Optimising Physiochemical Japanese Knotweed Control
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Transcript of Optimising Physiochemical Japanese Knotweed Control
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Optimising PhysiochemicalJapanese Knotweed Control
Dr Daniel Jones
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Presentation Overview• Brief introduction to the target taxa• Knotweed control – current best
practice• Field trials – design & progress• Results & analysis• Further work
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Japanese Knotweed1. Ecological impacts:• Reduced habitat availability and
quality• Disruption of terrestrial and
freshwater food webs (Gerber et al. 2008)
2. Socioeconomic impacts: • Built environment (e.g. development
sites)• Recreation and landscape (e.g.
angling)3. Control costs:• £165.6 million PA for UK• £8.8 million PA for Wales (Williams et
al. 2010)• In excess of £1.5 billion for complete
eradication in UK (Shaw et al. 2009)
Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica var. japonica) Welsh National Herbarium
specimen
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Knotweed – The Main CulpritsJapanese knotweed stand (F. japonica var. japonica), Cardiff
(UK)
Dwarf knotweed stand (F. japonica var. compacta), Merthyr Tydfil
(UK)Bohemian knotweed stand
(F. x bohemica), Cardiff (UK)
Giant knotweed stand (F. sachalinensis), Cardiff (UK)
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UK Distribution of Japanese Knotweed s.l. Taxa
Bohemian knotweed (F. x bohemica)
Giant knotweed (F. sachalinensis)
Japanese knotweed (F. japonica var. japonica and
compacta)
Available from: http://data.nbn.org.uk/
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Physical ControlCurrent best practice
Summary of physical control methods (EA 2006)
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Chemical ControlCurrent best practice
Summary of chemical control methods (EA 2006)
Despite proven ecological and socioeconomic impacts, we still do not know enough to make
good, evidence-based decisions
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Field Trial RationaleIdentified need for large-scale and long-term field experiment (>3 years duration) to:• Test control efficacy of widely applied and
novel control methods• Investigate control method costs and
environmental impacts• Site restoration following knotweed control
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How Are We Testing?• Largest knotweed control experiment ever
undertaken – sixty-five 225 m2 field trial plots• Greatest number of control treatments ever
trialled for control of a single invasive species – 24 currently under investigation
• One of the longest running invasive species field trials, worldwide (Kettenring & Adams 2011)
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Field Trial Site Locations
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Field Trial Site LocationsSite 1: Lower Swansea Valley Woods (LS),
Swansea
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Field Trial Site LocationsAerial view of site 2013
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Field Trial Site LocationsSite 2: Swansea Vale Nature Reserve (SV),
Swansea
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Field Trial Site LocationsAerial view of site 2013
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Field Trial Site LocationsSite 3: Taffs Well (TW), nr. Cardiff
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Field Trial Site LocationsAerial view of site 2013
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‘By their very nature chemical controls are self-defeating, for they have been devised and applied without taking into account the complex biological systems against which they have been blindly hurled.’
Rachel Carson (1962)
Knotweed Physiology
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Rhizome PhysiologyRhizome:• Rhizomes (roots) are robust &
extensive and are functionally similar• Root system >65 % total biomass• Most found in the top 1m of soil,
though roots reported deeper than 4.5 m (Jones 2015)
• Rhizome can extend ≤20 m from the main stand and grow ≤3 m per year (Beerling et al. 1994)
Dispersal: • Rhizome fragments (diaspores)• Direct rhizome expansion (Bailey et
al. 2009)
Shoots emerging 10 m away from main stand
(Briton Ferry, Wales, UK)
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Control Implications• Physical methods ineffective due to significant
energetic reserves – also encourage spread• Rhizome exhibits strong seasonal changes in
herbicide uptake • Deep rhizome is distant from the point of
herbicide application• Is there a herbicide dose-response
relationship?• Most herbicides formulated and tested on
annual plant species (e.g. synthetic auxins)
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Source-Sink RelationsKnotweed source-sink relations and implications for herbicide application
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Knotweed regrowth following glyphosate treatment (Cardiff: A = 14/07/09; B = 24/07/11)
HerbicidesALS inhibitor:• Flazasulfuron (Chikara®) PPO inhibitor: • Flumioxazine (Digital®)• Oxadiazon (Ronstar Liquid®) AAA inhibitor: • Glyphosate (Glyfos Proactive®) Synthetic auxin: • 2,4-D amine (Depitox®)• Aminopyralid & triclopyr (Icade®)• Aminopyralid & fluroxypyr (Synero®)• Picloram (Tordon 22K®)
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Application Methods• Spraying• Stem injection• Cut & fill• Turning before herbicide
application• Cutting before herbicide
application
Knotweed excavation at Lower Swansea Valley Woods
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Treatment Schedule
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Treatment SchedulePre-emergent treatment window
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Treatment ScheduleLate spring / summer treatment window
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Treatment ScheduleLate summer / autumn treatment window
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Testing Control Response• 225 m2 treatment area• 6× 4 m2 monitoring
patches, assigned at random
• Treatment plots were treated in their entirety
• Control plots received no treatment
Scale drawing of treatment plot
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ParametersMonitoring patch data capture:• Aboveground knotweed growth parameters• Plant stress measures • Vascular plant species diversity • Soil parameters
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Glyfos ProActive® 689 DAT10.00 L ha-1 (3.60 kg AE ha-1) glyphosate
Tordon 22K® & Glyfos ProActive® 797 DAT11.20 L ha-1 (2.69 kg AE ha-1) picloram &10.00 L ha-1 (3.60 kg AE ha-1) glyphosate
ObservationsLower Swansea Valley Woods
October 2014
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Covering treatment 888 DAT
ObservationsSwansea Vale Nature Reserve
October 2014
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ObservationsTaffs Well
October 2014
Spray alone (left) and cut with spray (right) Glyfos ProActive® 404 DAT
10.00 L ha-1 (3.60 kg AE ha-1) glyphosate
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ObservationsTaffs Well
October 2014
Cut & fill (left) and stem injection (right) Glyfos ProActive® 407 and 389 DAT
244.44 & 180.89 L ha-1 (80.00 & 65.12 kg AE ha-1) glyphosate
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Synero® & Glyfos ProActive® 508 DATSynero® 2 L ha-1 (0.06 kg AE ha-1 aminopyralid &
0.20 kg AE ha-1 fluroxypyr) & 10.00 L ha-1 (4.32 kg AE ha-1) glyphosate
Tordon 22K® & Glyfos ProActive® 568 DAT11.20 L ha-1 (2.69 kg AE ha-1) picloram &10.00 L ha-1 (3.60 kg AE ha-1) glyphosate
ObservationsTaffs Well
October 2014
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Chikara® & Glyfos ProActive® 506 DAT25 % w/w (0.15 kg AE ha-1) flazasulfuron &
6.00 L ha-1 (4.32 kg AE ha-1) glyphosate
Chikara® & Glyfos ProActive® 568 DAT25 % w/w (0.15 kg AE ha-1) flazasulfuron &10.00 L ha-1 (3.60 kg AE ha-1) glyphosate
ObservationsTaffs Well
October 2014
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Digital® & Glyfos ProActive® 508 DAT0.10 L ha-1 (0.03 kg AE ha-1) flumioxazine &
6.00 L ha-1 (4.32 kg AE ha-1) glyphosate
Ronstar Liquid® 223 DAT8.00 L ha-1 (2.00 kg AE ha-1) oxadiazon
ObservationsTaffs Well
October 2014
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Results & Analysis• Data for 1st 3 years of field trials now in publication, forming
the basis of best practice guidance for:- Royal Institute for Chartered Surveyors (RICS) and - Property Care Association (PCA)• Full economic evaluation and Life Cycle Assessment (i.e. CO2
emissions) of all control methods• Community analysis of vascular plant data• Soil analysis (physical, chemical & biological)
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Further Work• Treatment of Himalayan balsam underway• Expansion of field trial programme to include:- Additional herbicides- New application technologies- Test efficacy of widely applied and novel physical
eradication methods
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Informing Industry• Experimental data (supporting evidence) are
essential for informing Integrated Plant Management (IPM) control strategies
• Such data reduce operational costs and environmental impacts, increasing sustainability
• In the face of increasing pesticide deregulation, studies such as these form an essential source of evidence for regulators
• Consolidation in Ag industry will make it more important for industry to find solutions in concert with universities
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Project Partners:
Part-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) through the Welsh Government with Swansea University and Complete Weed Control Ltd.
Project Acknowledgements: