Opposed Piston Engine HD Demo Program

1 Confidential and proprietary information of Achates Power, Inc.

“In the [OP] 2-stroke engine the ratio of trapped air to fuel is

Inherent CO2 & NOx advantage “The opposed piston diesel engine had about 13-15% [lower CO2 emissions]…compared to a state of the art four-stroke diesel engine.”

“The efficiency advantages of the opposed piston two-stroke engine are mainly because of lower in-cylinder heat losses due to elimination of the cylinder head and lower surface area to volume ratio. A further advantage is related to…efficient uniflow scavenging.”

“Two stroke engines have leaner combustion, more optimal combustion phasing, lower BMEP, and potential for lower mass.”

20% higher, enabling a reduction of soot.”

“NOx emissions are expected to be lower, since the fresh charge is always diluted by burnt gas.”

“In the OP engine the Turbine Inlet Temperature is more than 100 degrees lower, an important advantage when adopting a variable geometry turbine.”

“The OP2S engine delivers the lowest net specific fuel consumption…due to a combination of the lowest indicated specific fuel consumption coupled to the lowest supercharger work.”

2

CARB Ultra-Low NOx Heavy Duty Demonstration

NOx 0.02 g/ bhp-hr

CO2 432 g/bhp-hr (Average)

PROGRAM GOALS

90% NOx reduction 2027 EPA CO2

Confidential and proprietary information of Achates Power, Inc.

Achates OP Engine

Enabling capability for ultralow NOx

Achates OPS ARB Low NOx - Final

Exha

ust T

empe

ratu

re, d

egC

Cum

ulat

ive

BSN

Ox ,

g

OP engine maintains low NOx during catalyst light-off

3

0

Low NOx Enablers: • Early catalyst light off

ARB Low NOx - Baseline

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

OP engine lights off the catalyst is about half the time

Baseline

≈ 300s sooner

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Time, sec

• Low engine out NOx during catalyst light

SAE 2018-01-1378 Confidential and proprietary information of Achates Power, Inc.

Magnum ATS Architecture: Program target –Exhaust ATS restriction target = 30kPA

at 1450kg/hr mass-flow rate with 450°C turbo-out temperature

4

LO-SC R

Fuel Fuel

SOV sys

NOX

T T

T

P

NOX

V V

NH3 Inj.

VV

Coola nt

Fuel Inj.

Engine-Out

ASDS used for Gen 1 design to meet tight timeline, Gen 2 to use urea dosing/mixer.

1 2

T

Tailpipe-Out

AS

C

SCRF SCR DO C

Inj.

P

V

T

DEF

DEF

L

P NH3

NOX 3

T

dP + P

ASD S sys

Confidential and proprietary information of Achates Power, Inc.

-

Tailpipe Simulation Results: NOX emissions

5

10.6L HD OP engine

with ULNOx ATS

HD FTP

Cold Hot Composite

Engine out BSNOx, (g/hp-hr) 3.57 3.75 3.72

Tailpipe Out BSNOx, (g/hp-hr) 0.05 0.003 0.0105

Cumulative (grams) 1.294 0.072

NOx reduction % conversion 98.5% 99.92% 99.72%

• Early Magnum results promising • Current AT system measurements at SW Research and initial Magnum engine out results at Aramco aligned

with above modeling

Confidential and proprietary information of Achates Power, Inc.

HD Engine on Dyno at Aramco in Novi, MI

Lower engine out NOx and higher post-turbine temperature than in models – both favorable to target achievement

Confidential and proprietary information of Achates Power, Inc. 6

ECTO-Lab Installation of Magnum AT System @ SwRI

LO-SCR

Downstream Package

ATS performing well Team has confidence in meeting NOx goal

Confidential and proprietary information of Achates Power, Inc. 7

Program Review Thursday, November 7 San Diego, CA

fromm@achatespower.com