bodies break the starch down into glucose, which can be used for energy.
Even though starch and cellulose are both made from the same sugar (glucose), they act very differently (because the glucose molecules are joined together differently). Starch will dissolve in water, but cellulose won't. So we make food from starches and we build things and make clothing out of cellulose.
Acids & BasesA. Properties of acids and bases:
1. Acids 2. Bases
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
(c) (c)
(d) (d)
(e) (e)
Sour Bitter
Changes the color of acid-base indicator.
Some react w/metals Slippery React w/bases to form salts React w/acids to form salts
Conducts electric current Conducts electric current
Changes the color of acid-base indicator.
Blue Litmus Paper: Blue to Red Acid
Red Litmus Paper: Red to Blue Base
Contains both a H+ and charge.
B. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
1. Acids: H+ ________
Example:
2. Bases: H+ ________
Example:
3. Amphoteric substances: Can behave like an _____ and a _____.
Example:
Donor
HCl (aq) H+ + Cl
HCN (aq) H+ + CN
H+OH +
Acceptor
CN + H+ HCN
H2O
acid base
H2CO3 HCO3 H+ + CO3
2H+
H+
List of strong acids: HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, HClO4, HBr, HI
List of strong bases: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2
C. Acid-Base Reactions (Conjugate acid-base pairs)
1. HNO2 + ClO
2. H2SO3 + OH
3. H2CO3 + BrO2
4. H3PO4 + C2O42
HClO + NO2
(CA)
(CB)
H2O + HSO3 (CA)
(CB)
HBrO2 + HCO3
(CB)
H2PO4 + HC2O4
(CA)
(CB)
(CA)
Acid Base
Acid Base
Acid Base
Acid Base
(Differ by only a H+)
C. pH Scale:
0 7 14
Neutral
Acidic Alkaline/Basic
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13
High quality
H2O
H2SO4
NaOHLye
Acid Rain
D. In impure water (contains an acidic or basic substance): If [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _______.
If [H+] < 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _________________.If [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _________.
acidicbasic or alkaline
neutral
1.0 x 10−7 = pH 7
pH < 7 = acidpH > 7 = basepH = 7 = neutral
1.0 x 10−2 =
1.0 x 10−5 =
1.0 x 10−11 =
pH 2
pH 5
pH 11
The End !!!!