Optical Fiber Cable Ppt

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    National Transmission Team / 06/24/161 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Optical Fiber Cable(OFC)

    By :- NATIONAL TRANSMISSION TEAM

    Anku! S!ar"a

    #ara Mal!$tra

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    Growth Of Optical Fiber

    o Optical fibers were isco!ere in 1"20s

    o #nitially t$ey were use for meical purposes but selom use forcommunication purposes ue to $i%$ losses&

    o 'y 1"60( %lass)cla fibers $a attenuation of about one ecibelper meter( fine for meical ima%in%( but too $i%$ for communications &

    o 'y 1"*0 t$e carriers built national backbone network of opticalfiber wit$ 1+00nm sources w$ere fiber attenuation was as low as 0&,'/km

    o -owe!er( a new %eneration of sin%le)moe systems is nowbe%innin% to fin applications in submarine cables an systems

    ser!in% lar%e numbers of subscribers& T$ey operate at 1&,,micrometers( w$ere fiber loss is 0&2 to 0&+ '/km( allowin% e!enlon%er repeater spacin%s&

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    What are Optical Fibers?

    Optical Fibers are t$in lon% .km strans of ultra pure %lass .silica or

    plastic t$at can to transmit li%$t from one en to anot$er wit$out muc$

    attenuation or loss&

    T$is is to be belie!e as repeater istances on lon% $aul routes for optical

    fibers !ary from ,0 to 1,0 km&

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    Basic Concept Behind OFC Communication

    fiber)optic system is similar to t$e copper wire system t$at fiber)optics is

    replacin%& T$e ifference is t$at fiber)optics use li%$t pulses to transmitinformation own fiber lines instea of usin% electronic pulses to transmitinformation own copper lines

    Fiber optic cable functions as a li%$t %uie( %uiin% t$e li%$t introuce at

    one en of t$e cable t$rou%$ to t$e ot$er en& T$e li%$t source can eit$er bea li%$t)emittin% ioe .3 or a laser&

    T$e li%$t source is pulse on an off( an a li%$t)sensiti!e recei!er on t$eot$er en of t$e cable con!erts t$e pulses back into t$e i%ital ones an5eros of t$e ori%inal si%nal&

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    optical fiber consists of :-

    %) C$re- t!e inner"$tlayer $& t!e &iber

    t!r$u'! !ic! li'!t trael*

    +) Cla,,in'- t!e layer c$erin' t!e c$re an, !ae lere&ractie in,e a c$"pare, t$ t!at $& c$re*

    .) C$atin'-t!e $uter"$t layer baically ue, &$r t!epr$tecti$n $& t!e &iber &r$" t!e eternalenir$n"ent*

    National Transmission Team /

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    Working Principle of Optical Fiber:

    Optical fiber works on t$e principle of Total #nternal eflection&

    T$tal internal re&lecti$nis an optical p$enomenon t$at occursw$en a ray of li%$t strikes a meium bounary at an an%lelar%er t$an a particular critical an%le wit$ respect tot$e normal to t$e surface& #f t$e refracti!e ine7 is lower on t$eot$er sie of t$e bounary( no li%$t can pass t$rou%$ an all oft$e li%$t is reflecte& T$e critical an%leis t$e an%le ofincience abo!e w$ic$ t$e total internal reflection occurs&

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    Total internal refection confines li%$t wit$in optical fibers .similarto lookin% own a mirror mae in t$e s$ape of a lon% papertowel tube& 'ecause t$e clain% $as a lower refracti!e ine7(

    li%$t rays reflect back into t$e core if t$ey encounter t$eclain% at a s$allow an%le .re lines& ray t$at e7cees acertain critical an%le .c escapes from t$e fiber .yellow line&

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    * Nokia Siemens Networks National Transmission Team /

    !pes of optical fiber

    Optical fiber is of two types 9)

    1Step #ne7 Fiber:T$is kin of fiber $as uniform refracti!eine7 wit$in t$e core an t$ere is a s$arp ecrease inrefracti!e ine7 at t$e core)clain% interface&

    2;rae #ne7 Fiber ) #t is an optical fiber w$ose core $asa refracti!e ine7 t$at ecreases wit$ increasin% raial istancefrom t$e fiber a7is .t$e ima%inary central a7is runnin% own t$e

    len%t$ of t$e fiber& 'ecause parts of t$e core closer to t$e fibera7is $a!e a $i%$er refracti!e ine7 t$an t$e parts near t$eclain%( li%$t rays follow sinusoial pat$s own t$e fiber&

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    "tep-inde# $ultimode Fiber

    core iameter < ,0 : 200 =m

    clain% iameter < 12,)400 =m

    ST3>)#N3? @AT#@O3 F#'3$as a lar%e core( as a result( some of t$eli%$t rays t$at make up t$e i%ital pulse may tra!el a irect route( w$ereasot$ers 5i%5a% as t$ey bounce off t$e clain%& T$ese alternati!e pat$ways

    cause t$e ifferent %roupin%s of li%$t rays( referre to as moes( to arri!eseparately at a recei!in% point&& BonseCuently( t$is type of fiber is best suitefor transmission o!er s$ort istances( in an enoscope( for instance&

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    Graded-inde# $ultimode Fiber

    c$re ,ia"eter / 01 2 %11 3"

    cla,,in' ,ia"eter / %+0-411 3"

    ;3)#N3? @AT#@O3 F#'3 contains a core in w$ic$ t$e

    refracti!e ine7 iminis$es %raually from t$e center a7is out towars

    t$e clain%& T$e $i%$er refracti!e ine7 at t$e center makes t$e li%$t

    rays mo!in% own t$e a7is a!ance more slowly t$an t$ose near t$eclain%& lso( rat$er t$an 5i%5a%%in% off t$e clain%( li%$t in t$e core

    cur!es $elically because of t$e %rae ine7( reucin% its tra!el

    istance& T$e s$ortene pat$ an t$e $i%$er spee allow li%$t at t$e

    perip$ery to arri!e at a recei!er at about t$e same time as t$e slow but

    strai%$t rays in t$e core a7is& T$e result9 a i%ital pulse suffers less

    ispersion&

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    "ingle-mode Fiber

    core iameter < * : 12 =m

    clain% iameter < 12, =m

    S#N;3)@O3 F#'3 $as a narrow core .ei%$t microns or less( an t$e

    ine7 of refraction between t$e core an t$e clain% c$an%es less t$an itoes for multimoe fibers& i%$t t$us tra!els parallel to t$e a7is( creatin% little

    pulse ispersion& Telep$one an cable tele!ision networks install millions of

    kilometers of t$is fiber e!ery year&

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    %iameter of core in different Fiber modes

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    $ode Field %iameter

    @oe)fiel iameteris a measure of t$e spot si5e or beamwit$ of li%$t propa%atin% in a sin%le)moe fiber & @oe)fieliameter is a function of source wa!elen%t$( fiber core raius(anfiberrefracti!e ine7 profile& T$e !ast maDority of t$e opticalpower propa%ates wit$in t$e fiber core( an a small portion

    propa%ates in t$e clain% near t$e core as s$own in t$e fi%&

    3ner%y istribution in core

    an clain%

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    Comparison With Other $edia & echnologies

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    'd(antages Of Optical Fibers

    1& Eery $i%$ information carryin% capacity&

    2& 3SS TT3NAT#ON .orer of 0&2 b/km

    +& Small in iameter an si5e li%$t wei%$t

    4& OG BOST S BO@>3 TO BO>>3 .as %lass is maefrom san( t$e raw material use to make OF is freeH&

    ,& ;reater safety an immune to emi rfi( moisture corossion6& Fle7ible an easy to install in ti%$t conuicts

    8& I3O 3S3 EA3 .so t$eft is less

    *& #s ielectric in nature so can be lai in electrically sensiti!e

    surrounin%s"& ifficult to tap fibers( so secure

    10& No cross talk an isturbances

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    %isad(antages Of Optical Fibers)

    1&T$e terminatin% eCuipment is still costly as compare to coppereCuipment&

    2&Optical Fiber is elicate so $as to be $anle carefully&

    +&ast mile is still not totally fiberise ue to costly subscriberpremises eCuipment&

    4&Bommunication is not totally in optical omain( so repeate

    electric :optical : electrical con!ersion is neee&,&Tappin% is not possible& Speciali5e eCuipment is neee to tap

    a fiber&

    6&Optical fiber splicin% is a speciali5e tec$niCue an nees

    e7pertly traine manpower&8&T$e splicin% an testin% eCuipments are !ery e7pensi!e as

    compare to copper eCuipments&

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    'pplications Of Optical Fibers)

    1& ON; #STNB3 BO@@AN#BT#ON 'BJ'ON3S

    2& E#3O TNS@#SS#ON

    +& 'O'N S3E#B3S

    4& BO@>AT3 T BO@@AN#BT#ON .N( GN etc&&

    ,& -#;- 3@# 3S6& @##TK >>#BT#ON

    8&NON)BO@@AN#BT#ON >>#BT#ONS .sensors etcH

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    Optical Fiber Cable

    #n practical fibers( t$e clain% is usually coate wit$ atou%$ resin bufferlayer( w$ic$ may be furt$er surroune bya jacketlayer( usually plastic& T$ese layers a stren%t$ to t$e fiber but o

    not contribute to its optical wa!e %uie properties& i%i fiber assembliessometimes put li%$t)absorbin% .ark %lass between t$e fibers( topre!ent li%$t t$at leaks out of one fiber from enterin% anot$er& T$isreuces cross)talkbetween t$e fibers&

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstalk_(electronics)
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    *arious !pes Of Optical Fiber Cables

    O>;G .Optical >ilot ;roun Gire Bable

    Self)Support 3# fi%ure * type OF Bable

    Bable SS .ll ielectric Self Supporte type OF Bable

    S-3 type OF Bable

    AN3;OAN / 'A#3 type OF Bables ABT Type OF Bable

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    %ownlead clamps

    "tockbridge %amper

    "uspension assembl!

    T$ey are use to fi7 t$e cable to t$e

    tower in t$e own lea to t$e Dointbo7&

    ssembly wit$ reinforce suspensionclamp an neoprene inner co!erin%(especially esi%ne for O>;Gcables& #nclues %rounin% clamps fortower connection&

    T$e ampers are use to absorb t$ecable !ibrations&

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    '+,'. Figure / t!pe OF Cable

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    LAS5E6 type OF Cable

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    01%+,G,O01% & B0,,+% !pe OF Cables

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    %0C !pe OF Cable

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    "ubmarine

    CommunicationCable

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    "ubmarine communication cable

    ub"arine c$""unicati$n cableis a cable lai beneat$

    t$e sea to carry telecommunications between countries& cross section of a submarine communications cable

    is as follows 9)

    1 ) >olyet$ylene

    2 ) @ylar tape+ ) Strane steel wires

    4 ) luminium water barrier

    , ) >olycarbonate

    6 ) Bopper or aluminium tube

    8 ) >etroleum Delly* ) Optical fibers

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    mportance of "ubmarine Cables

    s of 2006( o!erseas satellite links accounte carrie only 1

    percent of international traffic( w$ile t$e remainer was carrieby unersea cable& T$e reliability of submarine cables is $i%$(especially w$en multiple pat$s are a!ailable in t$e e!ent of acable break& lso( t$e total carryin% capacity of submarinecables is in t$e terabitsper secon w$ile satellites typically offeronly me%abitsper secon an isplay $i%$er latency& -owe!er(a typical multi)terabit( transoceanic submarine cable systemcosts se!eral $unre million ollars to construct&

    For more etails on submarine cablesan its installation refer to t$eattac$e ocument& ubmarine cable

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terabitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terabits
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    6ec$""ii$nin' rea$n:T$is cable estroye after one mont$ of operation ue to t$e

    e7cessi!e !olta%e applies to t$e cable in orer to ac$ie!e faster tele%rap$ operation&

    SEA-ME-7E % SEA-ME-7E + SEA-ME-7E . SEA-ME-7E 4

    C$""ii$ne,

    in

    8un-%90 Oct-%994Au'-%999 N$-+110

    (6ec$""ii$ne, (6ec$""ii$ne,

    8une %999) Oct$ber +11;)

    Capacity

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    +, Nokia Siemens Networks

    "outh +ast 'sia2$iddle +ast2Western +urope3 4"+'-$+-W+ 35 Cable

    #t is an optical fiber submarine communications cable systemt$at carries

    telecommunications between Sin%apore( @alaysia ( T$ailan ( 'an%laes$( #nia(Srianka( >akistan( Anite rab 3mirates( Saui rabia( Suan (3%ypt( #taly

    (Tunisia( l%eria an France&

    T$e cable is appro7imately 1*(*00 kilometreslon%( an pro!ies t$e

    primary #nternet backbone between Sout$ 3ast sia( #nian subcontinent ( @ile

    3ast an 3urope&

    T$e cable uses ense wa!elen%t$)i!ision multiple7in% .G@(allowin% for

    increase communications capacity per fibre compare to fibres carryin% non)

    multiple7e si%nals an also facilitates biirectional communication wit$in a sin%le

    fibre&

    Two fibre pairs are use wit$ eac$ pair able to carry 64 carriers at 10 ;bit/s

    eac$& T$is enables terabit per secon spees alon% t$e S3)G3)@3 4 cable wit$

    a total capacity of 1&2* Tbit/s&

    S3)@3)G3 4 is use to carry telep$one( internet( multimeia an !arious

    broaban ata applications

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    +6 Nokia Siemens Networks

    "plicing

    Splices are permanent connections

    between two fibers&Splicin% is only neee if t$e cableruns are too lon% for one strai%$t pullor you nee to mi7 a number ofifferent types of cables .like brin%in%a 4* fiber cable in an splicin% it tosi7 * fiber cables&

    Eieo s$ows t$e steps for Splicin%9

    1& >$ysical >reparation

    2& Strippin%( Blea!in% an cleanin%

    t$e fiber wit$ #so propyl lco$ol&+& Splicin% t$e fiber&

    4& -eatin% t$e Splice wit$ Slee!e&

    ,& outin% t$e splice fiber in LointBlosure

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    !pes Of "plices

    T!ere are t$ type $& plice:

    %*Fui$n Spliceare mae by welin% t$e two fibers to%et$erusually by an electric arc&

    +*Mec!anical Spliceare ali%nment %a%ets t$at $ol t$eens of two fibers to%et$er wit$ some ine7 matc$in% %el or

    %lue between t$em&T$e tools to make mec$anical splices are c$eap( but t$e splicest$emsel!es are e7pensi!e&

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    Which "plice?

    #f cost is t$e issue( weM!e %i!en you t$e clues to make a c$oice9

    fusion is e7pensi!e eCuipment an c$eap splices( w$ilemec$anical is c$eap eCuipment an e7pensi!e splices&

    So if you make a lot of splices .like t$ousans in an bi% telco orBTE network use fusion splices& #f you nee Dust a few( use

    mec$anical splices&Fusion splices %i!e !ery low back reflections an are preferrefor sin%lemoe $i%$ spee i%ital or BTE networks& -owe!er(t$ey onMt work too well on multimoe splices( so mec$anicalsplices are preferre for @@( unless it is an unerwater or aerial

    application( w$ere t$e %reater reliability of t$e fusion splice ispreferre&

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    For internal use only+" Nokia Siemens Networks

    ConnectorsT$e connector is a mec$anical e!ice mounte on t$e en of a fiber)opticcable( li%$t source( recei!er( or $ousin%& T$e connector allows t$e fiber)opticcable( li%$t source( recei!er( or $ousin% to be mate to a similar e!ice& T$e

    connector must irect li%$t an collect li%$t an must be easily attac$e anetac$e from eCuipment&

    Type O& C$nnect$r

    ST(Strai'!t Tip)most

    popular connector for

    multimoe networks

    FC

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    Optical Fiber CharacteristicsOptical Fiber Characteristics

    @ostly S@ fiber is use for lon% istance communication

    typically , Jm to 180 Jm wit$out any problem

    @@ fiber is only use for t$e low ata rates an s$ort

    istance communication typically 100 meter to 1 Jm

    istance of reac$ epens on so many parameters

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    !pical "$ Fiber Parameters

    Attenuation slope (dB/Km/nm)

    Dispersion slope (ps/nm2 Km)

    Mode field diameter

    'ttenuation (s Wa(elength'ttenuation (s Wa(elength

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    0.1

    0.2

    0.5

    1.0

    2.0

    5.0

    10

    20

    50

    100

    800600 12001000 16001400 1800

    Early 1970s

    First

    Window

    Second

    Window Third

    Window1980s

    Wavelength (nm)

    Attenu

    ation

    (dB/km

    )

    'ttenuation (s Wa(elength'ttenuation (s Wa(elength

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    "ignal distortion due to chromatic dispersion

    Spectrum broadening

    Difference in group velocity

    WavelengthGroupvelocity

    1

    Time

    1 0

    Original signal

    Time

    Transmitter output

    Time

    Receiver input

    Time

    111

    Regenerated signal

    Wavelength

    Optical spectrum

    Pulse broadening

    (Waveform distortion)

    Optical fiber

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    Wa(eform distortion due to fiber non-linearit!

    High power

    intensity

    Frequency

    chirp

    Refractive

    indexchange

    Waveform distortiondue to chromaticdispersion

    Optical fiber

    Spectrum

    broadening

    Transmitter out

    Received waveform

    Low opticalpower

    High opticalpower

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    After fiber transmission

    40 Gb/s optical signal

    Transmitter output

    25 ps

    Transmission fiber

    Positive dispersion(Negative dispersion)

    +Dispersion compensating fiber

    (DCF)

    After dispersion comp.

    Negative dispersion(Positive dispersion)

    Longer wavelength Slow(Fast)

    Shorter wavelength Fast(Slow)

    Longer wavelength Fast(Slow)

    Shorter wavelength Slow(Fast)

    %ispersion Compensation +#ample

    PolarizationModeDispersion(PMD)

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    Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

    - Well defined, frequency independent eigenstates

    - Deterministic, frequency independent Differential Group Delay (DGD)

    - DGD scales linearity with fiber length

    1st-order PMD

    Ideal Practical

    Core

    Cladding

    Cross-section of optical fiber

    ast a!is

    "lo# a!is

    Fast

    Slow

    :Differential Group Delay (DGD)

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    Automatic PMD compensation

    PMD characteristic changesslowlydue to

    normal environmental fluctuations (e.g.temperature)

    But,fast changedue to e.g. fiber touching

    High-speed PMD compensation device& Intelligent control algorithm

    PMD compensation scheme in receiverBefore PMD comp.

    After PMD comp.

    40Gb/s waveforms

    Distortionanalyzer

    Controlalgorithm

    PMDcomp.device #3

    PMDcomp.device #2

    PMDcomp.device #1

    O/Emodule

    $a#imum Permissible .oss

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    $a#imum Permissible .oss

    1Bonnector oss 9)

    &+b loss for most

    a$esi!e/polis$ connect &8, ma7& as per 3#/T# ,6*

    2 Splice oss 9)

    less t$an &,b for mec$anicalsplice

    less t$an &+b loss for eac$fusion splice as per 3#/T# ,6*

    + Fiber oss 9)

    Sin'le "$,e Multi "$,e

    &,b per km for1+00 nm

    +b per km for*,0 nm

    &4b per km at1,,0 nm

    1b per km for1+00 nm

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    0 "tandards 4Optical Fiber50 "tandards 4Optical Fiber5

    >*;01: efinition an test met$os for t$e rele!ant

    parameters of sin%le moe fibers

    >*;0%: B$aracteristics of a ,0/12, m multimoe %rae

    ine7 optical fiber cable

    >*;0+: B$aracteristics of a sin%le)moe optical fiber cable

    >*;0.: B$aracteristics of a ispersion)s$ifte sin%le)moe

    optical fiber cable&

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    0 "tandards 4Optical Fiber50 "tandards 4Optical Fiber5

    >*;04: B$aracteristics of a 1,,0 nm wa!elen%t$ loss)

    minimi5e sin%le)moe optical fiber cable

    >*;00: B$aracteristics of a non)5ero ispersion sin%le)

    moe optical fiber cable&

    Test And Measurement Instruments

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    #t is an optoelectronicinstrument useto c$aracteri5e an optical fiber& n OTinDects a series of optical pulses into t$efiber uner test& #t also e7tracts( from t$esame en of t$e fiber( li%$t t$at is scatterean reflecte back from points in t$e fiber

    w$ere t$e ine7 of refraction c$an%es&

    n OT is use for estimatin% t$eo!erall attenuation( incluin% splice anmate)connector losses& #t may also be

    use to locate faults( suc$ as breaks( anto measure optical return loss&

    OPC'. $+-%O$'1 ,+F.+CO$++,(O%,)

    Test And Measurement Instruments

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    For internal use only,2 Nokia Siemens Networks

    "P.C1G $'C61+

    In &ui$n plicin' a "ac!ine i ue, t$preciely ali'n t!e t$ &iber en, t!en

    t!e 'la en, are &ue, $r el,e,t$'et!er uin' $"e type $& !eat $relectric arc* T!i pr$,uce ac$ntinu$u c$nnecti$n beteen t!e&iber enablin' ery l$ l$ li'!ttran"ii$n* (Typical l$: 1*% ,B)

    An attenuat$ri an electr$nic,eice t!at re,uce

    t!e a"plitu,e $r p$er $&a i'nal it!$utappreciably ,it$rtin' it ae&$r"*

    '+10'O,

    Other $easurement ools

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    For internal use only,+ Nokia Siemens Networks

    Other $easurement ools

    LASER SO@RCE #O7ER METER

    TOOL DIT

    "ome $anufacturers Of Optical Cables

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    For internal use only,4 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Furukaa

    Fuikura

    L> Cable

    C$rnin'

    #!ilip-Fitel

    #irelli

    TTL

    Sterlite Cable

    "ome $anufacturers Of Optical Cables

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    Basic PlanningParameters

    Planning and %esigning an OFC link

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    For internal use only,6 Nokia Siemens Networks

    Planning and %esigning an OFC link

    R$ute Surey 6ei'n

    37tensi!e route sur!ey is carrie out prior to esi%nin% oft$e OFB network to obtain t$e followin% essential ata 9)

    o i%$t of Gay emarcation

    o Soil stratao 37istin% Aner%roun utilities

    o oa / ail / 'ri%e / i!er / Banal Brossin%s

    o ny ot$er criticalities

    renching

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    For internal use only,8 Nokia Siemens Networks

    renching

    Speci&icati$n &$r Ecaati$n $& Trenc!e

    o Stanar ept$ will be measure from lower sie of natural %roun le!elto t$e base of t$e trenc$&

    o Stanar ept$ for normal soil an soft rock9 t least 1,00 mm .1&, @&

    o Stanar ept$ for $ar rock9 t least "00 mm .0&" @ &

    o ifferent clients $a!e sli%$tly mar%inal ifferences in trenc$ ept$&

    o Git$ of trenc$9 400mm at top an +00mm at t$e bottom&o G$en cable is to be lai alon% cul!erts/bri%es or cross)streams( trenc$

    may be mae closer to roa e%e( or in some cases( o!er embankment ors$ouler of t$e roa&

    o ine up of trenc$ woul be suc$ t$at ->3 uct.s will be lai in strai%$tline( bot$ laterally as well as !ertically e7cept at locations w$ere it $as to

    necessarily take a ben because of c$an%e in ali%nment or %raient oftrenc$&

    o @inimum raius of two meters will be maintaine( w$ere bens arenecessitate&

    %uct .a!ing

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    %uct .a!ing

    o ucts will be lai in a flat bottom trenc$( free from stones( an s$arp e%eebris&

    o T$e uct woul be place in trenc$ as strai%$t as possible& -owe!er( at bens$ori5ontal an !ertical minimum benin% raius for uct of 1+00 mm woul bemaintaine&

    o ucts will be lai preferably usin% specially esi%ne ispensers&

    o ucts s$all be free from twist an collapse portions&

    o 3ns of ucts will always be close wit$ 3N >A;S to a!oi in%ress of mu(water or ust&

    o >rior to ali%nin% t$e ucts for Dointin%( eac$ len%t$ of t$e ->3 uct will bet$orou%$ly cleane to remo!e all san( ust or any ot$er ebris t$at may clo%(isturb or ama%e t$e optical fiber cable w$en it is pulle or blown at a later sta%e&

    o T$e ucts will be Doine wit$ couplers usin% uct cutter ot$er tools an will beti%$tene an secure properly&

    o T$e uct Doint will be practically airti%$t to ensure smoot$ cable blowin% usin%cable blowin% mac$ines&

    Back Filling

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    Back Fillingo Trenc$ will be initially fille wit$ sie!e soil or san in rocky terrain for

    about 10 cm w$ic$ will act as a cus$ion / pain% an t$en uct is place%ently o!er it&

    o fter t$at anot$er layer of 10 cm of fine sie!e soil or san is poure ant$en entire trenc$ is backfille wit$ e7ca!ate material&

    o Aner normal soil conitions uct is irectly lai in trenc$ an backfille&

    o eCuate ry compaction will be one before crownin%&

    Crowningo G$en backfillin% $as been one up to %roun le!el a $ump of soil is maeto cater for soil settlement&

    o 3ntire e7ca!ate soil will be use for back fillin%&

    o Brownin% will be confine to wit$ of trenc$ only&

    Groundingo T$e armoure layer of t$e fiber is cut own to pro!ie %rounin% to t$e

    complete cable pat$ as well as to pro!ie protection from li%$tinin%&

    o T$e cut is mae after e!ery 200 metres&

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    FMSConnectors

    Fiber $anagement

    "!stem 4F$"5

    "7C B7C

    7CFiber Pigtail

    7C 2 erminal 7oint Connector

    "7C 2 "traight 7oint Closure

    B7C- Branch 7oint Closure

    T$ Ept*

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    T!ank

    -Nati$nal Tran"ii$n tea"

    #ara Anku!