ORANGEBURG1968 Massacre

The Orangeburg Massacre took place in Orangeburg, South Carolina at South Carolina State University on 8 February 1968. This horrifc incident which ended with three young men, Samuel Hammond, Henry Smith, and Delano Middleton, killed and 27 other students wounded, was the worst example of violence on a college campus in South Carolina’s history.

The incident began as students gathered to protest the segregation of black patrons at the nearby All Star Bowling lane. The students gathered on the South Carolina State University campus instead of at the bowling alley this time, as they had done the prior evening. They built abonfre which a law enforcement ofcer attempted to put out. A highway patrolman then fred his gun into the air in an attempt to calm the crowd. Upon hearing the shot, other ofcers, thinking they were being fred upon, opened fre into the crowd of students. http://www.blackpast.org

orangeburgemassacre.com

beachamjournal.com

abcnews4.com

ROCK HILLFriendship Nine

Non-violent action against segregation began in Rock Hill in 1961, when nine black Friendship Junior College students took seats at the whites-only lunch counter at a downtown McCrory's andrefused to leave. When police arrested them, the students were given the choice of paying $200 fnes or serving 30 days of hard labor in the York County Jail. The Friendship Nine, as they became known, chose the latter, gaining national attention in the American Civil Rights Movement because of their decision to use the "jail, no bail" strategy. http://www.crmvet.org

npr.org

A South Carolina judge on 25January 2015 threw out theconvictions of the Friendship Nine,who were jailed in 1961 after a sit-in protest in Rock Hill, SouthCarolina, during the civil rightsmovement.

www.nytimes.org

CLEMSON28 January 1963

Harvey Gantt was the frst African-American student to be admitted to Clemson University. He graduated from Clemson with honors in architecture, earned a master's at MIT, and established apractice in Charlotte, North Carolina.

auntada.tumblr.com

mashable.com

"It is often said that history is the lengthening shadow of one man. In Clemson University's case this man was Harvey Gantt. The desegregation of Clemson University by Gantt on January 28, 1963, was characterized by 'Integration with Dignity' and is regarded by many as a signature event in American social history." —Dr. H. Lewis Suggs, from Integration with Dignity.

tigerprints.clemson.edu

University of South CarolinaBecause of the courageous acts of Robert G. Anderson, Henrie Monteith Treadwell, and James L. Solomon on 11 September 1963, the University of South Carolina now boasts a diverse campus with students from all nationalities, races and ethnicities.

Anderson’s life and career became a testament to public service, beginning with his bravery at USC, He later served a combat tour in Vietnam. After leaving military service, Anderson served as a social worker in New York City for many years

Treadwell made headlines for being the frst blackstudent since 1877 to graduate from USC. Afterearning a bachelor’s degree in biochemistry from USC,she continued her education at Atlanta University,earning a master’s and doctorate in biochemistry.

Solomon served in various state government positions including division director at the Commission on Higher Education and the commissioner of the Department of Social Services (DSS). When he was elected to Sumter District 17 School Board he became the frst African-American elected to public ofce in Sumter County since Reconstruction. Solomon’s public service and dedication to his community earned him the Order of the Palmetto — the highest award given to a resident of the state

sc.edu/desegregation

DIXIECRATSThe States' Rights Democratic Party (usually called the Dixiecrats) was a short-lived segregationist political party in the United States in 1948. It originated as a breakaway faction of the Democratic Party in 1948, determined to protect what they portrayed as the Southern way of life beset by an oppressive federal government, and supporters assumed control of the state Democratic parties in part or in full in several Southern states. The States' Rights Democratic Party opposed racial integration and wanted to retain Jim Crow laws and white supremacy in the face of possible federal intervention. Former U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond unsuccessfully ran forthe presidency of the U.S. under this new political party.

sodahead.com

quietmike.org

abagond.press.com

CLARENDON COUNTYIn 1944, George Stinney, a 14-year-old black youth, was accused of murdering two girls, aged 11 and 8 near Alcolu at Clarendon County. Alcolu was a small working-class mill town, where residences of whites and blacks were separated by railroad tracks. Stinney was interrogated by police in a locked room with several white ofcers and no other witnesses, and it was claimed that he had confessed to the killing within an hour. Given the two white female victims, and an all-white male jury, Stinney was rapidly convicted. On 16 June 1944, Stinney was executed at South Carolina State Penitentiary in Columbia. Seventy years later, on 17 December 2014, Stinney's conviction was vacated on the grounds that his constitutional rights had been violated, and his confession had most likely been coerced.

Stinney walked to the executioncnn.com chamber with a Bible under his

arm, which he later used as a booster seat in the electric chair

lorrab.wordpress.com

Brown vs Board of EducationBriggs vs Eliot

The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) is one of the most pivotalopinions ever rendered by that body. In December, 1952, the U.S. Supreme Court had on its docket cases from Kansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, South Carolina (Clarendon County), and Virginia, all of which challenged the constitutionality of racial segregation in public schools. The U.S. Supreme Court had consolidated these fve cases under one name, Oliver Brownet al. v. the Board of Education of Topeka. This 1954 decision overturned Plessy vs Ferguson, stating that separate but equal was unconstitutional. nps.gov

Even after Brown vs Board, South Carolina public schools remained segregated. It was not until 1963 that South Carolina began to integrate its schools. Prior to 1956 South Carolina had sixteen private schools across the state. Between 1963-1975, 200 new private schools were created as a means to keep blacks and whites educated separately. Scequalizationschools.org

COLUMBIA SIT-INSMarch 1960

If you were a black student protesting the segregation of Columbia’s downtown lunch counters inthe 1960s, you could count on two things: the steely silence of whites and a hungry stomach

The sit-ins began in March 1960, a little over a month after four young men from North CarolinaA&T sat down at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., stirring college students to action throughout the South.

Hundreds of students walked from the historically-black campuses of Allen University and Benedict College to take up positions at the drugstore lunch counters in downtown Columbia. Milton Greene gained notoriety when he was arrested with Charles Barr and three others at the Taylor Street Pharmacy for trespassing as they sat at the lunch counter and tried to order food. His case, along with another Columbia case led by protester Simon Bouie, went to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Sitinmovement.org

http://www.thestate.com/news/local/civil-rights/

AMERICAN HISTORYTimeline of Oppression and Resistance

1607 First Episcopal Church founded in Jamestown, VA (known as the Church of England)

1619 African Slavery Begins: Dutch slave trading vessel lands in Jamestown. Slaves were purchased like indentured servants.

1640s American farmers turned to West Africa as source of slave labor.“Triangle of Trade” came into being.

1694 Rice cultivation is introduced into the Carolinas. Slave importationincreases dramatically.

1776 Declaration of Independence was signed.

1790 Naturalization Act of 1790; Citizenship restricted to free whites.

1827 Freedom's Journal, frst African-American newspaper appears. Cherokee Republic formed in attempt to avoid force removal.

1830 Peak of Southern Plantation Slavery; Congress passes Indian RemovalAct.

1831 Nat Turner Rebellion – slave rebellion in Virginia.

1861-1865 The Civil War

1860-1866 Indentured servants begin to arrive from India.

1861 Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, by Harriet Jacobs was published.

1863 The Emancipation Proclamation given by Abraham Lincoln to freeslaves in the confederacy was signed.

1865 Reconstruction begins in the South.

1868 The 14th Amendment was passed granting due process and equal protection

1877 Reconstruction ends in the South.

1896 Plessy vs Ferguson: Supreme Court establishes “separate but equal” as standard for public transportation in train travel

1898 Wilmington, NC Riot: Integrated government was overthrown and all white government put in its place. Black-owned businesses and newspapers were destroyed and owners fed the town.

1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)was founded in New York.

1915 Julius Rosenwald, the president of Sears Roebuck established the Julius Rosenwald Fund to provide grants to African Americans for school construction.

1914-1918 World War I

1918 Bishop Henry Delany was consecrated Sufragan Bishop for ColoredWork in North Carolina.

1929-1935 The Great Depression

1939-1945 World War II

1954 Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas overturns Plessyvs Ferguson saying that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

1954 Sarah Mae Flemming refuses to give up her bus seat in Columbia, South Carolina.

1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white person on a bus inMontgomery, Alabama.

1957 Durham, NC Sit-In – the Rev'd Douglas Moore and six black young people sit in the white section of the Royal Ice Cream Parlor.

1960 Boynton vs Virginia – Supreme Court overturns conviction of a black man for trespassing in a “whites only” terminal. Racial segregation illegal on public transportation between states.Greensboro, NC, Sit-In – four black students from NC A&T sit in the at the lunch counter of Woolworth's.

1961 The Friendship Nine, a group of college students from Friendship Junior College in Rock Hill, SC stage a sit-in at the McCrory lunch counter. All nine were arrested. They were exonerated in January 2015.First “Freedom Riders” leave Washington, DC, en route to New Orleans.

1963 The Rev'd Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gives his “I have a dream” speech in Washington, DC.Briggs vs Elliott upholds the Supreme Court's Brown vs Board ofEducation ruling and desegregates South Carolina Schools. Dr.Millicent Brown was the plaintif.

1963 On Sunday morning, September 15, 1963, the Ku Klux Klan bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four girls: Denise McNair, Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, and Cynthia Wesley. This murderous act shocked the nation and galvanized the civil rights movement.

1963 On November 23, President John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas,Texas.

1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

1965 Malcolm X assassinated

1965 Civil rights workers marching for voting rights are stopped at the Pettus Bridge by police who use tear gas, clubs, and whips against them and was dubbed “Bloody Sunday.” Immigration reform law repeals national origins quotas, impacting people of Asia, Latin America, and Africa.

1967 Congress passes the Voting Rights Act of 1965, outlawing poll taxes, literacy tests, and other measures used to prevent black people from voting, thus making it possible for Southern Blacks to register to vote.

1968 In Loving vs Virginia, the Supreme Court rules that prohibitinginterracial marriage is unconstitutional, forcing 16 states that still banned interracial marriage to change their laws.

1968 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated

1970 President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, outlawing discrimination in fnancing, sale and rental of housing. National Guard is sent to Jackson State and Kent State Universities to quell student protests against Viet Nam War and racial discrimination. Students were shot at both schools.

1971 Wilmington 10

1972 In Lau vs Nichols the Supreme Court rules that school programs conducted exclusively in English deny equal access to education to student who speak other languages; determined that districts have a

r responsibility to help students overcome their language disadvantage.

1977 Pauli Murray ordained as frst African-American female priest in the Episcopal Church.

1979 Greensboro Massacre

1986 The Immigration Reform and Control Act criminalizes the employment of undocumented workers; establishes one-year amnesty for undocumented workers living in the U.S, since 1982; andmandates intensifcation of the Border Patrol.

1988 Congress overrides veto by President Reagan to pass the Civil Rights Restoration Act expanding anti-discrimination laws to private institutions that receive federal funds.

1989 The U.S. government issues $20,000 and a formal apology to each ofthe surviving 60,000 WWII internees of all the camps within the U.S.

1990 Congress passes a comprehensive new immigration law that sanctions employers for knowingly hiring workers without “papers,” discouraging employers from hiring Latino and Asian-American workers for fear they may not have the right papers (e.g., social security card, legal residency).

1992 Riots in Los Angeles, the frst in decades, follow the acquittal of four white police ofcers following the videotaped beating of African-American Rodney King.

2001 The U.S.A. PATRIOT Act is passed by Congress with virtually no debate, giving the federal government the power to detain suspected “terrorists” for an unlimited time period without access to legal representation. Over 1000 Arab, Muslim, and South Asian men are detained in secret locations.

2002 The Supreme Court upholds the use of race as one of many factors inadmissions to colleges and universities.

2002 Thirty-nine years after the event, Bobby Cherry is convicted of four counts of murder in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama and sentenced to life in. During the trial, Cherry smiled and looked amused. He could be seen joking with his lawyers and several supporters, not appearing to believe that the legal system which had protected him up to that point would ultimately send him to jail.

2005 Edgar J. Killen, the ringleader in the murder of the Mississippi civil rights workers (Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman) is convicted of manslaughter on the 41st anniversary of the crime.

2012 Killing of Trayvon Martin

2014 Killing of Michael Brown of Ferguson, Missouri, followed by rioting; Eric Gardner dies in New York during an arrest by city police; Tamir Rice, of Cleveland, shot and killed by local police.

2015 Freddie Gray dies from injuries sustained while in police custody in Baltimore, MD; Baltimore residents protest, then riots erupt;

Dylann Roof kills nine African-Americans in historic Mother Emmanuel AME Church in Charleston, SC during a Bible Study.

The Confederate Flag is removed from the Statehouse grounds in Columbia, SC.

The U.S. Supreme Court declares same sex marriage as legal in all 50states.