Organic Chemistry
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Transcript of Organic Chemistry
![Page 1: Organic Chemistry](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681303f550346895d95ddf8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
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Organic Chemistry
• The study of the compounds that contain the element carbon
• Are numerous due to the bonding capability of carbon
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Carbon
• Is able to form 4 covalent bonds
• can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds
• makes possible a large number of compounds
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Organic Compounds
• Extensive in nature
• more numerous than inorganic compounds
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Major sources of raw materials from which organic chemicals are obtained
• Petroleum
• coal
• wood
• animal sources
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Characteristics of organic compounds
• Generally insoluble in water (are generally nonpolar)
• dissolve in nonpolar solvents (benzene)– organic compounds that are somewhat
polar will dissolve in water
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• Are generally nonelectrolytes
• generally low melting points – nonpolar - intermolecular forces weak
• slower reactions than those involving inorganic compounds – have strong covalent bonding within the
molecule
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Bonding
• Forms compounds by covalent bonding
• C atom has 4 valence electrons forms 4 covalent bonds
• are spacially directed toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron
• |
• — C —
• |
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Can share electrons with other C atoms
2 adjacent C atoms can share 1,2, or 3 pairs of electrons
compounds are molecular in structure covalent bond represent by “ — “
(bond line) represents one pair of shared electrons
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Types of formulas
• STRUCTURAL FORMULA– Formula showing bonding
• CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA– leave out some bonds and/or atoms from
the structural formula
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• Page 746
• examples in table– molecular formula– complete structural formula– condensed structural formula– more condensed structural formula– carbon skeleton
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Isomers
• Have same molecular formula but different structures
• example
– propanol CH3CH2CHO– acetone CH3COCH3
• both have molecular formula C3H6O
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• As the number of atoms in the molecule increases, the possibility of more spatial arrangements increases (more isomers)
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Saturated compounds
• Organic compounds in which carbon atoms are bonded by the sharing of a single pair of electrons. Are all single bonds (one pair shared)
• | | | | |
• — C — C — C — C — C —
• | | | | |
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Unsaturated compounds
• Contain 2 adjacent carbon atoms bonded by the sharing of more than one pair of electrons
• double bond > C = C <
• triple bond — C = C —
• (add third bond line please)
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Hydrocarbons
• Organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon
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Homologous series of hydrocarbons
• Groups having related structures and properties
• each member of a series differs from the one before it by a common amount
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• As members of a series increase in molecular size, boiling point and freezing point increases due to Van der Waal’s Forces (force that holds nonpolar molecules together)
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Alkanes
• Series of saturated hydrocarbons having the general formula:
• CnH2n+2
• also called methane series or paraffin series
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• Alkane series begins showing isomerism at butane (C4H10)
• Straight-chain alkanes - contain any number of carbon atoms, one after another, in a chain
• Page 745
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• Must memorize the prefixes - tells you how many carbon atoms are in the compounds
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METHANE CH4
•
• H
• |
• H — C — H
• |
• H
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ETHANE C2H6
•
• H H
• | |
• H — C — C — H
• | |
• H H
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PROPANE C3H8
• H H H
• | | |
• H— C — C — C — H
• | | |
• H H H
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BUTANE C4H10
• H H H H
• | | | |
• H — C — C — C — C — H
• | | | |
• H H H H
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PENTANE C5H12
• H H H H H
• | | | | |
• H — C — C — C — C — C — H
• | | | | |
• H H H H H
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• Page 747
• Sample problem 25-1 (done for you)
• Practice problems– change to six and seven carbons
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SUBSTITUENTS
• An atom or group of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule
• The halogens and groups of atoms including C, H, O, N, S, or P may take the place of a hydrogen atoms
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• A hydrocarbon substituent is called an alkyl group can be one carbon or several carbons long
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• examples:
• methyl CH3—
• ethyl CH3CH2 —
• propyl CH3CH2CH2
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• Alkyl group consists of an alkane with one hydrogen removed
• alkyl groups sometimes called radicals
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• Are named by removing the -ane ending from the parent hydrocarbon name and adding -yl
• page 748 Answer red dot question
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• Page 748-749
• branched chain alkane - alkane with one or more alkyl groups
• IUPAC SYSTEM FOR NAMING BRANCHED CHAIN ALKANES
• follow in text #1-6
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• Page 749 Sample Problem 25-2
• Practice problem 3
• Page 750 Practice Problem 4
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• Can also reconstruct the structural formula by following the rules on page 750
• Sample problem 25-3• practice problem 5 • Pg. 751 Practice problem 6
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Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• ALKENES
– contain one double bond between adjacent carbons
• page 754 look at structures
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• Ethene (ethylene)
• propene (propylene)
• butene
• pentene
• and so on……..
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Naming alkenes
• Locate the longest chain that contains the double bond– that is the parent alkene
• use that root name plus ene ending • number the chain so that the
carbons with the double bond get the lowest numbers
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• Substituents names the same way as for alkanes
• use a number to indicate the location of the carbon that has the double bond
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ALKYNES
• Contain a triple bond between 2 carbons
• not plentiful in nature
• ethyne (acetylene)
• page 753 look at table 25.2
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Isomerism
• Structural isomers– Compounds that have the same
molecular formula but different molecular structures
• examples on page 754
• butane and 2-methylpropane
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• Have different physical properties (melting point, boiling point) In general, the more highly branched in structure, the lower its boiling point)
• also have different chemical properties
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Geometric isomers
• Differ only in the geometry of their substituted groups
• trans configuration - the substituted groups are on the opposite side of the double bond
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• Cis configuration - the substituted groups are on the same side of the double bond
• example on pages 754-755
• answer pink question #2
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Stereoisomers
• Molecules of the same molecular structure that differ only in the arrangement of the atoms in space.
• Page 755 example
• page 756 samples and practice