Reduction System Break System

First break

Second break

Third break

Fourth break

SIZ 1

3MD SIZ 2

A

B

B2

F

C

D

E

G

H

K

to C

to F

to F

Break roll

Reduction roll

Flour

Bran

Sifter

Wheat

Quiver sifters

Optimising wheat grain shape and size for improved processing quality

Milling involves•separation of the outer layers (bran) from the inner endosperm •followed by reduction of the size of the endosperm particles

Complex process –

dependent on several factors.

Milling quality / yield

Endosperm

mechanical properties

Endosperm -

bran ratio (size & shape)

Endosperm -

bran separation

Endosperm –

aleurone adhesion

Bran

mechanical properties

In general:

•Millers obtain more flour from large, well filled, ‘round’ grains•Malters

obtain better malting consistency from large, ‘round’, barley grains

Parametric 3D model (Mabille

and Abecassis

INRA –

Montpellier) based on length, thickness, half-

width, depth of crease and ‘F’ factor

•suggests crease morphology is an important factor

half width

Predicting milling yield

Length

thickness

depth of crease

F

Grains have a complex shape –

less than ideal

Multidisciplinary programme of work

Model systems

Candidate genes

Environmental interaction

Understandingdevelopment

QTLmapping

Survey material

Validation of QTLs&

Candidate genesMarkers

Breedingprogrammes

Assessment of milling efficiency

Morphometric traits distribution in the Beaver x Soissons DH population

W/L B S Length Width

Area

TGWB

S S

B

B

S

S

B

DH3.25 DH3.65 DH3.47 DH3.20 Beaver Soissons

Differences exist in crease morphologyBeaver Soissons

Phaseview

report from crease images of Cadenza

Using surface metrology to measure the crease

Better understanding of grain shape and crease morphology

Aleurone cells

Starchy endosperm

Seed coat and pericarp

layers

Vascular trace

Nuclei 3DAA

Mature grain

8 DAA

Bowman and inflorescences~1 week before anthesis

glo

rob1/Vrs1

glo/rob1/Vrs1

glo/vrs1

glo (BW2006)

Glo (cv Bowman)

Identifying genes controlling shape -

BARLEY

Grain width QTL

Steptoe x Morex

Grain length QTL

Mapping genes controlling shape in barley

Model species: endosperm size in Arabidopsis and maize can be altered by genetic and epigenetic manipulations

6xX2x6m:1p

2xX2x2m:1p

2xX62m:3p

Parental genome ratio in the endosperm

Wild Type

Maternal excess

Paternal excess

Arabidopsis Maize

Generate data sets that identify genes positively correlated with endosperm overgrowth

Arabidopsis Maize

Common genesor pathways

Manipulate wheat

homologuesin early wheat endospermusing wheat

promoters

Overlay Arabidopsis and maize data sets to produce ‘robust’

subset

Test efficacy in Arabidopsis

Identify +‘growth’ genes via expression-profiling

The The SatakeSatake

Centre for grain process engineering Centre for grain process engineering --

University of ManchesterUniversity of ManchesterTesting the effect of grain shape changes on milling

Break roller floor Reduction system

HeygatesLimited,Northampton

Experimental milling equipment

Optimising wheat grain shape and size for improved processing quality

RRes: Peter Shewry, Alison Huttly, Sabine Gubatz, Graham King, Huw jones, Rowan Mitchell

JIC: John Snape, John Doonan, Vasilis Gegas, Simon Griffiths

SCRI: David Leader, Arnis Druka, Jill Alexandex

University of Bath: Rod Scott, Melissa Spielman

University of Oxford: Hugh Dickinson

University of Manchester: Grant Campbell

Crop Science Initiative funded - 4 year project