Optimizing Teams in a Distributed...
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Mike Amundsen
CA Technologies
@mamund
Optimizing Teams in a
Distributed World
Conway’s three other laws
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Introduction
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Effective Teams
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“Organizational metrics can predict
software failure-proneness with a
precision and recall of 85%”
-- Nachi Nagappan,
MS Research (2009)
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Effective Teams
for Microservices
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“[Microservices] allow
organizations [to align] the
architecture of their systems
to the structure of their teams.”
-- Sam Newman,
“Demystifying Conway’s Law”
(2015)
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Mel Conway
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Mel Conway
• Burroughs assembler (SAVE) 1950s
• UNCOL (universal compiler language) 1958
• First paper on Coroutines 1963
• “How Do Committees Invent?” (1967)
• MUMPS medical computing (1970s)
• Pascal for Mac & Apple II (1980s)
• #HumanizeTheCraft Project (2010s)
http://www.melconway.com/
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Mel Conway
• Burroughs assembler (SAVE) 1950s
• UNCOL (universal compiler language) 1958
• First paper on Coroutines 1963
• “How Do Committees Invent?” (1967)
• MUMPS medical computing (1970s)
• Pascal for Mac & Apple II (1980s)
• #HumanizeTheCraft Project (2010s)
http://www.melconway.com/
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Project-Based Organizations
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“Project-based organizations
revolve around the concept
that a group of individuals or
firms join together with the
explicit purpose of producing a
tangible set of outputs”
-- Paul Chinowsky, EPOJ 2011
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“
Any organization that designs a
system (defined more broadly here
than just information systems) will
inevitably produce a design whose
structure is a copy of the
organization's communication
structure.”
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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A system’s design is a copy of
the organization’s
communication structure.
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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Communication dictates design.
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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Conway’s Law
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Brooks’ Law
“Adding manpower to a late
software project makes it later.”
-- Fred Brooks, 1975
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Intercommunication formula
n(n − 1) / 2
-- Fred Brooks, 1975
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Intercommunication formula
5*(5–1)/2 = 10
15*(15–1)/2 = 105
50*(50–1)/2 = 1,225
150*(150–1)/2 = 11,175
-- Fred Brooks, 1975
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Dunbar’s Number
A measurement of the “cognitive
limit to the number of individuals
with whom any one person can
maintain stable relationships.”
-- Robin Dunbar, 1992
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Dunbar Groups
Intimate friends: 5
Trusted friends: 15
Close friends: 35
Casual friends: 150
-- Robin Dunbar, 1992
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Intercommunication formula
5*(5–1)/2 = 10
15*(15–1)/2 = 105
50*(50–1)/2 = 1,225
150*(150–1)/2 = 11,175
-- Fred Brooks, 1975
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Communication dictates design.
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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Conway’s (first) Law
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Conway’s (first) Law
tells us TEAM SIZE is important
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Conway’s (first) Law
tells us TEAM SIZE is important
so…
Make the teams as small as necessary.
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“Scaling Spotify”, Kniberg & Ivarrson (2012)
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/1018963/Articles/SpotifyScaling.pdf
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ASSESSMENT:
If you don’t have
a personal relationship
with every member of your TEAM,
your team is probably TOO BIG.
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GUIDANCE:
Aim for TEAM SIZE
of “Dunbar level 1” (5),
possibly “Dunbar level 2” (15).
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So… what about other Conway Laws?
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Conway’s Second Law
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Doing it Over
“There is never enough time
to do something right,
but there is always enough
time to do it over.”
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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Trade Offs
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Efficiency-Thoroughness Trade Offs (ETTOs)
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Satisficing v. Sacrificing
“Satisficing is explained as a
consequence of limited
cognitive capacity.
Sacrificing is explained as a
consequence of the intractability
of the work environment”
-- Eric Hollnagel, 2009
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Satisficing v. Sacrificing
Problem too complicated?
Ignore details.
Not enough resources?
Give up features.
-- Eric Hollnagel, 2009
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ETTOs are “normal” and result in
success more often than failure.
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From “Safety-I and Safety-II”, Hollnagel (2014)
http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781472423085
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From “ETTO: The Efficiency-Thoroughness Trade-Off”, Hollnagel (2009)
http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9780754676782
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The enemy is intractability.
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Increasing Intractability
1. Systems grow too large
2. Rate of change increases
3. Overall expectations keep rising
-- Eric Hollnagel, 2009
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“Continuous Delivery” Raphael Carvalho (2014)
http://slides.com/raphaelcarvalho/continuous-delivery#/9
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Conway’s Second Law
tells us PROBLEM SIZE is important
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Conway’s Second Law
tells us PROBLEM SIZE is important
so…
Make the solution as small as necessary.
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Continuous Delivery – The Dirty Details, Mike Britain, Etsy (2015)
http://www.slideshare.net/mikebrittain/continuous-delivery-the-dirty-details/8
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ASSESSMENT:
If you (or your team)
cannot explain ALL the code
in your release package,
your release is TOO LARGE
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GUIDANCE:
Execute many SMALL releases
instead of a few LARGE releases.
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Conway’s Third Law
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Homomorphism
“There is a homomorphism
from the linear graph of a
system to the linear graph of
its design organization”
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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“How Do Committees Invent?”, Conway (1967)
http://www.melconway.com/research/committees.html
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Homomorphism
“If you have four groups
working on a compiler, you'll
get a 4-pass compiler.”
- Eric S. Raymond, 1991
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Conway’s Third Law
tells us CROSS-TEAM INDEPENDENCE
is important.
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Conway’s Third Law
tells us CROSS-TEAM INDEPENDENCE
is important.
So…
Make each team fully independent.
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If you have to hold a release
until some other team is ready,
you are not an
INDEPENDENT TEAM
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Coordination in Large-Scale Software Teams, Begel, et al (2007)http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/abegel/papers/coordination-chase09.pdf
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Coordination in Large-Scale Software Teams, Begel, et al (2007)http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/abegel/papers/coordination-chase09.pdf
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Coordination in Large-Scale Software Teams, Begel, et al (2007)http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/abegel/papers/coordination-chase09.pdf
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Conway’s Fourth Law
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Disintegration
“The structures of large
systems tend to disintegrate
during development,
qualitatively more so than with
small systems.”
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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Three reasons Disintegration occurs…
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Disintegration: Reason #1
“The realization that the
system will be large, together
with organization pressures,
make irresistible the
temptation to assign too many
people to a design effort”
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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Brooks’ Law
Adding manpower to a late
software project makes it later.
-- Fred Brooks, 1975
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Disintegration: Reason #2
“Application of the
conventional wisdom of
management to a large
design organization causes its
communication structure to
disintegrate.”
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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Dunbar’s Number
A measurement of the “cognitive
limit to the number of individuals
with whom any one person can
maintain stable relationships.”
-- Robin Dunbar, 1992
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Disintegration: Reason #3
“Homomorphism insures that
the structure of the system will
reflect the disintegration which
has occurred in the design
organization.”
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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Communication dictates design.
-- Mel Conway, 1967
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Conway’s Fourth Law
tells us TIME is against LARGE teams.
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Conway’s Fourth Law
tells us TIME is against LARGE teams.
So…
Make release cycles short and small.
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Standish Group Chaos Report 2015
(via http://www.infoq.com/articles/standish-chaos-2015)
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ASSESSMENT:
If your release dates are often missed,
your SCOPE is TOO BIG.
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GUIDANCE:
Aim for a SCOPE that supports
a release cycle
of two weeks or less.
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So, let’s review our options…
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Conway’s Laws
can help us succeed
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Conway’s Laws
can help us succeed
when working with
microservice teams.
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Conway’s First Law
A system’s design is a copy
of the organization’s
communication structure.
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Conway’s First Law
A system’s design is a copy
of the organization’s
communication structure.
Actively manage
communications within the
teams and across teams.
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“Tactics for Global Software Development”, Herbsleb (2008)
http://herbsleb.org/web-pres/slides/Siemens-conference-7-17-08-dist.pdf
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“Tactics for Global Software Development”, Herbsleb (2008)
http://herbsleb.org/web-pres/slides/Siemens-conference-7-17-08-dist.pdf
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Increase communications
• Real-time Chat Tools
• Video Conferencing
• Online Forums/News Groups
• Wiki and Web Sites
Reduce the effort required to locate and
interact with the ‘right people’
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Conway’s Second Law
There is never enough time
to do something right, but
there is always enough time
to do it over.
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Conway’s Second Law
There is never enough time
to do something right, but
there is always enough time
to do it over.
Remember the process is
continually repeating.
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Continuous Delivery
“The core concept of making
small frequent changes, and
testing at every step,
reduces the risk inherent in
deploying new code.”
Jez Humble, Thoughtworks.
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Support continuous processes
• Implement small changes
• Test immediately
• Deploy constantly
Shorten the feedback loop as much as possible.
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Conway’s Third Law
There is a homomorphism
from the linear graph of a
system to the linear graph of
its design organization.
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Conway’s Third Law
There is a homomorphism
from the linear graph of a
system to the linear graph of
its design organization.
Organize teams in order to
achieve desired system.
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Microservices
Organized around
business capabilities.
Products, not projects.
Martin Fowler, Thoughtworks
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“Microservices”, Fowler & Lewis (2014)
http://martinfowler.com/articles/microservices.html
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“Microservices”, Fowler & Lewis (2014)
http://martinfowler.com/articles/microservices.html
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Organize teams by product or BU
• Combine design, develop, test, & deploy
• Include storage, business process, & UI
• Allow teams autonomy within their boundary
• Require teams to inter-operate, not integrate
Make sure teams own their complete lifecycle.
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Conway’s Fourth Law
The structures of large
systems tend to disintegrate
during development.
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Conway’s Fourth Law
The structures of large
systems tend to disintegrate
during development.
Keep your teams as small
as necessary, but no
smaller.
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Sizing Teams
Jeff Bezos, Amazon
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Sizing Teams
If a team can’t be fed with
two pizzas, it’s too big.
Jeff Bezos, Amazon
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Make team as small as necessary
• Resist urge to grow teams in response to deadlines
• Consider Dunbar’s groups when sizing teams
• Be prepared to break into smaller teams
It’s better to be “too small” than to be “too big.”
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Conway’s Lessons from 1967
1. Increase communications
2. Support continuous process
3. Organize teams by products
4. Make teams small as necessary
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Mike Amundsen
CA Technologies
@mamund
Optimizing Teams in a
Distributed World
Conway’s three other laws
http://g.mamund.com/2016-03-qconsp-teams