Optimizing Mine Soil Amendment with Waste presented by...
Transcript of Optimizing Mine Soil Amendment with Waste presented by...
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Optimizing Mine Soil Amendment with Waste
Byproducts using Response Surface
Methodologies
Greg Piorkowski, Ph.D., P.Ag. Stantec Consulting | Dartmouth NS
presented by
Atlantic Reclamation Conference Wolfville, NS October 2014
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Road Map
1 Waste byproducts as amendments
2 Overview of response surface methodologies
3 Applying RSM: Optimizing waste byproduct amendments for revegetating gold mine tailings and quarry substrates
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Mine Soil Constraints
Infertility Toxicity Physical Constraints
Add nutrients: Organic amendment Fertilizer
Break-up soil (tillage) Promote aggregation (organic matter)
Increase pH (lime) Add complexing agents: Organics (compost) Inorganic sorbent (iron oxides)
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Organic and Liming Amendments
• Organics • Adds nutrients and organic
matter • Biosolids, composts, agronomic
waste, manures, papermill sludges, wood chips, etc.
• Soil Acidity/pH Amendments – Increased pH reduces metal
bioavailability and improves nutrient retention
– Fly ash, wood ash, FGD sludge, etc. (20 – 80% CCE)
– Used in conjunction with lime
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• Foundry sand – Modify soil texture
• Steel slag – Combined alkaline soil amendment, sorbent and
micronutrient source
• Dredged materials – Modify soil texture or form soil profile
• Phosphogypsum – Enhance soil aggregation, offset sodicity and aluminum
toxicity
• Water Treatment residuals – Modify soil texture and sorb trace metals
Mineral Soil Conditioners
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• Organic Amendments – Meet plant N requirements – Increase soil organic matter content (2 – 5%) – But, wastes can have imbalanced nutrients or high moisture
content (ñ transport costs)
• Acidity/pH Amendment – Balance acidity using calcium carbonate equivalents (CCE) – But, wastes can have soluble salts, boron, heavy metals
• Mineral Soil Conditioners – Site and objective specific, but usually up to 100 Mg/ha – But, wastes can have soluble salts and trace metals
Application Rates
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Response Surface Methods
Purpose:
Predict operating conditions that yield an optimum response in one or more response factors
Benefits:
Optimization-specific experiments
Fewer experimental units and lower cost than factorial designs
Drawbacks:
Assumes all factors are important (i.e. no treatment comparison)
Requires advanced software for design and analysis
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Research Objectives: Verify response surface methodologies can be used for optimizing soil amendments • Greenhouse experimentation
• Two case studies: • Abandoned gold mine tailings (metal-contaminated) • Quarry overburden (infertile)
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Response: Vegetation Performance
Aboveground Biomass (Shoots) • Maximize
Belowground biomass (Roots) • Maximize
Root : Shoot ratio • Balanced (~1.0)
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Response: Cost
Quality Loss = Monetization of performance using Taguchi quality loss function
Materials = Purchase + Transport
Total Cost = Materials + Quality Loss
Target Objective Minimum objective Maximum objective
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Case Study 1: Phytostabilization of abandoned gold mine tailings • Municipal solid waste compost
(OM & Nutrients) • Wood chips (C:N adjustment) • Steel slag (As adsorbent &
Alkalinity)
Case Study 2: Quarry substrate revegetation • Municipal solid waste compost
(OM & Nutrients)
• Alkaline stabilized biosolids (Nutrients & Alkalinity)
• Wood chips (C:N adjustment)
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Steel slag
Halifax
Halifax
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Case Study 1: Phytostabilization of Abandoned Gold
Mine Tailings
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ca. 1865 – 1940
Arsenopyrite Deposit Mercury Amalgamation
As (mg/kg): 2,600 – 43,000
Hg (mg/kg): 650 – 6,700
pH ~ 4.5 - 5.5
Study Site: Montague Gold Mine
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Upper Lower
Sample Collection Areas
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Montague Tailings
Oxidized As available
Reduced As bound
Upper
Lower
Amend
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Component-Amount Design
MSW Compost 30 – 100 Mg/ha
Wood chips 0 – 10 Mg/ha
Steel slag 0 – 35 Mg/ha
Amendments varied independently • Main effects • Interactions
Logistics: • Transport • Application • Incorporation
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Greenhouse Experiment
• Seeded with tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia cespitosa)
• Incubated 50 days post-germination
• Measured above- and below-ground biomass • Analyzing tissue and soil heavy metals
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Response Surface Model
Shoot Biomass Root Biomass Root:Shoot Ratio Total Cost
Maximum desired Peak observed
Maximum desired Peak not observed
~1.0 desired Trough observed
Minimum desired “Plateau” observed
Optimum: 85 Mg/ha MSW compost, 24 Mg/ha steel slag and 2 Mg/ha wood chips
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Case Study 2: Optimizing Organic Amendment Mixes
for Quarry Soil Reclamation
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Rock Fines
Overburden
Sample Collection Areas
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Quarry Soils Rock Fines – Blocks 1 and 2
Overburden – Blocks 3 and 4
Compact Infertile: <0.5% OM
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Mixture-Amount Design
Blended Amendment Amount:
30 – 100 Mg/ha
Mixture: 0 – 100% MSW Compost
0 – 100% Biosolids 0 – 10% Wood chips
Assess blending behavior and influence of total application
Why? Logistics: • Storage • Availability • Incorporation
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Greenhouse Experiment
Seeded with Nova Scotia Highway Mix: 40% red fescue | 20% timothy | 15% tall fescue | 15% perennial ryegrass | 15% kentucky bluegrass
Biomass harvested 50 days following germination
100 Mg/ha 100% MSW Compost
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Shoots
Biosolids MSW Compost Wood
Roots
Root: Shoot
Total Cost
50 – 90 Mg/ha: High proportion biosolids, lower proportions MSW and Wood
70 – 100 Mg/ha: High proportion biosolids, lower proportions MSW and Wood
30 – 70 Mg/ha: High proportion biosolids, lower proportions MSW and Wood
<80 Mg/ha: High proportion biosolids, lower proportions MSW and Wood
Optimized Amendment: Rate = 60 Mg/ha Composition = 80% biosolids, 18% compost, 2% wood
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Summary
1
2
3
Response surface methods (RSM) worked well for amendment optimization in greenhouse
RSM-based optimization can improve project performance and economics • Avoid under/over-application and potential toxicity
Field validation is required and ongoing • Quarry: RSM design in field – compare against greenhouse • Tailings: Temporal stability ± mycorrhizal fungi
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Acknowledgements
Carol Jones, Victoria, B.C. Natalie Tashe, Victoria, B.C. Denis Rushton, Dartmouth, N.S. Elizabeth, Kennedy, Dartmouth, N.S.
Anne Naeth, Land Reclamation
Gordon Price, Waste Management
Mike Parsons, Geochemistry
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Optimizing Mine Soil Amendment with Waste
Byproducts using Response Surface
Methodologies
Greg Piorkowski, Ph.D., P.Ag. Stantec Consulting | Dartmouth NS
presented by
Atlantic Reclamation Conference Wolfville, NS October 2014
![Page 29: Optimizing Mine Soil Amendment with Waste presented by ...atlanticclra.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Piorkowski_ARC_Optimiz… · Atlantic Reclamation Conference Wolfville, NS October](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050516/5fa026440f1d345f666f0547/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Optimum: 85 Mg/ha MSW compost, 24 Mg/ha steel slag and 2 Mg/ha wood chips
1. Fit statistical model for each response
2. Fit individual desirability functions
3. Maximize overall desirability
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Optimum: 60 Mg/ha amendment composed of 80% biosolids, 18% MSW compost and 2% wood chips
Rate: Compromise between performance and cost
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Experimental Designs
E.g. B = biosolids (Mg/ha); F = fly ash (Mg/ha)
ANOVA-based: Y = X0 + aB + bF + cBF + ε
Response surface methods (RSM): Y = X0 + aB + bF + cB2 + dF2 + eBF + ε
Main Effects Interaction
Error
Interaction Polynomial Main Effects
Error
Most common! Most appropriate?
Fixed: categorical (treatments) Random: continuous (linear)
All Continuous! (Required for optimization)
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y = -0.0059x2 + 0.7628x - 8.85 R² = 0.95306
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Model Comparison
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y = 0.0429x + 6.7898 R² = 0.10188
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Biosolids application rate (Mg/ha)
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
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Example: Plant Response to Biosolids
0
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
20 Mg/ha fly ash
60 Mg/ha fly ash
0
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10
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Biosolids application rate (Mg/ha)
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
Interaction Effect: Different response at different rates of additional factor
Polynomial Effect: “Curvature” in response due to phytotoxic compounds
Amendment Toxicity Difficult to estimate Experiments required