Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in African-Americans in

WW1WW1

Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in African-Americans in

WW1WW1

“Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919 70,000

War industries work.

Enlistment in segregated units.

True Sons of True Sons of FreedomFreedom

True Sons of True Sons of FreedomFreedom

For “Colored” Men in For “Colored” Men in ServiceService

For “Colored” Men in For “Colored” Men in ServiceService

African-Americans on a African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for Troop Ship Headed for

FranceFrance

African-Americans on a African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for Troop Ship Headed for

FranceFrance

““Rescuing a Negro Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in During the Race Riots in

Chicago”, 1919Chicago”, 1919

““Rescuing a Negro Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in During the Race Riots in

Chicago”, 1919Chicago”, 1919

The “Flag of Liberty” The “Flag of Liberty” Represents All of Us!Represents All of Us!The “Flag of Liberty” The “Flag of Liberty” Represents All of Us!Represents All of Us!

We are ALL We are ALL Americans!Americans!We are ALL We are ALL Americans!Americans!

United War Work United War Work CampaignCampaign

United War Work United War Work CampaignCampaign

American Committee for American Committee for Relief in the Near EastRelief in the Near East

American Committee for American Committee for Relief in the Near EastRelief in the Near East

The Committee of Public The Committee of Public Information (George Information (George

Creel)Creel)

The Committee of Public The Committee of Public Information (George Information (George

Creel)Creel)

America’s “Propaganda Minister?”

Anti-Germanism.

Selling American Culture.

““Remember Remember Belgium”Belgium”

““Remember Remember Belgium”Belgium”

The “Mad Brute”The “Mad Brute”The “Mad Brute”The “Mad Brute”

Beat Back the “Hun”Beat Back the “Hun”Beat Back the “Hun”Beat Back the “Hun”

The “Menace of the The “Menace of the Seas”Seas”

The “Menace of the The “Menace of the Seas”Seas”

Creel Commission Creel Commission FilmFilm

Creel Commission Creel Commission FilmFilm

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Threats to the Civil

Liberties of AmericansLiberties of Americans

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Threats to the Civil

Liberties of AmericansLiberties of Americans

1. Espionage ActEspionage Act – 1917 - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military. - ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail. - fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

2. Sedition ActSedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of production of things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

3. Schenck v. USSchenck v. US – 1919 - in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1st Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be judged acc. to the circumstances in which it was spoken. -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic. [Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

4. Abrams v. USAbrams v. US – 1919 - majority ruling --> cited Holmes’ “Clear and present danger” doctrine. - Holmes & Brandeis dissented:

The best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, denying that a “silly leaflet” published by an “unknown man” constituted such a danger.

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

5. Post-war labor unrest: Coal Miners Strike of

1919.

Steel Strike of 1919.

Boston Police Strike of 1919.

Anti-Labor Anti-Labor Anti-Labor Anti-Labor

““If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull Together” – Together” – Chicago TribuneChicago Tribune

Consequences of Labor Consequences of Labor UnrestUnrest

Consequences of Labor Consequences of Labor UnrestUnrest

““While We Rock the Boat” – While We Rock the Boat” – Washington Washington TimesTimes

Coal Miners’ Strike - Coal Miners’ Strike - 19191919

Coal Miners’ Strike - Coal Miners’ Strike - 19191919

““Keeping Warm” – Keeping Warm” – Los Angeles Los Angeles TimesTimes

Steel Strike - Steel Strike - 19191919

Steel Strike - Steel Strike - 19191919

““Coming Out of the Smoke” – Coming Out of the Smoke” – New York New York WorldWorld

The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”

““What a Year Has Brought Forth” – What a Year Has Brought Forth” – NY NY WorldWorld

““Red Scare” -- Anti-Red Scare” -- Anti-BolshevismBolshevism

““Red Scare” -- Anti-Red Scare” -- Anti-BolshevismBolshevism

““Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” – – Philadelphia InquirerPhiladelphia Inquirer

Boston Police Strike - Boston Police Strike - 19191919

Boston Police Strike - Boston Police Strike - 19191919

““He gives aid & comfort to the He gives aid & comfort to the enemies of society” – enemies of society” – Chicago Chicago

TribuneTribune

Boston Police Strike - Boston Police Strike - 19191919

Boston Police Strike - Boston Police Strike - 19191919

““Striking Back” – Striking Back” – New York Evening New York Evening WorldWorld

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats

to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

1919 - 3rd. International goal --> promote worldwide communism.

Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer (The Case Against the Reds)

Palmer Raids - 1920

6. “The Red Scare”:

Congressman Victor Congressman Victor Berger (WI)Berger (WI)

Congressman Victor Congressman Victor Berger (WI)Berger (WI)

You got nothing out of the war except the flu and Prohibition.

You got nothing out of the war except the flu and Prohibition.

Police Arrest “Suspected Reds’ in Police Arrest “Suspected Reds’ in Chicago, 1920Chicago, 1920

““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Scare” – Palmer RaidsRaids

““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Scare” – Palmer RaidsRaids

““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Scare” – Palmer RaidsRaids

““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Scare” – Palmer RaidsRaids

A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home Bombed, A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home Bombed, 19201920

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 ElectionThe 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election