Options for a Fund‐wide Gender‐sensitive Approach
Transcript of Options for a Fund‐wide Gender‐sensitive Approach
OptionsforaFund‐wideGender‐sensitiveApproach
GCF/B.06/139February2014MeetingoftheBoard19‐21February2014
Bali,IndonesiaAgendaitem13
GCF/B.06/13
Pageb
RecommendedactionbytheBoard
ItisrecommendedthattheBoard:
(a) TakesnoteoftheinformationpresentedindocumentGCF/B.06/13OptionsforaFund‐wideGender‐sensitiveApproach;and
(b) RequeststheSecretariattoprepareadocumentforconsiderationbytheBoardatitsOctober2014meeting.
GCF/B.06/13
Pagec
Tableofcontents
I. Introduction 1
II. Approachandrationale 2
III. LessonslearnedfromtheClimateInvestmentFundsandotherorganizationsinvolvedinclimatechangefinanceandimplementation 4
3.1 Institutionallessons 4
3.2 Project/programme‐relatedlessons 6
IV. Optionstomainstreamgendersensitivity 7
4.1 Resultsmanagementframework 7
4.2 Portfoliomonitoringandevaluation 8
4.3 Project/programmedesign 8
4.4 Environmentalandsocialsafeguards 9
4.5 Capacitybuilding 10
4.6 Humanresourcemanagement 10
4.7 Otheropportunitiesformainstreaminggendersensitivity 11
V. Nextsteps 12
AnnexI: Genderchecklistforprojectorprogrammedesign andimplementation13
AnnexII: FlowchartofintegrationofgendersensitivityintoFundactivities14
AnnexIII: Listofreferences15
AnnexIV:Listofclimateandgenderexpertswhoparticipatedinthe consultationsonthisdocument17
GCF/B.06/13Page1
OptionsforaFund‐wideGender‐sensitiveApproach
I. Introduction
1. AtitsOctober2013meeting,theBoard,initsdecisionB.05/22:
“Reaffirm[ed]takingagender‐sensitiveapproachasoutlinedintheGoverningInstrument;”
“Decide[d]toconsider,atitsfirstmeetingin2014,agender‐sensitiveapproachtotheFund’sobjectivesandoperationalpolicies”,and
“Request[ed]theSecretariattopresentforconsiderationbytheBoard,atitsfirstmeetingin2014,includingthroughconsultationswithrelevantbodiesandobserverorganizations,aworkingdocumentsettingouttheoptionsforaFund‐widegender‐sensitiveapproach.”
2. TheFundhasbeenestablishedtopromote,inthecontextofsustainabledevelopment,aparadigmshifttowardslow‐emissionandclimate‐resilientdevelopmentpathways.TheGoverningInstrumentalsogivestheFundaclearmandateongendersensitivity.Itrecognizestheimportanceofgenderconsiderationsintermsofimpactandaccesstofunding:
Paragraph3:“TheFundwillstrivetomaximizetheimpactofitsfundingforadaptationandmitigation,andseekabalancebetweenthetwo,whilepromotingenvironmental,social,economicanddevelopmentco‐benefitsandtakingagender‐sensitiveapproach.”
Paragraph31:“TheFundwillprovidesimplifiedandimprovedaccesstofunding,includingdirectaccess,basingitsactivitiesonacountry‐drivenapproachandwillencouragetheinvolvementofrelevantstakeholders,includingvulnerablegroupsandaddressinggenderaspects.”
3. Paragraph71includeswomenamongsttheFund’sstakeholders.Finally,theGoverningInstrumentcallsforgenderbalanceamongBoardmembers(paragraph11)andstaffoftheSecretariat(paragraph21).
Box1:Definitions
Thetermgenderreferstohowsocietiesandspecificculturesassignrolesandascribecharacteristicstomenandwomenonthebasisoftheirsex.Forexample,manyculturesshareexpectationsthatwomenaremorenurturingthanmenandmenshouldbesoldiersduringwars.
Thetermgenderequality,asenshrinedininternationalandnationalconstitutionsandotherhumanrightsagreements,referstoequalrights,power,responsibilities,andopportunitiesforwomenandmen,aswellasequalconsiderationoftheinterests,needs,andprioritiesofwomenandmen.
Thetermgenderequityreferstotheprocessofbeingfairtowomenandmen.Toensureequity,measuresoftenneedtobetakentocompensate(orreduce)disparityforhistoricalandsocialdisadvantagesthatpreventwomenandmenfromotherwiseoperatingonanequitablebasis.Equityleadstoequality.
Thetermgendersensitivityreferstotheunderstandingofthewayspeoplethinkaboutgenderandsocio‐culturalfactorsunderlyinggenderinequality.Gendersensitivityimpliesaconsiderationofthepotentialcontributionofwomenandmentosocietalchangesaswellasthemethodsandtoolstopromotegenderequityandreducegenderdisparities,andmeasuretheimpactofactivitiesonwomenandmen.
Sources:USAID,2013andWorldBank,2012.
4. ThepurposeofthisdocumentistoprovidetheBoardwithelementsfortheoperationalizationofgendersensitivityinalltheFund’sactivities,processes,andprocedures.
GCF/B.06/13Page2
ItisintendedtoinformtheBoardandprovideabasisfordiscussion,sothattheSecretariatcanprepareamoreelaboratedocumentanddraftguidingprinciplesforconsiderationattheOctober2014Boardmeeting.TheultimateobjectiveistoensurethattheFund,aswellasintermediariesandimplementingentities(IEs)andexecutingentities(EEs),willgivedueconsiderationtothegenderaspectsoftheprojectsandprogrammesfinancedbytheFundinordertobuildbothwomen’sandmen’sresiliencetoclimatechange.ThedocumentmakesthecasefortheFundtotakeintoconsiderationhowgenderdifferencesaffectthewayspeopleareimpactedby,andrespondto,climatechange(Schalatek,2013),andthatintegratinggendersensitivitywillhelpgenerategreaterandmoresustainableclimatechangeandothereconomicdevelopmentresults,whilealsopotentiallygeneratingco‐benefitswithregardtogenderequality.
5. ChapterIIpresentstheapproachandrationaletakentodevelopthisdocument.ChapterIIIsummarizesthelessonslearnedfromtheClimateInvestmentFunds(CIF)andotherorganizationsinvolvedinclimatechangefinanceandimplementation,andChapterIVpresentstheoptionstomainstreamgendersensitivityintoFundactivities.
II. Approachandrationale
6. Thedocumentdrawsontwomajorbackgrounddocuments(SchalatekandBurns,2013,andAguilaretal.,2012.SeeAnnexIIIforthelistofreferences.).Itisalsoinformedbymanyotherdocumentspublishedbymultilateraldevelopmentbanks(MDBs),bilateralagenciesandnon‐governmentalorganizations(NGOs),whichhavereviewedgenderandclimatechangemattersaswellastheiroperationalizationexperienceandresults.Anumberofgenderandclimateexpertsparticipatedinconsultationsonthedocument(SeeAnnexIVforthelistofexperts.).
7. TherearefivecompellingreasonsfortheFund’smandateongendersensitivity:
(a) TheFund’smandateis,interalia,tocontributetotheachievementoftheultimateobjectivesoftheUnitedNationsFrameworkonConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC).Referencetoanthropogenicinteractionwiththeclimatesystem(UNFCCC,Article2)impliesinteractionofbothwomenandmen;
(b) Thewell‐documentedfactthatclimatechangeimpactswomenandmendifferently,tothedetrimentofwomen,andthatexistinggenderinequalitiesarelikelytobeexacerbatedbytheimpactsofclimatechange.Forexample:
(i) Women’smortalityfromclimate‐relateddisastersishigher(Box2),theyaremorevulnerabletowater‐bornediseases;
(ii) Variousmanifestationsofclimatechange,suchasdrought,exacerbatefuelwoodandwaterscarcityandaddmoretowomen’sdomesticburdensthantomen’s;
(iii) Aswomentendtorelymoreonnaturalresourcesfortheirlivelihood,thedeclineinlandandbiomassproductivityaffectswomenmorethanmen,especiallyintheruralareas,andexacerbatestheirpoverty(womenarealreadyamongstthepoorest,representingabout70percentofthepeoplewholiveonlessthanUS$1perday(FAO,2011);
(iv) Inurbanareas,afterclimate‐relateddisasters,itisharderforpoorwomenthanforpoormentorecovertheireconomicstatusandwelfare.
GCF/B.06/13Page3
Box2:Morewomenthanmendieinnaturaldisasters
Inthe1991cyclonedisastersthatkilled140,000peopleinBangladesh,90percentofvictimswerewomen.1Thedeathrateamongpeopleaged20–44yearswas71per1,000women,comparedwith15per1,000men.2Explanationsforthisincludethefactthatmorewomenthanmenarehome‐bound,lookingafterchildrenandvaluables.Evenifawarningisissued,manywomendiewhilewaitingfortheirrelativestoreturnhometoaccompanythemtoasafeplace.Otherreasonsforthisdisparityincludethefactthatthesarirestrictswomen’smovementandputsthemmoreatriskatthetimeofatidalsurge.Womenarealsolesswell‐nourishedandhencephysicallylessablethanmentodealwiththesesituations.InNepal,afterthefloodsof1993,asurveyestablishedage‐andsex‐specificflood‐relateddeathsamongmorethan40,000registeredparticipants(includingdeathsduetoinjuryorillnessintheweeksaftertheflood).Floodrelatedfatalitieswere13.3per1,000girlsaged2–9years,9.4per1,000boysaged2–9years,6.1per1,000adultwomenand4.1per1,000adultmen.3
(c) Genderinequalityislinkedtovulnerabilityandrisk.Women’sgreatervulnerabilitytoclimatechangestemsfromgendernormsanddiscriminationthatresultinimbalanceddivisionoflabour,lowerincomeandlesserlivelihoodopportunities,lessaccessandcontroloverlandandotherproductiveassets,fewerlegalrights,lessermobility,andlesserpoliticalandprofessionalrepresentation(USAID,2013);
(d) Thewell‐documentedfactthatwomen,aswellasmen,significantlycontributetocombattingclimatechange.Forexample:
(i) Womencomprisethemajorityofsmall‐scalefarmersindevelopingcountriesandoftenapplytheirspecificknowledgerelevanttoclimatechangeadaptation,includinginformationabouttraditionallandmanagementtechniques,soilenrichmentanddrought‐resistantseeds;
(ii) Womenhaveledclimatechangeinitiativesinmanysectors,suchascommunity‐basedreforestationefforts(Box3),water,disastermanagement,transport,andenergy(Schalatek,2013);
Box3:Women’sleadershiponreforestationcontributestocarbonsequestration
ThegloballyactiveGreenBeltMovement,initiatedin1977inKenyabytheNobelPeacePrizeWinnerWangariMaathai,reliesonwomentoleadlocalreforestationeffortsbyplantingtensofmillionsoftreesthatprovidefuel,food,shelterandincometoruralcommunitieswhilecapturingcarbondioxideandrestoringerodedsoils.4Since2001,womeninGuatemala,Nicaragua,ElSalvador,HondurasandMexicohaveplantedmorethan800,000mayanuttreeswhichsequestercarbon;theprojectalsoteacheswomenabouttheuses,processing,foodvalueandcommercializationofthemayanutbysupportingwomen’sproducergroups,therebyincreasingincomesandfoodsuppliesforthecommunities.
(e) Shiftingtheparadigmtowardslow‐emissionandclimate‐resilientdevelopment
pathways,whichistheFund’smandate,requiresalargenumberofindividualandcollectivedecisionsbywomenandmen.“[L]ow‐emissiondevelopmentpathwayscanbemoreeffectiveandmoreequitablewheretheyaredesignedusingagender‐informedapproach.Billionsofwomenaroundtheworldmakedecisionseverydaythatinfluencetheamountofcarbonthatisreleasedintotheatmosphere,forexample,ashome‐makers,asfarmersandland‐managers,orasconsumers.Suchchoicescanbeexpandedinwaysthatreducecarbonfootprintswhilealsopromotingco‐benefitsfor
1AguilarL.Climatechangeanddisastermitigation.Gland,InternationalUnionforConservationofNature,2004(http://www.genderandenvironment.org/admin/admin_biblioteca/documentos/Climate.pdf).
2WEDO.Gender,climatechange,andhumansecurity:lessonsfromBangladesh,GhanaandSenegal.NewYork,Women’sEnvironmentandDevelopmentOrganization,2008.
3BartlettS.Climatechangeandurbanchildren:Impactsandimplicationsforadaptationinlowandmiddleincomecountries.IIEDHumanSettlementsdiscussionpaper–climatechangeandcities2.London,InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment,2008.
4IUCN,UNDP,GGCAGlobalGenderandClimateChangeAlliance(2009).TrainingManualonGenderandClimateChange,p.168.
GCF/B.06/13Page4
genderequality.”(Aguilar,2012).Agender‐sensitiveapproachisthereforepartofaparadigmshiftandtransformationalchange(Schalatek,2013).
8. Inaddition,thedocumentbuildsonthefollowingthreemajorelements:
(a) TheFundiscommittedtoimplementinggendersensitivityfromtheonsetofitsoperations.Asaresult,anumberofdocumentsrelatingtotheFund’sbusinessmodelframeworkhavealreadyintegratedagender‐sensitiveapproach(e.g.documentsGCF/B.06/04andGCF/B.06/09);
(b) TheFundisrequiredtomobilize,allocateandusefinancialresourcesefficiently(GoverningInstrument,paragraphs3and57).Genderinequalitymaylimittheeffectivenessofmitigationandadaptationstrategiesifgenderrelationsarenottakenintoaccount.Tappingintowomen’sskillsandtalents,aswellasintothoseofmen,andassociatingwomen’sequallyasmenindecision‐making,isexpectedtoincreaseperformanceandgenerategreaterandmoresustainableclimatechangeanddevelopmentoutcomes.“[T]herearemanyexampleswhereempoweringwomentoexerciseleadershipwithintheircommunitiescontributestoclimateresilience,rangingfromdisasterpreparednessinBangladesh,IndonesiaandNicaragua,tobetterforestgovernanceinIndiaandNepal,tocopingwithdroughtintheHornofAfrica.”(Aguilar,2012);
(c) TheFundisanascentandalearninginstitution.Asexperienceisgainedandlessonsarelearnedinallareas(e.g.onfinancialinstruments),aswellasonthegendersensitivityintheFund’sactivitiesandoperationalmodalities,includingactivitieswiththeprivatesector,theFundwillbeabletoadjustitspolicies,processes,procedures,andprojectandprogrammedesign.Thedocumentthereforeproposesaphasedapproachtoimplementinggendersensitivity.
III. LessonslearnedfromtheClimateInvestmentFundsandotherorganizationsinvolvedinclimatechangefinanceandimplementation
9. Forthepurposeofthisdocument,thelessonslearnedarefocussedonthetwocategoriesthataredeemedmostrelevanttolaunchtheoperationalizationofgendersensitivityintheFund’sactivities,processes,andprocedures:institutionallessons(Section3.1),i.e.thoselessonsthathaveabearingonoperationalpolicies,processesandproceduresofaclimatechangefinanceinstitution;andlessonslearnedfromprojectandprogrammedesignandimplementation(Section3.2).Itisrecognizedthatmanyotherlessonslearnedongenderandclimatechangearerelevant.
3.1 Institutionallessons
10. TheninemostrelevantinstitutionallessonsfortheFundaresummarizedbelow:
(a) Clearpolicyguidanceonmainstreaminggendersensitivityinthefinanceinstitutionisneededtoobtaingender‐sensitiveresults.Theseresultsalsoneedtobeclearlyformulated,includingtheexpectationsfromintermediariesandIEsandEEs.InthecaseofCIF,intheabsenceofsuchpolicyguidance,thereisawiderangeofgenderintegrationinthecoreprogrammes,thebenefitsofwhichareunclear.Bycontrast,sincetheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)introduceditsgenderpolicyin2011,manymoreprojectsaregender‐sensitiveinallregions(IUCN,2013).RelianceongenderpoliciesofinstitutionssuchasMDBsisinsufficient;climatechangeandvulnerabilitypoliciesalsoneedtobegender‐sensitive.Theseinstitutionsmayhavetheirowngenderpolicies,but
GCF/B.06/13Page5
thesearenotnecessarilyprovidingguidanceongendersensitivityofclimatechangeactivities;
(b) Clearbaselinesongendersensitivityforaccreditationofimplementingentitiesareneededtoallowoperationstomoveforward.AsreportedindocumentGCF/B.05/08,GEFhasintroducedapolicyongendermainstreaming.InordertoimplementGEF‐financedprojects,GEFpartneragenciesarerequiredtohaveestablishedeitherapolicyorpolicies(thismayincluderelevantlaws,regulationsandguidelines),orastrategy,oranactionplanthatrequirestheagencytodesignandimplementprojectsinsuchawaythatbothwomenandmen:
(i) Receiveculturallycompatiblesocialandeconomicbenefits;
(ii) Donotsufferadverseeffectsduringthedevelopmentprocess;and
(iii) Aregrantedfullrespectfortheirdignityandhumanrights.
Accordingtothesepolicies,theGEFaccreditationpanelassesseswhetherapplicantshaveestablishedadequatepoliciesandstandardsandhavesufficientimplementationpracticesandcapacitytobeabletoapplytheenvironmentalandsocialsafeguardsaswellastheGEF’spolicyongendermainstreaming.TheGEFrequirements,however,haveprecludedotherwisestrongIEsfromaccreditation,becauseoftheirlackofgendercapabilities.TheoptionsonthisarediscussedinSection4.4.
(c) Clearaccountabilitymechanismsareneeded,intermsofmonitoringandreportinggender‐sensitivepolicyimplementation,resultsandprocesses,inordertotakecorrectivemeasureswhenresultsarenotforthcoming.Accountabilityforgender‐sensitiveresultsshouldthereforebesharedbyallconcernedinfundinginstitutions,fromboardstoseniormanagementandstaff;
(d) Gender‐sensitivecomplaintmechanismsareneeded,sothatwomenandmenfeelconfidenttofiletheircomplaintsrelatingtoclimatechangeinterventions;
(e) Sex‐disaggregateddataandrelevantgenderindicatorsintheresultsandportfoliomonitoringframeworksneedtobeincluded,asappropriate,forexample,wheneveranactivityrequirestheinterventionofpeopleorhasanimpactonpeople.Qualitativeaswellasqualitativemethodsareneededtoassessthegenderimpactofactivities;
(f) Periodicauditingofgender‐sensitiveresultsallowstoadjustpolicies,andaccountabilityandimplementationmechanisms.The2010StrategicEnvironmental,Social,andGenderAssessmentandtheGenderReview(2012)oftheCIFisagoodexampleofsuchaudits;itis,however,notclearifthefindingshavefedbackintotherelevantdecision‐makingprocessesatboardormanageriallevel;
(g) Operationalproceduresandtoolsareneededtoimplementpolicies.Theyshouldbeassimpleaspossibletofacilitatethestaff’soperationalworkandavoidbureaucraticburdens.Thereisaplethoraofgender‘toolkits’andsourcebooksreadilyavailableforadaptationandmitigationwork‐duplicationofeffortshouldbeavoided.TheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)projectreviewprocessisagoodpracticeexample.Itenablesafastreviewofprojectproposalsthroughagenderlens,andleadstothepreparationofaprojectgenderactionplanifappropriate.TheInternationalNetworkonGenderandSustainableEnergy(ENERGIA)GenderandEnergyToolkitisagoodpracticeexampleofatooleasilyusedbyfieldpractitioners;
(h) Gendercompetenciesamongcorestaffgreatlyenhanceattentiontogenderissuesinfundingallocation,assessmentofimplementationcapacity,andmainstreamingofgendersensitivityintocountryprojectandprogrammedesign.ThisisfurtherdiscussedinSection4.6;and
(i) Dedicatedbudgetsforgender‐relatedactivitiesareindispensable(forstafforconsultanthiring,capacitybuilding,resultsmonitoringandreporting).
GCF/B.06/13Page6
3.2 Project/programme‐relatedlessons
11. Extensivereviewsofexperience(WorldBank,2010;AfDB,2011;Aguilar,2012;USAID2013)highlightanumberoflessonsrelevantforbothproject/programmedesignandimplementation.ThesevenmostrelevantlessonsfortheFund’sfutureprojects/programmesare:
(a) Nationalprioritiesonclimatechangeandequality‐basedgendernormsshouldguideprojectdesign;nationalclimatechangeplansshouldincludenationalgenderpoliciesandpriorities;
(b) Sex‐disaggregateddataareneededtoestablishthebaselineatproject/programmelocation,andidentifyspecificgenderissuesforagivenclimatechangetopic;forexample,itisessentialtodocumentwhetherwomenormenaremostaffectedbysea‐levelriseinagivencoastalarea,andforwhichsourceoflivelihood.Womenmay,forinstance,bemoreaffectedintheirfarmingactivities,whilemenaremoreaffectedintheirfishingactivities;
(c) Cleargender‐sensitiveclimatechangeresultsandmonitoringindicatorshelpfocustheprojectorprogramme,anddesignrelevantgenderelements;
(d) Balancedparticipationofwomenandmeninclimatechangeprojects/programmes,frominitialconsultationsthroughparticipationindesign,implementation,andresultsmonitoringhaveabetterchancetogenerategreaterandmoresustainableresults;suchparticipationtapsintotheknowledgeandskillsofbothwomenandmenintheirrespectivespheresofactivities.Thereisanabundanceofexampleswherewomenaswellasmenhavecontributedeffectivelytotheimplementationofclimatechangeadaptationormitigationinitiatives(Boxes3and4);
(e) Understandinggenderandclimatechangeissuesisessential.Climatechangeexperts’understandingofgenderissues,aswellasgenderexperts’understandingofclimatechangeissues,areneededsothatteamscandesigneffectivegender‐sensitiveclimatechangeprojectsandprogrammes;
(f) Dedicatedbudgetsforgender‐sensitiveactivitiesareneededforimplementation;and
(g) Timelyassessmentofgender‐sensitiveissuesattheproject/programmeonsetavoidscausingdelaysandadditionalcosts,bothinthetechnicalpreparationandfinancialclosureoftheproject/programme,aswellasduringproject/programmeimplementation(IFC,2000).
Box4:WomenleadclimatechangeadaptationanddisasterriskreductioninBangladesh5
Thiswomen‐centredinitiativehelpscommunitiesinBangladeshadapttoclimatechangebyaddressingextremeweatherconditions,suchascyclonesandflooding,aswellastheconsequenceofincreasedsalinityconditionsinagricultureinBangladesh.Theinitiative,whichisimplementedbyActionAidBangladesh,bringstogethergroupsofwomenwholeadvulnerabilityassessmentsofclimaterisksandthenidentifyactionplans.Thesamegroupsofwomenimplementtheplans.Asaresult,improvedcookingstoveswereinstalledin110households,10temporarydamswerebuilttopreservefreshwaterforirrigationandreducesalinityintheland,andaraisedclustervillagewascreatedforlandlessfamiliesinflood‐proneareas.Scalabilityisakeyelementofthisinitiative,whichchannelledresourcestothelocalgovernmenttoenhanceitscapacity.Theinitiativefacilitatesdialoguebetweencommunitiesandthelocalgovernmenttoensurethatthegoodpracticespilotedbythewomen‐ledgroupsarescaledup.
5UNFCCC.2013.COP19.LighthouseInitiatives.UNFCCC,Bonn,Germany.http://unfccc.int/secretariat/momentum_for_change/items/7841.php.
GCF/B.06/13Page7
IV. Optionstomainstreamgendersensitivity
12. ThisChapterreviewstheopportunitiesfortheFundtostartincludinggendersensitivityinitsoperationalmodalities.BasedonthelessonsreviewedinChapterIII,thisChapterfocusesonthemostimportantopportunitiesatthecurrentstageoftheFund’sdevelopment:
(a) Resultsmanagementframework;
(b) Portfoliomonitoringframework;
(c) Project/programmedesign;
(d) Environmentalandsocialsafeguards;and
(e) Capacitybuilding,inparticularinthecontextofreadinessandpreparatorysupport.
13. Thefirsttwoopportunitiesrefertothesignificanceofbuildingasystemofaccountabilityforresults.Thethirdtofifthopportunitiesrefertotheneedtoimplementgendersensitivityinfieldactivities.
14. Sections4.6and4.7offersomeconsiderationswithregardtohumanresourcemanagementandotherareaswhereadditionalworkwouldbeneededforthedocumentthatwouldbepreparedfortheOctober2014Boardmeeting.
4.1 Resultsmanagementframework
15. TheBoardadoptedacomprehensivelistoftheinitialresultareas(documentGCF/B.05/23,AnnexI).Apriori,thereisnoareathatwouldnotqualifyforagender‐sensitiveapproachinordertoensureclimatechangeresultsorgenerateincrementalclimatechangeresults.However,itwouldbeexpectedthatsomeprojects/programmeswouldhavearelativelysmallgenderelement,whileotherswouldhaveastronggenderfocus.Forexample:
(a) Mitigationandadaptationinterventionsininfrastructure,urbanandbuiltenvironmentinvolvealargenumberofstakeholdersanddecision‐makers.Thedesignofsuchinterventionswillrequireathoroughinitialunderstanding,throughconsultationsanddatacollection,oftheuseofexistingstocksofinfrastructure(e.g.transport,housing,schools,andhealthclinics)bybothwomenandmenandofthewelfarebenefitstheycurrentlyobtainfromsuchinfrastructure.Thesuccessofprojects/programmesinthisareaislikelytodependonwhethertheproject/programmeinterventionswillmeettheinfrastructureneedsofbothwomenandmen;
(b) Similarly,thesuccessofmitigationinterventionsinagriculturewillmostlikelydependonwhetherthenewtechnologiesaretransferredtotherelevantfarminggroups,thatis,towomenandmenfarmers.Consequently,project/programmesponsorswillneedtofirstestablishwhotheprimaryusersofthefarmlandsare,women,menorboth,andwhichgrouptotargetfortechnologytraining;
(c) Sectorinterventions,suchasrenewableenergy,needtocarefullyassesstheircustomerbasebygender.Forinstance,asurveydonefortheLightingAfricaprogrammefinancedbytheInternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC,2011)inpartnershipwiththeGEFandseveralotherdonorsandprogrammes,hasdocumentedthatwomenholdsignificantswayinhouseholddecision‐makingwithrespecttolightingtechnology.Theprogrammealsodeterminedthat,inabusinesscontext,womenandmen’slightingneedsdiffer,basedonthetypeofbusinesstheyoperated.Thisillustratestheneedforgendersensitivitybothindefiningresultsandselectingindicators.
16. DocumentGCF/B.06/04alreadyreflectstheFund’scommitmenttogendersensitivity:itflagsthegenderresultsandindicatorsforwhichsex‐disaggregateddatacollectionisneeded,andthemethodologyforcollectingthedata(includingsurveysthatcanhavequalitative
GCF/B.06/13Page8
questions).However,thechallengefortheFundistoestablishhowitscommitmenttogendersensitivitywillbeimplementedwithinthetwo‐tierresultsmanagementstructure:tier1,bytheEEsthatwillberesponsibleforthedetaileddesignofactivitiesandtheselectionofproject‐andprogramme‐levelresultsandindicators;andtier2,bytheintermediariesandIEsthatwillberesponsibleformonitoringandreportingonsector‐levelresultsandindicators.
17. TheFundhasthreeoptions:
(a) Option1:AskingIEstoworkwiththeinitialresultsmanagementframework.TheFundcouldalsoaskthefirstlyaccreditedIEstoprovidefeedbacktotheFundontheability/difficultiestohaveEEsselectrelevantindicatorsandcollectdatathatcanbeaggregatedatthesectorlevel.ThemeritofthisapproachisthatitprovidesclearguidancetoIEsassoonastheFundbecomesoperational;theriskisthatitmaybedifficultfortheIEstocoachtheEEsonthechoiceofarelevantgenderindicator.Anotherriskisthattheinitialdataongender‐sensitiveresultsmayendupbeingofpoorquality;
(b) Option2:PreparingmoredetailedguidelinesthattheIEscouldusewiththeEEs.Thismaybeasaferapproachtoobtaingender‐sensitiveresults.Therisk,however,isthatitmaytakesometimebeforesuchguidelinesareavailable;
(c) Option3:ReferringtheIEstoexistingtoolkitstouseintheirreviewsof,orguidanceto,EEs.
18. Thethreeoptionsarenotmutuallyexclusive.TheFundmaycombinethefirstandthirdoptionsintheinitialphaseoflaunchingitsactivities.Itcan,inasecondphase,takestockofresultsaftertheinitialphaseofactivitiesandofthelessonslearnedtoconfirmthevalueofexistingmaterialorprepareitsownmoredetailedguidelines.
4.2 Portfoliomonitoringandevaluation
19. MonitoringtheFund’sportfoliowillbetheresponsibilityoftheCountryProgrammingDivisionoftheSecretariatandevaluationwillbetheresponsibilityoftheIndependentEvaluationUnit(seedocumentGCF/B.05/10).ItwouldbeimportantthattheDivisionincludesgenderreportinginitsannualreport,andthatitperiodicallycommissionssectororcross‐sectorassessmentsoftheportfolio’sgenderresults.Theseassessmentsshouldshedlightonwhethergender‐sensitiveprojects/programmesareperformingbetterthanprojects/programmeswithnogenderelements(frombefore).Theresultsoftheseassessmentsandevaluationsareimportantforthefurtheradjustmentofoperationalpolicies.Theevaluationcouldalsoinformtheportfolioriskassessment(seedocumentsGCF/B.06/10andGCF/B.06/11).
20. Impactassessmentswouldbecarriedoutatregularintervals(seedocumentGCF/B.06/04).Again,thesewouldbeessentialinanalysingtheeffectivenessofvarioustypesofgender‐sensitiveprojects/programmes,andcomparingtheoutcomeswithprojects/programmeswithnogenderelements.
4.3 Project/programmedesign
21. Project/programmedesignisakeyentrypointtomainstreamgendersensitivity.Theselectionofprojects/programmesistobecountry‐driven.Asimpleapproach,adoptedbythePilotProgrammeClimateResilience(PPCR)oftheCIFistoincludeagenderquestionintheinitialproject/programmeconceptnote.Notallprojects/programmeswouldbeexpectedtohavegenderelements.
GCF/B.06/13Page9
22. Adoptinggender‐sensitivetoolsforproject/programmedesign.Alargeselectionofanalyticalanddesigntoolsarereadilyavailableandwelldocumentedinanumberofthematicorsectortoolkits,sourcebooks,handbooks,etc.Theyhaveanumberofcommonelements,oftenlistedon‘check‐lists’(seeAnnexI).
23. Executingentitieswillberesponsibleforintegratinggenderelementsintoprojects/programmes,andIEswillbeaccountableforduediligenceontheproject/programmedesign.AstheFundwillworkdirectlymostlywithIEs,itmayexplorevariousoptionstomonitorproject/programmedesign,inparticularduringthefirsttwoyearsoftheFund’soperations,whenlearningisessential:
(a) Option1:Reviewingasampleofapprovedprojects/programmesthroughthegenderlens,e.g.onceayear,andanalysinghowtheproject/programmewaspreparedanddesigned,whetherithasanygenderelements,andhowitisbeingimplemented.ThelessonsdrawnwouldbesharedwithalltheIEsandpostedontheFund’swebsite,andfurtherdisseminatedtostakeholders(seeSection4.7).
(b) Option2:Ifneeded,suggestingtotheIEand/ortheEEtoredesigntherelevantpartoftheproject/programme.Experienceshowsthatitispreferabletopartiallyredesignaproject/programmeduringimplementationthandonothing.
Box5:Projectredesignforgendersensitivity–LaosRuralElectrificationProject
AgoodpracticeexampleofeffectiveprojectredesignistheLaosRuralElectrificationProject,whichwasredesignedforgendersensitivitywithinthefirsttwoyearsofimplementation.Thesolution–targetedsubsidiesforgridoroff‐gridconnections–wasdesignedtorespondtotheneedofthepoorestfemale‐headedhouseholds,whichwerepreviouslyleftoutoftheprogramme.Thisredesignbecamethebasisforexpandingtheaccessprogrammetoallpoorhouseholds.
4.4 Environmentalandsocialsafeguards
24. DocumentGCF/B.06/09includesgenderequityandwomen’sempowermentasoneoftheelementsoftheenvironmentalandsocialsafeguards:
"GenderEquityandWomen’sEmpowerment–Projects/programmeswillbedesignedandimplementedinsuchawaythatbothwomenandmen:
(a) Areabletoparticipatefullyandequitably;
(b) Receivecomparablesocialandeconomicbenefits;and
(c) Donotsufferdisproportionateadverseeffectsduringthedevelopmentprocess.”
25. Thedocumentalsostatesthatguidance/referencematerialwillneedtobedevelopedtoexplaintheenvironmentalandsocialsafeguardelements,andgendercanbefurtheremphasizedandincorporatedasacross‐cuttingthematictopic.InorderfortheFundtobeabletodemonstratetheimpact,project/programmeimplementerswillneedtocollectdataandreportonspecificmetrics.
26. IntermsofaccreditationofIEs,atthisstageoftheFund’sdevelopment,theFundmaywanttostartwiththegenderprovisionsthatarepartofitsenvironmentalandsocialsafeguards.Afteroneortwoyearsofoperations,aslessonsarelearnedontheIEs’capacitytoselectprojects/programmesthatgenerategender‐sensitiveclimatechangeresults,theFundmayconsiderwhetherornottorequireex‐antecompliancewiththeFund’sgenderpolicybyIEs.Alternatively,theFundcoulddeepenthegendercapacitybuildingitwilloffertoIEs.
27. Accordingly,theBoardmayconsideramoregradualapproachfortheFund,wherebysuchrequirementsdonotpreventpotentialIEsfromgettingaccredited,butforeseeaprocess
GCF/B.06/13Page10
thatallowsthemtodevelopthenecessarypracticesandcapabilitieswhiletheyarealreadyengaged.
4.5 Capacitybuilding
28. StrengtheningthecapacityofIEsandEEstodeliverontheFund’sgender‐sensitivitymandateisexpectedtobeakeyentrypoint.TheprovisionofreadinessandpreparatorysupportwouldbetheidealvehicletoprovidecapacitybuildingandtrainingongendertolocalinstitutionsinthefourmainareasidentifiedindocumentGCF/B.06/14:
(a) Establishmentofanationaldesignatedauthority(NDA)orfocalpointthatwillactasaninterfacebetweenthecountryandtheFundandwillcommunicatethenationalstrategicprioritiesforfinancinglow‐emissionandclimate‐resilientdevelopmentacrosstheeconomy;
(b) Developmentofastrategicframeworkthatwilltakestockof,andbuildon,relevantexistingnationalstrategicdocuments,andwillaimtoidentifycountries’leadingandmosttransformativestrategicprioritiesasaresponsetoclimatechange;
(c) SelectionofsuitableIEsandintermediariesforchannellingtheFund’sresources,andpreparationoftheseentitiesforaccreditationwiththeFund;and
(d) Preparationofinitialpipelinesofpriorityprojectand/orprogrammeproposalstobereadyforsubmissiontotheBoard.
29. Inaddition,trainingongenderwouldbeintegratedintothetrainingtobeprovidedonenvironmentalandsocialsafeguards;suchtrainingcouldberepeatedovertimeasthepipelineofprojects/programmesincreases.
30. Participation:CapacitybuildingonparticipatoryapproacheswouldalsoneedtobeprovidedtoNDAsandfocalpoints,IEsandEEs.Effectiveparticipationofbothwomenandmenfromawiderangeofstakeholders(government,civilsocietyorganizations(CSOs))willbeessentialforcountryownership,inparticularfor:NDAsorfocalpoints;theintegrationofgenderinnationalclimatechangestrategies;theuseofFundfinance;theprioritizationandselectionofprojectsandprogrammesbynationalandinternationalentities;andproject/programmedesign,implementationandresultsmonitoringbyEEs.
4.6 Humanresourcemanagement
31. Recruitment.TheFundhasamandateongenderbalanceamongBoardmembersandintherecruitmentofSecretariatstaff.TheFundisintheprocessofrecruitingforquiteanumberofpositions.Itthereforehastheopportunitytoaimatachievinggenderbalance,andatrecruitingmanagersandstaffwhowillhaveexperienceingendermainstreaming.ThisisparticularlyrelevantfortherecruitmentoftheHumanResourcesOfficer,whosedutiesincludethedevelopmentofhumanresourcesguidelinesaswellasensuringtheirimplementation,includingondiversity.
32. Genderexpertise.Thestaffislikelytobequitesmallinitially.Itwouldbeimportantthatanumberofkeystaffhavegendercompetencies,orbeofferedessentialgendertrainingsoonafterbeingrecruited,inparticularthoseresponsiblefor:
(a) Implementingtheresultsmanagementframework;
(b) Environmentalandsocialsafeguards;
(c) Portfoliomonitoring;and
(d) Theaccreditationcommittee.
GCF/B.06/13Page11
33. OncetheFundiswellcapitalizedandtheSecretariatisendowedwithenoughstaffpositions,theskillmixwillgrow,includingthegender‐relatedskills.Inthemeantime,theSecretariatwillneedtosupplementitslimitedstaffwithconsultantsandsecondees.
34. Training.Sincethestaffnumberswillbesmall,awarenessofgender‐sensitiveresultsoftheFundcanbeobtainedthroughtraining.ThesoonerBoardmembersandSecretariatstaffreceivegender‐sensitivitytraining,theeasieritwillbetobuildconsensusonhowtoimplementtheFund’smandateongendersensitivity.BoardmeetingscanprovidetheusefulopportunitytooffersuchtrainingtoBoardmembers.Stafftrainingcanbeofferedonarecurrentbasis.
4.7 Otheropportunitiesformainstreaminggendersensitivity
35. PrivateSectorFacility(PSF).ThePSFwillbeaveryimportantinstrumentfortheFundtoachievegender‐sensitiveclimatechangeresults.ThePSFmaywanttogivespecialattentiontofemaleentrepreneurshipasameanstoincreasetheprobabilityofbetterclimatechangeresults.Atleastonestudy(HaasSchoolofBusinessatUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley(McElhaneyandMobasseri,2012))hasattemptedtoassessbusinesses’genderbalanceandclimatechangeperformance(Box6).36. Learningfromexperience,womenarealreadyextremelyactiveentrepreneurs.Somecompaniesdeliberatelytrytoattractwomen‐ownedenterprisesthroughtheirprocurementofgoodsandservices,withverypositiveresults.ItisthereforeessentialforthePSFtogiveequalopportunitytowomenandmentodeveloptheiractivitiesinclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.ThisisanareawheretheFundcanmakeasignificantcontributiontoreducinggenderinequitiesandpoverty.
Box6:Womenentrepreneurshelpcombatclimatechange
ResearchbytheHaasSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley,whichinvestigatedthecorporateperformanceofmorethan1,500companiesacrossthreemaincategoriesofenvironmental,socialandgovernance,corroboratesthehypothesisthat‘gendermatters’andthekeyfindingsaresignificantforthedevelopmentoftherenewableenergytarget(RET)marketandforsustainabledevelopment.Oneofthefindingsisthatcompanieswithmorewomenontheirboardofdirectorsaresignificantlymorelikelyto:
Investinrenewablepowergenerationandtoproactivelytakestepstoimproveenergyefficiency Haveintegratedclimatechangeintotheiractuarialmodelsanddevelopedproductsthathelpcustomersmanageclimatechangerisk
Measureandreducecarbonemissionsoftheirproducts Havesupplierprogrammestoreducetheirsupplychaincarbonfootprint Reducetheenvironmentalimpactsoftheirpackaging Addressenvironmentalrisksintheirfinancialdecisions Notdisturblargeand/orfragileareasofbiodiversity
37. Communicationandinformationdisclosure.EffectivecommunicationofgenderresultsisessentialfortheFund’srelationshipswithotherpartners,includingcivilsociety.Overthelongerterm,theFundmayalsoconsiderusingdisseminationtoolsthatcanbecomelearningtoolsforIEsandEEs,suchasvideostobepostedontheInternetandradioprogrammesinlocallanguages.
38. AnnexIIpresentsaflowchartoftheoperationalizationofgendersensitivityintheFund’sstructureandactivities.
GCF/B.06/13Page12
V. Nextsteps
39. Documentpreparation.Recognizingthatwomenfacegreaterbarriersinbenefitingfromclimatefinanceoptionsandopportunities,itisrecommendedthatadocumentbepreparedforBoardconsiderationatOctober2014meetingthatwillincludethedraftpolicystatementonhowtheFundintendstoaddressgendersensitivityandencourageactivitiesthatallowwomenandmentofullybenefitfromitsprojectsandprogrammes.
40. Inaddition,theSecretariatwillinitiateworkonpreparingoperationalguidancematerials(guidelineswithtoolkitreferences)fortheSecretariatandIEs,andwillseekopportunitiestoprovidegendertrainingunderthereadinessworkprogramme.
GCF/B.06/13Page13
AnnexI:Genderchecklistforprojectorprogrammedesignandimplementation
(a) Collectionofgender‐disaggregateddataandundertakingagenderassessmentinordertodeterminethespecificgenderissueemergingfromclimatechangeinthepotentialprojectorprogrammelocation;
(b) Consultationswithbothwomenandmen,andparticipationofbothgroupsinprojectorprogrammedesignandimplementation;
(c) Designofgender‐sensitiveinformation,bothfromthepointofviewofthecontentandthedeliveryprocess;forexample,womenrespondbettertodisasterwarningsystemsinvolvingwomenbroadcasters;
(d) Definitionofcleargenderobjectivesfortheprojectorprogramme;
(e) Genderbalanceindecision‐makingcommittees,suchasmunicipalcouncils;
(f) Interventionstailoredtotheneedsofbothwomenandmen,includingsub‐groupsbyage(children,youth,elderly),inparticularinruralareasandlow‐incomeurbanareas;
(g) Useofexistingknowledgefrombothwomenandmen;
(h) Genderactionplans,recordingexpectedgenderoutcomes,andindicators(alongthelinesoftheproposedlog‐framesoftheinitialresultsmanagementframework);
(i) Supportinterventions,inparticulartraining,specificallytargetedatmeetingthedifferentneedsofwomenandmen;
(j) Dedicatedbudgetstoprepareandimplementtheproject’sorprogramme’sgenderelements;
(k) Consultationswithnationalgenderexpertsforprojectorprogrammedesign;
(l) Gendercompetencieswithintheagenciesoverseeingtheprojectorprogramme.
GCF/B.06/13Page14
AnnexII:FlowchartofintegrationofgendersensitivityintoFundactivities
GCF SECRETARIAT
GCF BOARD
Decide on Gender Policy Decide Accreditation of IEs
Monitor Results from Reporting
Staff Gender CompetenciesSupport accreditation of IEsProvide Gender Training
Monitoring &Periodic Reporting on Gender Results
IEs/Intermediaries
Implement Fund Gender Policy through EEs
Monitor and report field results
EEs
Implement Project Cycle
Project Cycle
Independent Evaluation Unit
Periodic Gender Evaluations
NDAs
GCF/B.06/13Page15
AnnexIII:Listofreferences
ADB.2012.GuidelinesforgendermainstreamingcategoriesofADBprojects.ADB,Manila,Philippines.
http://www.adb.org/documents/guidelines‐gender‐mainstreaming‐categories‐adb‐projects
ADB.2013.GenderToolkit:Transport.Maximizingthebenefitsofmobilityforall.ADB,Manila,Philippines.
http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/gender‐tool‐kit‐transport.pdf
AfricanDevelopmentBank.2013.GenderEqualityResultsofPublicSectorProjectsandProgrammesoftheAfricanDevelopmentBank2009‐2011.Tunis,Tunisia
http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project‐and‐Operations/Gender%20Equality%20Results%20in%20AfDB%20Projects.pdf
AfricanDevelopmentBank.2009.Checklistforgendermainstreamingingovernanceprogrammes.AfricanDevelopmentBankGroup,Tunis‐Belvedère.
http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/PolicyDocuments/Checklist%20for%20Gender%20Mainstreaming%20in%20Governance%20Programmes%20EN.pdf
Aguilar,L.,Rogers,F.,Pearl‐Martinez,R.,Castaneda,I.,Athanas,A.,Siles,J.2012.GenderReviewoftheClimateInvestmentFunds.November.
CitiesAlliance.2007.LiveableCities—TheBenefitsofUrbanEnvironmentalPlanning.ClimateAlliance.WorldBank.WashingtonDC.
http://citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance.org/files/CA_Docs/resources/cds/liveable/liveablecities_web_7dec07.pdf
ENERGIA.2011.MainstreamingGenderinEnergyProjects.APracticalHandbook.ENERGIA,Leusden,theNetherlands.
http://www.energia.org/fileadmin/files/media/DropBox/Module1/Mainstreaming_gender_in_energy_projects_A_practical_Hand_book.pdf
InternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC),2000.InvestinginPeople:SustainingCommunitiesthroughImprovedBusinessPractice.Acommunitydevelopmentresourceguideforcompanies.WashingtonDC,USA.
http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/1dc2e10048865811b3fef36a6515bb18/CommunityGuide.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
InternationalFinanceCorporation(IFC),2011.Expandingwomen’sroleinAfrica’smodernoff‐gridlightingmarket.WashingtonDC,USA.
http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/ifc+sustainability/publications/publications_report_expandingwomensrole
McElhaney,K.A.,andS.Mobassery(2012).WomencreateaSustainableFuture.CentreforResponsibleBusiness.UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.USA.
http://responsiblebusiness.haas.berkeley.edu/Women_Create_Sustainable_Value_FINAL_10_2012.pdf
GCF/B.06/13Page16
GreenClimateFund:GoverningInstrumenthttp://gcfund.net/fileadmin/00_customer/documents/pdf/GCF‐governing_instrument‐120521‐block‐LY.pdf
FoodandAgricultureOrganisation(2011),TheStateofFoodandAgriculture.
IEG,WorldBank,IFC,MIGA(2010).AnEvaluationofWorldBankSupport2002‐2008.GenderandDevelopment.Washington,DC.
http://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/Data/reports/gender_eval.pdf
InternationalTradeCenter(ITC)(2011).ITCGenderMainstreamingPolicy.p.4.Availableat:http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ianwge/repository/documents/ITCGenderMainstreamingPolicy.pdf
Shalatek,I.,andBurns,K.2013.OperationalizationofaGender‐SensitiveApproachintheGreenClimateFund.April.EditedbyGailKarlssonandAnaRojas(ENERGIA–InternationalNetworkonGenderandSustainableEnergy).PaperproposedbytheDanishandDutchchairsoftheGCF.April.
Stern,ElliotD.,withcontributionsfrom:LauraAltinger,OsvaldoFeinstein,MartaMaranon,Nils‐SjardSchultzandNicolaiSteenNielsen.2008.ThematicStudyontheParisDeclaration,AidEffectivenessandDevelopmentEffectiveness.OECD.Paris,France.
http://www.oecd.org/development/evaluation/dcdndep/41807824.pdf
UNFCCC.2013.Momentumforchange:womenforresults—UrbanPoor.ConferenceoftheParties19.November2013.
http://unfccc.int/secretariat/momentum_for_change/items/7370.php
USAID.2013.DraftOnlineGenderSourcebookforClimateChangeAdaptationProposalPreparation.December.WashingtonD.C.WHO.2013.HealthandClimateChange.WHO,Geneva,Switzerland.
http://www.who.int/globalchange/en/
WorldBank.2012.GenderEqualityandDevelopment.WorldDevelopmentReport.Washington,D.C.WorldBank.2011.GuidetoClimateChangeAdaptationinCities.p.38.WorldBank,Washington,DC.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387‐1318995974398/GuideClimChangeAdaptCities.pdf
WorldBank,2009.Makinginfrastructureworkforwomenandman:areviewofWorldBankinfrastructureprojects(1995‐2009).Washington,DC.
http://documents.banquemondiale.org/curated/fr/2009/01/13589227/making‐infrastructure‐work‐women‐man‐review‐world‐bank‐infrastructure‐projects‐1995‐2009
WorldBank.2009.GenderinAgricultureSourcebook.WorldBank,Washington,DC.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGENAGRLIVSOUBOOK/Resources/CompleteBook.pdf
GCF/B.06/13Page17
AnnexIV:Listofclimateandgenderexpertswhoparticipatedintheconsultationsonthisdocument
Ms.ElizabethEggerts,ClimateFinanceandGenderSpecialist,UNDP(NewYork,USA)Mr.TaeYongJung,DepartmentofEnergy,EnvironmentPolicies/DevelopmentEconomics,KDISchoolofPublicPolicyandManagement(Seoul,RepublicofKorea)Dr.GovindKelkar,SeniorAdvisor,Landesa–RuralDevelopmentInstitute(NewDelhi,India)Ms.RebeccaPearl‐Martinez,SeniorStrategist,IUCNGlobalGenderOffice(Washington,DC,USA)Ms.AnnakaPetersonCarvalho,SeniorProgrammeOfficer,OxfamAmerica(Washington,DC,USA)
Ms.LianeSchalatek,AssociateDirector,HeinrichBoellFoundationNorthAmerica(Washington,DC,USA)Ms.TitiSoentoro,PolicyAdvisor,Aksi–ForGender,SocialandEcologicalJustice(Jakarta,Indonesia)Mr.DavidWaskow,Head,InternationalClimateInitiative,WorldResourcesInstitute(Washington,DC,USA)Dr.MariamaWilliams,SeniorProgrammeOfficer,GlobalGovernanceforDevelopmentProgramme,SouthCentre(Geneva,Switzerland)
___________