Optical Fiber Cable

Optical Fiber CableConstruction & Splicing

Telecom Staff College

Haripur

Telecom Staff College, Haripur

Course Objectives

• By the end of course the participants will have thorough knowledge of:– Composition of Optical Fiber Cable

– Modes of transmission

– Optical Fiber Cable splicing

– OTDR principle

– Hands-on practice of OTDR


Course Contents

• What we will cover in this course:– Fiber Principle

• Types of fiber

• Multimode fiber

• Single mode fiber

• Fiber standards and recommendation


Optical Fiber - Introduction

An optical fiber is a dielectric wave guide that operates at optical frequencies (near & far infrared)

It is normally cylindrical in shape It confines electromagnetic energy in the form of

light with in its surfaces and guides it in a direction parallel to its axis


Optical Fiber is made up of silicon dioxide Dopants Ge (Germanium) F (Fluorine) and B

(Boron) are added to produce two similar materials having a slightly different indices of refraction for core and cladding

Silicon (sio2) used in Glass Fiber Plastic Fiber: Plastic used (core glass) or ( cladd

Plastic) Floured Fiber: Improved type of glass fibre (Core

and cladd are same Material)

Optical Fiber - Material


10

Optical Fiber - Structure


Types Of Optical Fiber

Mode Wise Index Wise

SM MM Step index Graded index


1- Core (5 to 10 micro meter dia)

2- Cladding (125 micro meter dia)

3- Jacket (250 micro meter dia)

Optical Fiber – Construction


1- Core (50 to 60 micro meter dia)

2- Cladding (125 micro meter dia)

3- Jacket (250 micro meter dia)

MM Optical Fiber - Construction


• Public and Private Telecommunication Lines

• Computer network (LAN , WAN )

• Television distribution network (CATV)

• Military network (SCO)

• Control , remote control and Signalizing network

• Video supervision lines

Optical Fiber Cable - Applications


1- Non ConductivityNo grounding is necessary because of metal free cable2-Large Wide BandwidthSuitable for high speed.wide-band,large-capacity

telecommunication lines3-Low Loss:Because of low loss, few or no amplifiers are necessary.4-very Light Weight:The smallest cables can be designed and manufactured,

therefore reduce pulling strength and reduce Laying cost.

Optical Fiber Cable – Advantages


6-No cross Talk

Being non-inductive there is no induction of signal into/from other circuits so that possibility of cross talk is virtually eliminated.

7-Many channel Capacity

8-Easy installation

9-Small size

5-Economics:

The most economical solution for the simultaneous transmission of servile multi channel users.

Optical Fiber Cable – Advantages


1-CostAlthough availability of raw material is guaranteed, the

manufacture of Optical Fibre extremely difficult and involves complete set up for heat and chemical treatment of sio2 to reach the desired purity required to producing Optical Fibre.

2-Remote Power FeedingPower of operation of regenerators cannot be transmitted on

Optical Fibre (Dielectric nature).Additional arrangements are to be made for this purpose e.g use of stand by batteries, solar power panels etc.

3-Mechanical Problems

Optical Fiber Cable – Disadvantages


4-Non-Linear characteristics of Optical converters

The electrical and optical characteristics of optical converters are non-linear,which results in extra noise, loss of power, coupling efficiency of optical sources, conversion efficiency of optical devices etc.

5-Hazards with lasers

These radiations are extremely dangerous. Their exposure to eyes or skin can cause irreparable damage. Necessity of safety precautions must be taken working with the optical fibre system.

Optical Fiber Cable – Disadvantages


ITU Rec. G.650 Definitions & tasting methods for SM fiber

ITU Rec. G.651 Multimode optical fiber ITU Rec. G.652 Single mode optical fiber ITU Rec. G.653 Dispersion-shifted single mode

optical fiber only used for JAPAN ITU 793-2 Product specifications, optical

fiber ITU Rec G.654&G.655 Sub marine Optical fiber

OF Cable - ITU Recommendations


CABLE


1- Indoor Cable

2- Rack cable (flexible, often single fibre, patch cords, pig-tails)

3- Direct buried cable

4- Duct cable (Loose fibres in tube & Slotted core )

5- Aerial cable (Self-supporting wire)

6- Submarine cable

7- Ribbon fibre cable

Types of Optical Fiber Cable


• O.F cable is available in three forms:1. Slotted core cable 2. Loose tube cable3. Loose tube slotted core cable

• Optical fibre cable used in Pakistan1. Olex cable (18 fibre slotted core number of slot 6) 2. Fujikura cable (18 fibre slotted core number slot 10)3. Siemen cable (12 fibre loose tube)4. LT Engineering cable (18,12,6 fibre loose tube and Loose tube with slotted core)

Types of Optical Fiber Cable


Direct buried O.F cable (OLEX)

Slotted Core

Outer PE SheathArmoring Wire

Middle PE Sheath

Steel Tap

Inner PE Sheath

Strength Member

Fibres

Optical Fiber Cable – Construction


Slotted CoreOuter PE Sheath

Fibres

Strength Member

Tube


Duct buried O.F cable


Direct buried O.F cable




18-Fiber optical fiber cable consturion


Outer PE SheathArmoring Wire

Armoring Wire

Middle PE Sheath

Inner PE SheathSteel Tap

Strength Member

Tubes

Fibers

Submarine Optical Fiber Cable – Construction


Aerial Optical Fiber Cable – Construction


OLEX O.F cable

Slot No 1= White-Blue-Orange-GreenSlot No 2= White-Blue-Orange-GreenSlot No 3= White-BlueSlot No 4= White-Blue-Orange-GreenSlot No 5= White-Blue-Orange-GreenSlot No 6= Empty

Optical Fiber Cable – Color Scheme


Slot No 1 = White-BlueSlot No 2 = White-YellowSlot No 3 = White-GreenSlot No 4 = White-RedSlot No 5 = White-VioletSlot No 6 = White-BrownSlot No 7 = Red-BlueSlot No 8= Red-YellowSlot No 9 = Red-GreenSlot No 10 = Empty

FUJIKURA O.F cable



Slot No 1= White-Blue-Red-GreenSlot No 2= White-Blue-Red-GreenSlot No 3= White-Blue-Red-GreenSlot No 4= White-Blue-Red-GreenSlot No 5= White-Blue-Red-GreenSlot No 6= White-Blue-Red-Green

ERICSSON O.F cable



Tube Colour = Fiber Colour

Blue Brown-Green=

Brown-Green=

=

=

=

Brown-Green

Brown-Green-Orange-Yellow



Orange

=

White

White

White

White

LT O.F cable



Blue =

=

=

=

=

Blue-Orange- Brown-Green

Orange

=

White

White

White

White

Blue-Orange

Blue-Orange

Blue-Orange



Tube Colour = Fiber Colour

New Color Scheme of LT OF Cable



T

Cable Preparation For Joint


Fiber Splicing

Introduction

Preparation of fiber for splicing

Mechanical splicing

Fusion splicing

Introduction to FSM 50S

Practices (using FSM 50S)


Why Do We Need to Splice? Installation constraints &

limitations Adds, moves & changes

Restorations Acceptance testing


Good Splice Requirements

1 Fiber core-to-core alignment

2 Splice protector

3 Splice tray

4 0.3 dB max loss


Types of Splicing.There are two main types of

splicing:1 Fusion splicing

2 Mechanical splicing


Fusion SplicingFusion Splicing

Loss of Fusion Splicing is = 0.02 to 0.05

Three main steps are involved in fusion splicing.

1. Stripping:1. Stripping:

Remove the jacket with the help of stripper at the length of 4.5cm to 5cm or 45mm to 50mm.

Fusion Splicing is Permanent splicing


2.Cleaning:2.Cleaning:

Clean the Fiber with the help of solvent(acetone) and gauze piece or tissue paper.

3.Cleaving:3.Cleaving:

Cleave the strip and clean Fiber with the help of cleaver at the angle of 90° and length after cleaving 20mm.


Splice Protectors

Heat shrink sleeves.

Ribbon fusion splice protection sleeves. Buffer fly sleeve. Green = Pigtail to pigtail

Yellow = Fiber to pigtailBlue = Fiber to

fiber


REMOVING JACKET AND CUTTING

AFFIXING IN POSITIONING DEVICE

ALIGNING, SPLICING IN LIGHT ARC

RAW SPLICE

MOUNTING OF PROTECTION SLEEVEPROTECTED SPLICE

Process During Fusion Splicing


Mechanical Splicing is Temporary splicingLoss of Mechanical Splicing is = 0.2 to 0.5Three main steps are involved in Mechanical splicing.1. Stripping: 1. Stripping: 45 to 50 45 to 50 mmmm2.Cleaning 2.Cleaning With With AcetoneAcetone3.Cleaving:3.Cleaving: Cleave the strip and clean Fiber with the

help of cleaver at the angle of 90° and length after cleaving 10mm.

Mechanical Splicing


1. Strip, clean & cleave2. Align it in V-groove 3. Apply index matching gel4. Hold in position either by epoxy resin or by

mechanical clips5. Fix the splice

Mechanical Splicing


1. V-block splice

2. Three rod splice

3. Fibre ribbon splice

4. The AT&T splice

5. Single rod splice

6. Light Bridge splice

Different Types of Mechanical Splice


Different Types of Mechanical Splice


Mechanical splice loss is 0.2 to 0.5 db.

Fusion splice loss is from 0.02 to 0.05 db.

Conclusion:Conclusion:Since Mechanical splice loss is ten times

more than Fusion splice so Fusion splice is preferred.

Mechanical vs. Fusion Splicing


SAFETY


Safety issues relevant to operation and maintenance staff involved in optical fiber systems fall into one of three categories:

- Laser light Sources- Handling of bare optical fiber ends- Hazardous Chemicals

Optical Fiber and LASER Light Safety


LASER LIGHT SOURCES

This includes both optical line transmission equipment and Optical test equipment.A laser can cause damage to human tissue either on the surfaceof the skin or in and around the eyes.

- The Eyes- Laser Safety Requirements- Laser safety Procedures- Some General Rules on Laser Safety


The eyes, being a very sensitive part of the human body, canBe very susceptible to the hazards of laser light.

Laser Safety RequirementsOnly staff who have attended an optical fiber training course And had their eyes tested may install, test and optical fiber cables.

The Eyes

Laser Safety Procedure-Ensure that the power is turned off at both ends of the section while the optical fiber cable is being worked on.-Under no circumstances should an optical fiber or connector


OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE

That is connected to an optical source, be viewed directly with the eye or be directed at the skin.

- In some circumstances it may be necessary to test fusion slices in conjunction with jointing operations. Under no circumstanceMust a light signal from an OTDR) be transmitted through a fiberUntil jointing staff have completed splicing operations on the fiberAnd have notified the testing Officer that it is safe to do so.


Some General Rules on Laser Safety

• Never look into the beam of a transmitting laser, either via the output port of equipment or the end of a connected fiber– Initially assume that all fiber and equipment is

active in transmitting light.

• Optical connectors should always be held at least 300mm from the eye, etc.


HANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERS

• Bare fibers should be treated with more care than handling a piece of broken glass in the home

• If optical fiber glass accidentally penetrates the skin, it probably remain there and eventually infect the area around it

• However in extreme cases it could potentially end up in the blood stream, which would be extremely dangerous.


• Always dispose of broken fibers or fiber.• Off cuts in receptacle designated for this purpose

i.e. fiber bin.• Do not throw bare fiber in a waste disposal bin or

on the floor.• Always wash hands thoroughly after handling

optical fiber, especially when eating food.• Never touch the end of a bare fiber

HANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERS

Optical Fiber Cable

Documents

Transcript of Optical Fiber Cable