opportunities with a Large Hadron-electron Collider at...

��e Small-x physics opportunities with a

Large Hadron-electron Collider at CERNNéstor Armesto

Departamento de Física de Partículas and IGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de [email protected]

for the LHeC Study Group, http://cern.ch/lhec,Working Group on Physics at High Parton Densities in ep and eA (with

Brian Cole, Paul Newman and Anna Stasto) 1

PANIC11: The 19th Particles and Nuclei International Conference

MIT, July 28th 2011

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://cern.ch/lhec

http://cern.ch/lhec

Contents:

Small-x physics at the LHeC.

I. Introduction.

2. The Large Hadron-electron Collider.

3. Inclusive observables:● ep inclusive pseudodata and their effect on pdf’s.● eA inclusive pseudodata and their effect on npdf’s.

4. Diffractive observables:● ep diffractive pseudodata.● Nuclear diffraction.● Exclusive vector meson production. ● DVCS.

5. Final states and photoproduction.

6. Summary and outlook.

See the EIC talks here by T. Horn, V. Ptitsyn and M. Stratmann, the LHeC talks at DIS2011 (https://wiki.bnl.gov/conferences/index.php/DIS-2011), and the talk by P. Laycock at HEP-EPS11.

2

https://wiki.bnl.gov/conferences/index.php/DIS-2011


Contents:


I. Introduction.






See the EIC talks here by T. Horn, V. Ptitsyn and M. Stratmann, the LHeC talks at DIS2011 (https://wiki.bnl.gov/conferences/index.php/DIS-2011), and the talk by P. Laycock at HEP-EPS11.

3

Disclaimer: results from CDR as available on 27.07.2011 at 17.35 CERN time.



High-energy QCD:

4

Our aims: understanding

● The implications of unitarity in a QFT.

● The behavior of QCD at large energies / hadron wave function at small x.

● The initial conditions for the creation of a dense medium in heavy-ion collisions: nuclear WF + initial stage.

Small-x physics at the LHeC: 1. Introduction.

Where do the availableexperimental data lie?

Non-linear

Linear

High-energy QCD:

5






Where do the availableexperimental data lie?

Non-linear

Linear





Hadron wave function

Source (frozen)

Classical,Aμ∝1/αs

O(αs)

Saturation / CGC

DGLAP

BFKL

BK/JIMWLK

DILUTEREGION

DENSEREGION

saturat

ion scale

Q s(x)

ln Q

ln 1

/x

ln QCD

non-

pert

urba

tive

regi

on

DILUTEREGION

DENSEREGION

ln Aln

1/x

eA

ep

[fixed Q]

Status:


● Three pQCD-based alternatives to describe small-x ep and eA data:→ DGLAP evolution (fixed order PT).→ Resummation schemes.→ CGC (dipole models and rcBK).Differences lie at moderate Q2(>Λ2QCD) and small x. Hints of deviations from NLO DGLAP at small x (Caola et al ’09).

● Unitarity (non-linear effects): where?

6

Two-pronged approach: ↓ x / ↑ A. eA: test/enhance density effects.

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Uncertainties in DGLAP npdf’s:

7Small-x physics at the LHeC: 1. Introduction.

Problem for benchmarking in hard probes!!!

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Uncertainties in DGLAP npdf’s:

8Small-x physics at the LHeC: 1. Introduction.

Problem for benchmarking in hard probes!!!

J/ψALICE@QM2011

Contents:


I. Introduction:






9

Project:

Small-x physics at the LHeC: 2. The Large Hadron-electron Collider. 10

●LHeC@CERN → ep/eA experiment using p/A from the LHC:Ep=7 TeV, EA=(Z/A)Ep=2.75 TeV/nucleon for Pb.● New e+/e- accelerator: Ecm∼1-2 TeV/nucleon (Ee=50-150 GeV).● Requirements:* Luminosity∼1033 cm-2s-1. * Acceptance: 1-179 degrees(low-x ep/eA).* Tracking to 0.1 mrad.* EMCAL calibration to 0.l %.* HCAL calibration to 0.5 %.* Luminosity determination to 1 %.* Compatible with LHCoperation.

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Proposed facilities:

LHeCFixed-target data:

NMC

E772

E139

E665

EMC

(Pb, b=0 fm)2sQ

perturbative

non-perturbative

(70 GeV - 2.5 TeV)e-Pb (LHeC)

d’Enterria

●LHeC@CERN → ep/eA experiment using p/A from the LHC:Ep=7 TeV, EA=(Z/A)Ep=2.75 TeV/nucleon for Pb.● New e+/e- accelerator: Ecm∼1-2 TeV/nucleon (Ee=50-150 GeV).● Requirements:* Luminosity∼1033 cm-2s-1. * Acceptance: 1-179 degrees(low-x ep/eA).* Tracking to 0.1 mrad.* EMCAL calibration to 0.l %.* HCAL calibration to 0.5 %.* Luminosity determination to 1 %.* Compatible with LHCoperation.

Project:


x-610 -510 -410 -310 -210 -110

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510




NMC

E772

E139

E665

EMC

(Pb, b=0 fm)2sQ

perturbative

non-perturbative


d’Enterria

Dainton

!"#$%&$'()*'+(),-'.-/'!"#$%&$'

!0-&%$%1)'234'()*'

56-&701/-(8'!"#$%&$'

.9&6-(0''

:709&790-''

;'4#)(<%&$'

=%,"'!(071)'4-)$%>-$'

?(0,-'@'

!(071)$'

Physics goals:


● Proton structure to a few 10-20 m: Q2 lever arm.

● Precision QCD/EW physics.

● High-mass frontier (leptoquarks, excited fermions, contact interactions).

● Unambiguous access, in ep and eA, to a qualitatively novel regime of matter predicted by QCD.

● Substructure/parton dynamics inside nuclei with strong implications on QGP search.

Machine: Ring-Ring option


BYPASS

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Machine: Ring-Ring option


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eD: LeN=ALeA>∼1031 cm-2s-1.

Machine: Linac-Ring option


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HE LR, 140 GeV

HE LR, ER, 140 GeV

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500 MeV

HE LR, 140 GeV

HE LR, ER, 140 GeV

eD: LeN=ALeA>∼3×1031 cm-2s-1.Large L for e+ challenging.

The detector: low-x/eA setup


e p

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2.6 m



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e p



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e p

● Other detector options: low acceptance (8o-172o), solenoid outside, also considered.● Plus luminosity detector, electron tagging, polarimeter, ZDC and leading proton detector.

Ax

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Photons

|<0.9!Hadrons |

|<0.9!D’s |

|<-2.5!’s from B’s -4<|!

pA Ap

(x)2

satQ

Present

DIS+DY

data

ALICE expected reach in 1 yr. pA(Ap) collisions

Kinematics:

Small-x physics at the LHeC: 2. The Large Hadron-electron Collider. 21Ax

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|<5!Jets |

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|<2.5!Hadrons |

(x)2

satQ

Present

DIS+DY

data

CMS expected reach in 1 yr. pA(Ap) collisions

Salgado

● ep: access to the perturbative region below x ∼ a few 10-5.● eA: new realm.● No small-x physics without ∼ 1 degree acceptance.

Salgado

Black: 920+30 Green: 100+20

Q2sat,GBW

2081/3Q2sat,GBW

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; E

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Photons

|<0.9!Hadrons |

|<0.9!D’s |

|<-2.5!’s from B’s -4<|!

pA Ap

(x)2

satQ

Present

DIS+DY

data

ALICE expected reach in 1 yr. pA(Ap) collisions

Kinematics:

Small-x physics at the LHeC: 2. The Large Hadron-electron Collider. 22Ax

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|<3!Photons |

|<2.5!Hadrons |

(x)2

satQ

Present

DIS+DY

data

CMS expected reach in 1 yr. pA(Ap) collisions

Salgado

● ep: access to the perturbative region below x ∼ a few 10-5.● eA: new realm.● No small-x physics without ∼ 1 degree acceptance.

Salgado

Black: 920+30 Green: 100+20

Q2sat,GBW

2081/3Q2sat,GBW

Preliminary; LHeC Design Study Report, CERN 2011

Kinematics: LHC vs. LHeC


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● Existing ep: pp@LHC at y=0; eA: not even dAu@RHIC.● LHeC: clean scan of the LHC x-Q2 domain.

pA@LHC, Salgado et al., 1105.3919

Contents:


I. Introduction:


3. Inclusive observables:● ep inclusive pseudodata and their effect on pdf’s. (M. Klein, J. Albacete, NA, J. Rojo, P. Newman, J. Forshaw, G. Soyez)● eA inclusive pseudodata and their effect on npdf’s. (M. Klein, NA, H. Paukkunen, K. Eskola, C. A. Salgado)




24

ep inclusive pseudodata (I):

Small-x physics at the LHeC: 3. Inclusive observables. 25

● Extensive model comparison (Albacete): LHeC will have discriminative power.

● Note: size of radiative corrections pending.


ep inclusive pseudodata (II):


● LHeC substantially reduces the uncertainties in global fits: FL and heavy flavor decomposition most useful.

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ep inclusive pseudodata (III):


● Tension between F2 and FL in DGLAP fits as a sign of physics beyond standard DGLAP (GBW and CGC models).


eA inclusive pseudodata (I):


● Good precision can be obtained for F2(c,b) and FL at small x (Glauberized 3-5 flavor GBW model, NA ’02).

F2cPb F2bPb

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● F2 data substantially reduce the uncertainties in DGLAP analysis; inclusion of charm, beauty and FL produce minor improvements.

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1● F2 data substantially reduce the uncertainties in DGLAP analysis; inclusion of charm, beauty and FL produce minor improvements.

Note: FL in eA


● FL traces the nuclear effects on the glue (Cazarotto et al ’08).● Uncertainties in the extraction of F2 due to the unknown nuclear effects on FL of order 5 % (larger than expected stat.+syst.) ⇒

measure FL or use the reduced cross section (but then ratios at two energies...).

NA, Paukkunen, Salgado, Tywoniuk, ‘10

Contents:


I. Introduction:



4. Diffractive observables:● ep diffractive pseudodata. (P. Newman)● Nuclear diffraction. (H. Kowalski, C. Marquet)● Exclusive vector meson production. (P. Newman, G. Watt, A. Stasto, C. Weiss)● DVCS. (L. Favart, P. Newman)



33

ep diffractive pseudodata:

Small-x physics at the LHeC: 4. Diffractive observables. 34

● Large increase in the M2, xP=(M2-t+Q2)/(W2+Q2), β=x/xP region studied.● Possibility to combine LRG and LPS.

e

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HERA (500 pb-1)

Diffractive event yield (xIP < 0.05, Q2 > 1 GeV2)

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ep diffractive pseudodata:


● Large increase in the M2, xP=(M2-t+Q2)/(W2+Q2), β=x/xP region studied.● Possibility to combine LRG and LPS.

10 3

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HERA (500 pb-1)

Diffractive event yield (xIP < 0.05, Q2 > 1 GeV2)

MX / GeV

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Diffraction and non-linear dynamics:


0

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F 2D

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● Dipole models show differences with linear-based extrapolations (HERA-based dpdf’s) and among each other: possibility to check saturation and its realization.

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Diffractive DIS on nuclear targets:


● Challenging experimental problem, requires Monte Carlo simulation with detailed understanding of the nuclear break-up.

● For the coherent case, predictions available.

0

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F 2D

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10 -3 10 -1

xIP=0.01Q2=3 GeV2

00.020.040.060.08

0.1

10 -1 10 -1

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10 -2

xIP=0.001Q2=30 GeV2

10 -2

xIP=0.01Q2=30 GeV2

00.020.040.060.08

0.1

10 -1 10 -1 10 -2

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10 -2

xIP=0.01Q2=300 GeV2

00.010.020.030.040.05

10-1

H1 fit BipsatbCGC

10-1

Pb

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xIP=0.01Q2=3000 GeV2Pr

elim

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eC D

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Elastic VM production (I):


● Most promising!!!

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Elastic VM production (II):


● Many interesting features in the nuclear case (see also Lappi et al ‘10, Horowitz ’11).

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DVCS:


● Exclusive processes like γ*+h→ρ,ϕ,γ+h give information of GPDs, whose Fourier transform gives a tranverse scanning of the hadron: key importance for both non-perturbative and perturbative aspects, like the possibility of non-linear dynamics.

● Only small-x case where higher luminosity really helps!!!DVCS, Ee=50 GeV, 1o,pTγ,cut=2 GeV, 1 fb-1

DVCS, Ee=50 GeV, 10o,pTγ,cut=5 GeV, 100 fb-1


Contents:


I. Introduction:


3. Inclusive observables:● ep inclusive pseudodata and their effect on pdf’s. ● eA inclusive pseudodata and their effect on npdf’s.


5. Final states and photoproduction. (NA, B. Cole, J. Collins, H. Jung, P. Newman, A. Stasto)


41

In-medium hadronization:

Small-x physics at the LHeC: 5. Final states and photoproduction. 42

● Low energy: need of hadronization inside → formation time, (pre-)hadronic absorption,...

● High energy: partonic evolution altered in the nuclear medium, partonic energy loss.

● The LHeC (νmax∼105 GeV) would allow to study the dynamics of hadronization, testing the parton/hadron eloss mechanism by introducing a length of colored material which would modify its pattern (length/nuclear size, chemical composition).

Brooks at Divonne’09

Forward jets:


● Studying forward jets (pT∼Q) or dijet decorrelation would allow to understand the mechanism of radiation:→ kT-ordered: DGLAP.→ kT-disordered: BFKL.→ Saturation?● Further imposing a rapidity gap (diffractive jets) would be most interesting: perturbatively controllable observable.


Jet photoproduction:


● Jets: large ET even in eA.

● Useful for studies of parton dynamics in nuclei (hard probes), and for photon structure.

● Background subtraction, detailed reconstruction pending.

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/2Tjet

E∑=Fµ=

Rµ

pdf: GRV-HOγ

-algorithm, D=1Tk

)o<175jetθ<o|<3.1 (5jetη|

per

nuc

leon

-1Ev

ents

for 2

fb

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-410

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b per nucleon)µ (jetηd

=02Qjetσd

jetη

>20 GeVTjetE

e(50)+p(7000), CTEQ6.1M

e(50)+Pb(2750), CTEQ6.1M

e(50)+Pb(2750), CTEQ6.1M+EPS09

per

nuc

leon

-1Ev

ents

for 2

fbPreliminary; LHeC Design Study Report, CERN 2011

Total γp cross section:


● Small angle electron detector 62 m far from the interaction point: Q2<0.01 GeV, y∼0.3 ⇒ W∼0.5 √s.

● Substantial enlarging of the lever arm in W.

Pancheri et al ‘08


Summary:

Small-x physics at the LHeC. 46

● Many issues remain open about small-x physics (behavior of the hadron wave function at small x): describable by pQCD?, need of resummation/onset of unitarity in the accessible kinematical regions?

● Current ep experiments cover pp@LHC at y=0; in eA, not even dAu@RHIC is really constrained.

● An electron-nucleon/ion collideroffers huge possibilities to test ourideas about high-energy QCD. eA:amplifier of density effects,implications on UrHICcomplementary to pA@LHC.

● LHeC@CERN: new facility forep/eA at Ecm∼1-2 TeV under design.

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d’Enterria

Plans for the CDR:

47Small-x physics at the LHeC.

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Plans for the CDR:


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imin

ary;

LHeC

Des

ign

Stud

y R

epor

t, C

ERN

201

1

Plans for the CDR:


Prel

imin

ary;

LHeC

Des

ign

Stud

y R

epor

t, C

ERN

201

1

The LHeC Study Grouphttp://cern.ch/lhec

(8-11/11)

http://cern.ch/lhec

http://cern.ch/lhec

Tentative timeline:



CERN

Tentative timeline:



CERN

→ LHC death by radiation damage estimated by 2030-2035.

→ LHeC should work for 10 years.

→ No disturbance to LHC operation: installation during stops.

⇒

Tentative timeline:



CERN




⇒LHeC tentative timeline

Tentative timeline:



CERN




⇒LHeC tentative timeline

Many thanks to Max Klein, Brian Cole, Paul Newman, Anna Stasto, Urs Wiedemann, Paul Laycock, John Dainton, Peter Kotska, Miriam Fitterer, John Jowett, Alex Bogacz, Javier Albacete, David d’Enterria, Kari Eskola, Cyrille Marquet, Hannu Paukkunen, Carlos Salgado, Mark Strikman, Konrad Tywoniuk and all other collaborators in the preparation of the CDR!!!

Backup:


Kinematics: LHC vs. LHeC


Salgado

d’Enterria(Ee=140GeV and Ep=7TeV)

LHeC scenarios:


● For FL: 10, 25, 50 + 2750 (7000); Q2≤sx; Lumi=5,10,100 pb-1 respectively; charm and beauty: same efficiencies in ep and eA.

10-310-410-4

I 50 3.5 Ca 5⋅10-4 ? 5⋅10-3 ? ? eCa

For F2

ep inclusive pseudodata (0):


● Charm and beauty most important (HERApdf; systematics half than at H1).

Q2/GeV2

F 2c 5j

c=0.1, bgdq=0.01

LHeC

100 101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Q2/GeV2

F 2c 5j

.

LHeC

100 101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Q2/GeV2

F 2c 5j

c=0.1, bgdq=0.01

LHeC

100 101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Q2/GeV2

F 2c 5j

.

LHeC

100 101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Q2/GeV2

F 2c 5j

c=0.1, bgdq=0.01

LHeC

100 101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Q2/GeV2

F 2c 5j

.

LHeC

100 101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

x=0.000007x=0.00003

x=0.00007

x=0.0003

x=0.0007

x=0.003

x=0.007

x=0.03

x=0.1

x=0.3

Q2/GeV2

F 2b 5j

b=0.5, bgdc=0.1

LHeC

101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

Q2/GeV2

F 2b 5j

.

LHeC

101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

Q2/GeV2

F 2b 5j

b=0.5, bgdc=0.1

LHeC

101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

Q2/GeV2

F 2b 5j

.

LHeC

101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

Q2/GeV2

F 2b 5j

b=0.5, bgdc=0.1

LHeC

101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

Q2/GeV2

F 2b 5j

.

LHeC

101 102 103 104 105 10610-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104 x=0.00003x=0.00007

x=0.0003

x=0.0007

x=0.003

x=0.007

x=0.03

x=0.1

x=0.3


eA inclusive pseudodata (0):


● F2 data substantially reduce the uncertainties in DGLAP analysis; inclusion of charm, beauty and FL done.

Paukkunen

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