Opportunities From Science and Technology

8/14/2019 Opportunities From Science and Technology

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Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon


Environmental Breakthroughs in Building

The Robert L Preger Intelligent Workplace

Building as Power Plant/Invention Works

Volker Hartkopf, PhD, Dr. h.c.

Professor of Architecture,

Director, Center for Building Performance and DiagnosticsCarnegie Mellon University

National Council for Science and the Environment

Washington, DC, January 26,27, 2006


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Meta Issues

To create a path from being environmentallyeffective through sustainability to engage

the built environment in a restorativeactivity (term from Bill Reed)

Is the present state of our natural system goodenough?


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Buildings as an integral part of a living

system and positively co-evolving tocontinuously improve:

Sun

Water

Air

Soil ResourcesOf our Planetary System


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Time to move from object to continuumTime to move from object to continuumthe aesthetics of the processionalthe aesthetics of the processional


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U.S. Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector

Source: EIA Annual Energy Review 2003


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Annual Energy Consumption by U.S. Commercial Buildings

Data source: EIA 1999 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. (Conversion: 3,412Btu = 1 kWh)

Total: 11,987 trillionBtu/yr

= 3.51 trillionkWh/yr


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Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie MellonCenter for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon

Electricity Efficiency

2002 Electricity Flow, in Quadrillion Btu (1015 Btu) (Conversion: 1 quadrillion Btu = 293 billion kWh)

Total energy consumed to generate electricity in 2002 is 39.56 quadrillion Btu = 11.59 trillion kWh

Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2002, Diagram 5.


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The Role of Universities

In the US there are about 4000 colleges with almost 16 millionstudents

Combined annual expenditures exceed US $ 275 billion, which is 2,8%of GDP, this is greater than the GDP of all but 25 nations

In the near absence of long term US National policy, institutions ofhigher learning should lead the country by example

Beginning collaboration between Texas A&M, Carnegie Mellon

University, ISR, SNC, & UMD Sponsored by Congressmen Doyle, Hall, Barton, Mollohan, Hoyer,

Gibbons and Senator Reid


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First Passive/Active Solar House in an Inner-City Neighborhood, 1976


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Neighborhood Wide Redevelopment an Inner-City, 1980-82


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The Intelligent Workplace

as an enabling instrument for Individual Comfort and Productivity

Organizational Flexibility

Technological Adaptability

Energy and Environmental Effectiveness

A living and lived-in Laboratory


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Security

ReliabilityQualityEffectiveness

Energy Services

DistributedEnergyGeneration andSupply

Air/ WaterHeating/CoolingPVD

(power, voice,data, video)

PLATFORM

THEATERStage set

Flexibility



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Under-floor Infrastructure distribution

air supply

voice/data

power

backbone to mechanical

room satellite closet


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Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie MellonCenter for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie MellonCenter for Building Performance and Diagnostics, a NSF/IUCRC, and ABSIC at Carnegie Mellon


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Service Pub :equipment, ergonomics,places to pause and sit,

interactive tools

Project Room

Conference Room(pre servicepub)

e Intelligent Workplace, CMU


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Systems Integration for:

First, life cycle, environmental cost reduction

Increased energy effectiveness Improved performance for user comfort Reliable and effective control technology Reliable energy supply Increased Return on Investment

Advanced

Building

Systems

Innovative

Energy

Systems

Controls

Buildings Can be Net Exporters of

Energy


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Domestic Hot Water/Domestic Hot Water/

Water mullionWater mullion

Daylighting/Daylighting/

natural ventilationnatural ventilation

Innovative Energy Systems

Ascending-Descending Strategy

rejected heat

Natural Gas/Bio gas

rejected heat

rejected heat

rejected heat

Fuel CellFuel Cell

Heat RecoveryHeat Recovery

Steam GeneratorSteam Generator

Steam TurbineSteam Turbine

AbsorptionAbsorption

BoilerBoiler

DesiccantDesiccant

CoolingCooling

ChilledChilled

WaterWater

CoolingCooling

Lighting,Lighting,

ComputersComputers

SolarSolar

PVPVSolarSolar

ThermalThermal

chilled waterchilled water

regen. hot waterregen. hot water

ElectricalElectrical

EnergyEnergy

hydrogen via electrolysishydrogen via electrolysis

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Geothermal Environment

Natural Environment


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Building As Power Plant (BAPP)


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Annual Load Profile of Typical Office Buildings

Typical Office Buildings Annual Heating/Cooling Load Profile


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Annual Load Profile of BAPP

BAPP Annual Heating/Cooling Load Profile


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Annual Load Profile of BAPP

BAPP Annual Heating/Cooling Load Profile Energy exported to the grid


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BAPP Primary Energy Consumption More Details

Comparison of Primary

Energy Consumptionbetween BAPP and USaverage


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Data source:

EIA, Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey 1995; PG&E, Commercial Building Survey Report 1999; UK National Statistics

* Germany average practice is calculated based on the energy consumption measurements of 15 German office buildings built between 1990 and 2002 (with primary

energy consumption ranging from 180kWh/m2 to 1,000kWh/m2).

Annual Site/Primary Energy Consumption in Office Buildings


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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Salary Rent/Mortgage Energy

$

persquare

foo

t

Potential Cost-Benefits for Building Quality Differences - BIDS


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0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

Salary Benefits Tec hnology Rent/Mortgage Energy Churn

$

perpersonp

ery

ear

$45,000Salary1

12.5%Productivity2

$5,300 Turnover3

$765 (1.7%) Abseenteism4

$18,500Benefits1

$5,000 Health1

$10,000Technology

$1,000 Connectivity(Forrester Group)

$3,200Rent/Mortgage

10

$450Energy

11

$200Churn

12

$244 Lower Respiratory5

$101 Asthma6

$95 Allergies6

$92 Back Pain

7

$73 Headaches6

$68 Cold8

$17 MSD9

$19 Throat Irritation6

$18 Eye Irritation6

$18 Sinus Conditions6WorktimeLoss

Potential Benefits ofQuality Buildings

CBPD/ABSIC

BIDS

Potential Cost-Benefits for Building Quality Differences - BIDS


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Financial Cost/Benefits Indices:

Direct Costs of Building-related Illnesses and Health Conditions

Treatment for illnesses and health conditions that are influenced by the indoorenvironment costs employers $750 per employee annually, accounting forapproximately 14% of all annual health insurance expenditures.


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What building attributes

matter the most?

Air

Light

Thermal control

Ergonomics

Privacy and Interaction

Access to natureLand use and mobility


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An air pollution indicator is CO2USA puts 22 tons per person per year into the atmosphere


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2020 2030

What happens if China and Indiaachieve our level?


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2020 2030

Our atmosphere will need to absorb nearly7 times as much CO2 as today


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Two Planets meet in Space

One has homo sapiens sapiens

Generational transformation in the Built


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Generational transformation in the BuiltEnvironment

10 20 50 100 years

Buildings,Infrastructure

European towns

Infrastructure renov.

Building renovation

Human Generation

Building use

IT Hardware

IT Software

After :N. Kohler 2003


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The Order of CivilisationThe fast layers innovate, the slow layers stabilise. The

whole combines learning with continuity.Stewart Brand Clock of the Long Now. 1999

Fashion

Commerce

Infrastructure

Governance

Culture

Nature

Invigorate or destroy

Sustain or collapse


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Johnson Controls Personal

Environment Module [ PEMtm]



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Zoning


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QuickTime and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.


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QuickTime andaTIFF (LZW)decompressor

are neededto see this picture.










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U.S. Commercial Sector Carbon Emissions

Source: Koomey 1996


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A l t b kd f th U S


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Annual waste breakdown for the U.S.by source

Utility Waste85

Municipal Solid Waste180

Mining Waste1400

Construction andDemolition Waste31.5

Oil and Gas Waste

2095

Industrial NonhazardousWaste7600

Other18.5

EPA/EPRI estimate(in million tons)

Building industry related wastes(40% of each segment)

Utility Waste85

Municipal Solid Waste180

Mining Waste1400

Construction andDemolition Waste31.5

Oil and Gas Waste2095

Industrial NonhazardousWaste7600

Other18.5

Center for building performance & diagnostics/ ABSIC, Volker Hartkopf estimate

Opportunities From Science and Technology

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