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Opportunities, Challenges and Prospects for Dairy Goat Improvement by the Poor: The Kenyan Experience
Okeyo A. Mwai Workshop on Integrated Dairy Goat and Root Crop
Production in Tanzania
ILRI, Nairobi, June 19-2013
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Outline
• Introductory remarks
• Opportunities
• Prospects
• Challenges
• Conclusions
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Introductory remarks
• Except for rinderpest eradication thro vaccination, successful livestock improvement that does NOT involve breed improvement is hard to find
• Genetic improvement provide the building blocks, and offer huge potential, but: – the design must be right
– adequate time and capacity
• Dairy goat improvements in the region started > 60 years ago, but not much progress made so far!
• Cross breeding Vs within-breed selection?
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Opportunities
• Diverse genetic base created by
differential natural & artificial
selection (scope for improvement
and poverty reduction)
• Demand for goat products high &
increasing
Good prices: US$300/goat
youghurt: US$ 1.1/0.25litre
• Several admix populations
available, including those with
exotic commercial breeds
composition
• Genomic tools & ICT available
• Huge existing results & knowledge, systems to tap into
http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org
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Prospects
• Huge potential for both within-breed selection and cross-breeding • Good crossbreeding needs to:
- start with good foundations - focus on the right traits (meat& milk) - have right design - practice selection alongside crossbreeding
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Why cross-breeding?
• New genetics is attractive
• Quick dramatic improvement so “ inspires”
• Triggers management improvements to support (farmer-managed) breed improvement
• Virtuous spiral breed improvement-> management improvement->improved production (money)>breed improvement->management improvement and so on….
• But many wrong crossbreeding designs are seen every where!
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Right design
• Appropriate targeting, sampling & targeting
• Organizational, institutional capacities
– Farmers capacity, empowerment – Policy makers-supportive policies
• Sustainability:
– technical considerations (the right science & all disciplines) – The associated value chain development (market & input
services etc)
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Components of a breeding programme
Source; Philipsson et al., 2011
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The FARM-Africa Goat Model - components
• Community-based and managed breed improvement
Supported by
• Private veterinary system
• Group structure to manage all inputs
• Breeders’ Association to manage breeding
• All key inputs in hands of farmers
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Beyond the Initial Supply of Breeding Stock: The FARM Africa Dairy Goat Model
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
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The Dispersed Nuclei Goat improvement design
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
NEW BUCK STATION NEW BREEDING UNIT
GROUP BREEDING UNIT
4 Females + 1 Buck
[Several Dispersed]
OFFSPRING
50%M 50%F
BUCKS DOES
Sold
Weaned
Su
rplu
s
Su
rplu
s
2%
10%
10%5%
FARMER ORG.
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FARM-Africa Goat Model Tested in 4 countries over 19 years
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Pressures for intensification/ specialisation
• External pressures in smallholder systems – Crop yields plateau
– Land holdings shrink and fragment
– Cash crop prices stagnate/decline
– Unreliable support services to cattle
– =Huge desire by farmers to start intensive goat production
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Housing Forage
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Farmer-managed breed improvement
• Crossbreeding local goats with Toggenburg bucks in community-managed buck stations
• Replacement bucks bred from group managed breeding units
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Direct benefits – use of income
• Education
• House improvement
• Investment in farm
• Hospital bills
• Food
• Re-investment in goat enterprise
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Direct benefits - products
• Milk F1 2-3 litres/day 6-8 mths lactation
• Milk F2 75% Togg 3-4 litres/day
• Selling surplus milk
• Goats houses – manure, urine, waste feed –> crop land some farmers -> export veg out-growers
• Local slaughter sale meat
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Impact – e.g. Mr Kinoti from Meru Kenya
• Casual labourer
• Received two goats
• Buck keeper ->
• Now owns 2ha land
• Bought oxen for contract ploughing
• Daughters to school
• Sons starting business in town
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Example of a new type of farmers organisation:Meru Goat Breeders Assoc’n
• Manage breeding stock
• Breed registration
• Market breeding stock
• Organise goat shows & training
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Options for MGBA financial viability
1. Increase prices of all
services
2. Increase members
3. Milk collection and
marketing
4. Milk processing
5. Goat slaughterhouse
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Private veterinary system
• Farmers trained as ‘barefoot vets’ (CAHW’s) supplied by veterinary assistants running small drug shops
• Backstopped by qualified private veterinarian
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Even the poorest can produce milk for home and sale
How about special goat meat meat cuts in super markets?
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Performance Kenya1996-to-date Item Meru Kitui
Bucks stations 162 in project area + 42+
Members 4870 930
Crossbreds 100,000+
Breeding units 128
No households
(direct)
8,235 ?
No of upgrade &
purebred
Toggenburgs
54000 4504
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• High mortality rates (> 7 %)
• Too small herd sizes or too large herds, but too
mobile
• High transaction costs associated with inputs,
breeding, access t animal health & market
services
• Low incentives to invest in technology (AI)
• Poor supportive organizational & institutional
frameworks to support performance recording
• Undeveloped value chains
Challenges
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Why is the Goat Model successful
• Addressed real need
• Inspiring ! (Fire from within)
• Locally appropriate approach
• Scale (small (25 group member units so is manageable)
• Comprehensive/synchronised services
• Limited continuing external inputs
• Financially viable (encourage savings)
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Some conclusions
• Design need to be appropriate with long term focus • Most failures are organizational and institutional • Policy need to be supportive • Flexibility is needed (it does have to be a purebreed so long as
it produces adequate milk, grows fasta nd is well adapted) • National & regional networks needed to ensure:
– sustainable improvement (effective breeding population size) – Community of practice – exchange of breeding stock/ideas
• Selection, formal genetic evaluation and farmer organization necessary
• Business approach/model for delivery of dairy goat genetics needed
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Thank you