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SIEMENS Limited 1999ICN PLM CA NP
O Ls
L
E
C
C
I
P Indoor coverageOutdoor Installatio n
Parking lot
Contiguous M icrocellular Coverage
Hotspot
Subway Coverage Extension
Hierarchical Cell Structures
Underlay/OverlayUmbrella cells: Dominant site with large coverage area
low traffic - fast mobiles
Macrocells: Antenna above average rooftop levelnormal traffic
Microcell: Antenna below average rooftop levelcover small high traffic areas
Picocell: Antenna
usually indoorscoverage to buildingor parts thereof - e.g.Business users
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f3 f1 f2f3
C/I = 17 dB C/I = 17 dB
C/I = 0 dB
Concentric cells
Inner cell can use 1 x 3 reuse pattern Special handover mechanisms between layersLimited gains for uniform traffic distribution
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Macrocells
Microcells
Picocells
Overlaid Micro- and Picocells
The smallest cells should absorb most of the traffic in their coverage areaLarger cells for fast moving mobiles / areas not covered by
small cells
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SIEMENS Limited 1999ICN PLM CA NP
ServingBTS
Micro BTS
Microcell Frequency Planning
Different resolutions required for different layersflexibility of planning tool needed
Dedicated frequency bands for different layersReduce complexity of frequency optimisation task
Guard band may be needed to avoid adjacent channel interferenceCall Setup/handover strategy
reduce macrocell trafficdetermine mobile speed
Fast handoversLoss around street corner: 20 dB!
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Speed Sensitive Handovers
Mechanisms to separate fast from slow mobilesmobile class
today mostly same class is used (e.g. GSM900 class 4)
measurement of the timing advance deltaonly works for direction away from site
cell typetry to keep handovers within same layer unless speed change
mean time between handovers
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Half Rate Coding / Dual Rate Operation
Has potential to double network capacityAdvantages:
No additional sites / frequencies requiredMinimum investment for infrastructure upgrade
Disadvantage:Speech quality degradation (reduction of speech bit rate from 13 kb/s to6.5 kb/s)
Especially mobile-to-mobile calls
Gain depends on ratio full rate users / half rate users / data traffic
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Cell Parameter Optimisation
Default parameter sets:PS! Standard setting suitable for most casesStarting point for possible optimisation, however
more relevant after other optimisation activities
Different parameter standards may be used for different area typesBTS typesetc.
Danger many parameters easy to lose overview
inconsistenciesdeterioration of quality
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SIEMENS Limited 1999ICN PLM CA NP
F H
, P C
, D T X
E f f
e c t
Cost, Eff ort
U n
d e r
l a y /
O v e r l a y
C e l l p a r a m e t e r
s e t
t i n g
HR
Dual band
Adding
TRX
Fine tuning of antennaorientation and tilt
FrequencyChanges
Dual mode
S e c
t o r i s a
t i o n
P r e a m p s Repeaters
Overlaidmicrocells
C e l
l s p
i l t t i n g
Possible Network Optimisation Measures
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Increasing Network Capacity
The relationship between quality and capacityIn a congested network, quality can deteriorate very quickly:
Congestion
Interference/Noise
Poor speech quality
Dropped call
Ex tended call setup ti mes
Unavailability of service