ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION Ben Durham, Kathryn Goodridge, Pujan Patel, Chelsea Perry, and Sagar Shah.
-
Upload
jasmin-dorsey -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION Ben Durham, Kathryn Goodridge, Pujan Patel, Chelsea Perry, and Sagar Shah.
ORGAN TRANSPLANTATIONBen Durham, Kathryn Goodridge, Pujan Patel, Chelsea Perry, and Sagar Shah
Approximately 18 patients die each
day in the U.S. as a direct result of
the shortage of kidneys available for
transplantation.
Overview
➢ Incentives for Producers and Consumers
➢ Characteristics of Consumers
➢ Inputs
➢ The Role of the Government
➢ An Entrepreneurial Solution
Key Terms
➢ Output: Kidney Transplant Surgery
➢ Inputs: “Transplantable Kidney” and Capital/Labor
Inputs
➢ Suppliers: Medical Facilities and the Donor
➢ Producer: Providers and the Donor
➢ Consumer: Patients
Biological Producer
Economic Producer
Supplier
Output
Supplier: Registered donor supplying/ donating the kidney
Output: Kidney Transplant Surgery
Economic Producers: Registered donor with transplantable kidney
Biological Producer: Humans with kidneys
Producers & Consumers
➢ Consumers
-Patients on kidney transplant waiting list
➢ Producers
-Kidney Donors
-Healthcare Providers
Consumer Incentives & Behaviors
➢ Incentives
-Need for survival
-Increase quality of life
➢ Behaviors
-Meet kidney eligibility requirements
-Obtain coverage
Producer 1: Kidney Donor
➢ Incentives
-Goodwill
-Personal Relationships
-Lasting Legacy
➢ Behaviors
-Donate a Kidney
-Organ Donor Registration
Producer 2: Healthcare Provider
➢ Incentives
-Goodwill
-Clinical Interest
-Financial Returns
➢ Behaviors
-Promote and Perform the Kidney
Transplantation
Traditional Market
➢ Producer makes product for generic consumer
➢ For Example:
-A Pen company produces pens for a generic
customer
Market for Kidney Transplants
➢ Much more specific
-Genotypic Matching
-Immune system compatibility
-Genetic factors
-Blood Type
If Kidney and Recipient Mismatch
➢ Acute Organ Rejection
➢ Morbidity
➢ Death
Third Party Influence
➢ UNOS determines kidney allocation by using
metrics such as:
-Life-Years from Transplant
-Dialysis Time
-Donor Profile Index
Substitute
➢ Hemodialysis
Pro- Prolong the need for a Kidney Transplant
Con- Inconvenient, Associated with Morbidity
Two Main Inputs
➢ Transplantable Kidney
➢ Medical Facilities with Capital and Labor Inputs
Characteristics of the Medical Facility
➢ Labor Inputs
-Skilled Staff
-Pre and Post Surgical Care
-Organ Transportation System
➢ Capital Inputs
-Supportive Resources for the completion of transplant
-Specialized Equipment
Effects of Incentives on the Suppliers
➢ Medical Facilities
-Few Financial benefits
-Need to meet their community health assessments
-No Shortages of medical facilities
➢ Donors
-Lack of incentives to become a donor
-Shortages in transplantable kidneys
Gap Between Supply and Demand
The Government’s Role in the Market
➢ Complicated, Controversial, and Highly
Regulated
➢ Excess Demand for Kidney is Critical Policy Issue
➢ Strict Legal Limit on Market for Organs
The Government’s Role in the Market
➢ National Organ Transplantation Act of 1986
(NOTA)
-Prohibits Market for Organs
➢ Legal Procurement a function of United Network
for Organ Sharing (UNOS)
➢ Regional Organ Procurement Organizations
(OPOs)
Government Behavior’s Effect on Market
➢ Implications for Supply
➢ Uniform Anatomical Gift
Act = Consent
➢ Organ donation registration
via “opting-in”
Government Behavior’s Effect on Market
➢ Policies augment organ shortage
➢ Generates Black Market
➢ Time cost
➢ Imperfect information
-Government’s behavior does not necessarily reinforce
imperfect information, but it does not alleviate it
Entrepreneurial Solution
➢ Shortage
➢ 3 Ways to Increase Supply
-Wearable Artificial Kidney
(WAKS)
-Grow in a Lab
-3D Printing
Which One?
➢ WAKS are feasible, but other options preferable
➢ Growing in a lab slow, high labor costs
➢ 3D printing market is huge, and the process is
much faster, might have higher capital costs,
but lower labor costs
What to Produce?
➢ Whole kidney is not necessary, but a “mini-
kidney” will restore function above the level that
requires hemodialysis
➢ Our friend can then expand into other areas of
the 3D organ printing market and help with
shortages there
Summary
➢ Incentives for Producers and Consumers
➢ Characteristics of Consumers
➢ Inputs
➢ The Role of the Government
➢ An Entrepreneurial Solution
Take-Away
➢ Shortage in Organ Markets
➢ Lack of Incentives
-Exacerbated by clinical criteria and
government
regulation
➢ The Future...
Questions & Answers