Operant Conditioning. Objective(s) What is operant conditioning and how does it differ from...
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Transcript of Operant Conditioning. Objective(s) What is operant conditioning and how does it differ from...
Operant Conditioning
Objective(s)What is operant conditioning and how does it differ
from classical conditioning?
Conditioning BehaviorsClassical (Respondent) – occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Operant – operates on the environment, producing consequences
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Operant vs. Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning forms associations between stimuli (CS and US). Operant conditioning, on the other hand, forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events.
Operant ConditioningA type of learning in
which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if
followed by a punisher.
Operant Conditioning Involves operant behavior, a behavior that operates on the environment, producing rewarding or punishing stimuli.
Operant Conditioning
Response-Consequence
Operant Conditioning
Response-Consequence
Conditioning BehaviorsThorndike’s Law of Effect
Operant chamber (Skinner Box)
Shaping behaviors with reinforcers
Thorndike’s Law of Effect• Responses to a
situation that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened
• Responses that are followed by discomfort are weakened.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
B.F. Skinner• 1904-1990• Behaviorist who
believed psychs should focus on observable behavior that could be objectively measured and verified.
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Skinner’s ExperimentsSkinner’s experiments extend
Thorndike’s thinking, especially his law of effect. This law states that rewarded
behavior is likely to occur again.
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Operant ChamberUsing Thorndike's law of effect as a
starting point, Skinner developed the Operant chamber, or the Skinner
box, to study operant conditioning.
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Operant ChamberThe operant chamber, or Skinner box, comes with a bar or key that
an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer
like food or water. The bar or key is
connected to devices that record the
animal’s response.
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Skinner’s LegacySkinner argued that behaviors were shaped
by external influences instead of inner thoughts and feelings. Critics argued that
Skinner dehumanized people by neglecting their free will.
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ShapingShaping is the
operant conditioning procedure in
which reinforcers
guide behavior towards the
desired target behavior.
ReinforcementAny consequence that
strengthens behavior Positive (presents a
pleasurable stimulus such as praise, hug, food)
Negative (removes aversive stimuli – NOT punishment)
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Ways to Increase BehaviorOperant
Conditioning Term
Description Possible Examples
Positive Reinforcement
Add a desirable stimulus
Getting a hug, a raise,
praise, etc.
Negative Reinforcement
Remove an aversive stimulus
Fastening a seatbelt to
turn off beeping
ReinforcersPrimarySecondaryToken economy
Primary ReinforcersA reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing for a given species.
Ex. food, water, and shelter
Secondary ReinforcersA reinforcer that gains its effectiveness by a learned association w/primary reinforcers.
Ex. Money!!!!
Token Economy A theraputic method, based
on operant condtioning, by which individuals are rewarded w/tokens that act as 2ndary reinforcers. The tokens can be redeemed for rewards & privileges.
Ex. Elementary teachers
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1.Immediate Reinforcer: A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior.
2.Delayed Reinforcer: A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior.
Immediate & Delayed Reinforcers
Schedules of Reinforcement
ContinuousPartial (intermittent)1. Fixed-ratio (FR)2. Variable-ratio (VR)3. Fixed-interval (FI)4. Variable-interval (VI)
Ratio SchedulesRatio schedules are based
upon the # of responses:Fixed: reinforcement occurs
after a predetermined set of responses
Variable: reinforcement is unpredictable b/c the ratio varies
Interval SchedulesInterval schedules are based on
responses made w/in a certain time period:
Fixed: reinforcement occurs after a predetermined time has elapsed
Variable: reinforcement occurs unpredicatbly since the time interval varies
PunishmentAn event that decreases the behavior it follows.
Opposite of reinforcement
Punishment vs. Reinforcement
Punishment decreases the chance of a behavior being repeated, reinforcement increases the chance.
PunishmentPositive: adding an aversive
stimulus after the response Negative: taking away a
reinforcer after the response ***Makes a behavior less likely to
happen, negative enforcement make a behavior more likely to happen.***
Types of PunishersType Description Examples
Positive Punishment
Administer an aversive stimulus
Spanking; a parking ticket
Negative Punishment
Withdraw a desirable stimulus
Time-out from privileges; revoked driver’s license
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Drawbacks of Punishment1. Results in unwanted fear, hostility, and
aggression.
2. Justifies pain to others.
3. Causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence.
4. Causes aggression towards the agent.
5. Can produce learned helplessness.
6. Often produces a temporary change in behavior.
7. Conveys no information to the organism.
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Effective Uses of Punishment
1. Punishment should be delivered immediately after the offensive behavior.
2. Punishment should be certain.
3. Punishment should be limited and sufficient so that it “fits the crime”.
4. Punishment should focus on the behavior, not the character, of the offender.
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Learned Helplessness
• Martin Seligman• The condition of a
human or animal that has learned to behave helplessly, failing to respond even though there are opportunities for it to help itself by avoiding unpleasant circumstances or by gaining positive rewards.
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Applications of Operant Conditioning
Skinner introduced the concept of teaching machines that shape
learning in small steps and provide reinforcements for correct rewards.
In School
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Applications of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement principles can enhance athletic performance.
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Applications of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcers affect productivity. Many companies now allow employees to
share profits and participate in company ownership.
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Applications of Operant Conditioning
In children, reinforcing good
behavior increases the occurrence of these behaviors.
Ignoring unwanted behavior decreases
their occurrence.
Diana BaumrindAuthoritarianAuthoritativePermissiveNeglectful
Parenting Styles
Cognition & Op Cond.The limitations of Behaviorist
theories of learning:
1. Believe that classical & operant conditioning explain almost all learning.
2.Believe that the behaviorists underestimate the importance of cognitive processes.
Cognition & Op. CondLatent learningCognitive mapInsight Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation
Latent LearningLearning that is not
outwardly used until the situation calls for it.
Edward TolmanExperiment: Rats running a
maze for food & making a cognitive map
InsightWolfgang KohlerSultan the chimp getting a banana through trial and error
Overjustification EffectThe effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do and losing interest in it.
IntrinsicExtrinsic