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Opening Act: Describe life in the Medieval Period Describe these elements of music from previous lessons Harmony Melody Rhythm Slide 2 The Misery of the Human Condition inspiring words from Pope Innocent III... man was formed of dust, slime, and ashes: what is even more vile, of the filthiest seed. He was conceived from the itch of the flesh, in the heat of passion and the stench of lust, and worse yet, with the stain of sin. He was born to toil, dread, and trouble; and more wretched still, was born only to die. He commits depraved acts by which he offends God, his neighbor, and himself; shameful acts by which he defiles his name, his person, and his conscience; and vain acts by which he ignores all things important, useful, and necessary. He will become fuel for those fires which are forever hot and burn forever bright; food for the worm which forever nibbles and digests; a mass of rottenness which will forever stink and reek. Slide 3 Goals What is Gregorian Chant? Whom is plainchant named after? What is the main element of music present in Gregorian Chant? How was Gregorian Chant the basis of our system of music today? Notation and solfege Slide 4 Medieval and Renaissance Vocal Music Church music Religious Non religious - Secular Slide 5 Examples of Medieval Music Slide 6 Written Hymns The first written music ever created Lavishly decorated Slide 7 Medieval Sheet Music Who created them? What was it meant to show? Why is it so pretty? Slide 8 What is Gregorian Chant? (Religious) Plainsong, Plainchant Monophonic (one line of music) no harmony Sung in Latin accompanied celebration of mass Use of modes (intervals) black notes not invented yet Sung by monks (Men only) A Capella Unaccompanied singing no instruments Slide 9 Why Gregorian Chant? Pope Gregory I Bishop of Rome, 590 604 AD. simplified and cataloged music Assigning music to specific celebrations in the church calendar FIRST WRITTEN FORM OF MUSIC Slide 10 What is a MODE? The MELODIES in chant are MODAL. up and down interval steps wavering on two or more notes called a "melisma many notes are assigned to one word or syllable. What do you think the effect would be? Slide 11 Four pairs of church modes Example: Church Mode I (Dorian Mode) starting on d and ending on d a modern keyboard, these intervals would result: d-e-f-g-a-b-c-d Slide 12 Albertus Monophonic Slide 13 The Guidos hand system: the basis of Solfege The first ever form of Kodaly Slide 14 Solfege Guido d'Arezzo in the 11th Century taught singers pitches in modes using a hymn in honor of John the Baptist Slide 15 Solfege (contd) UT queant laxis RE sonare fibris MI ra gestorum FA muli tu orum SOL ve polluti LA bii reatum Sancte Johannes Slide 16 Solfege capital letters in this prayer became the basis for the syllables of the solfege system of "do, re, mi, etc. "do" for "ut" and use "ti" instead of "si." Slide 17 Homework Look up various websites on medieval manuscript illustrations and Gregorian notation. Pick a chant, translate it, write clear and detailed directions to a fellow student on how you would like their music illustrated. EXTRA CREDIT: You are a monk and want to send a new hymn to your brother monk. Create your own beautiful piece of medieval music. Slide 18 Slide 19 Renaissance Music (1450-1600) Slide 20 Review Middle Ages Historically, Romans legalized Christianity 476 AD, Romans left Europe Left Roman Catholic Church in charge Slide 21 Gregorian Chant Pope Gregor I Monophonic songs A Capella Modes Latin Slide 22 Organum from Ancient Greek - organon "organ, instrument, tool" Around 1100, other parts were added to the original chant melody, creating 2 and 3-part music called organum. Most continued to be homophonic Slide 23 Motet clause represented a sequence in Latin which was sung as a discant over a cantus firmus. Start of counterpoint in music Eventually musical texture grew to include three lines, allowing much more fulsome harmonies. Ex. 13th century motet Slide 24 MotetMotet Slide 25 Individual Parts (1 st Line) Slide 26 Individual Parts (2 nd line) Slide 27 Individual Parts (Ground) Slide 28 Sumer is a cumin Secular Round Full Version Summer is coming in, loudly sings the cuckoo, cuckoo, cuckoo.... The seed grows; the meadow blossoms, and the woods alivens anew. The ewe bleats after the lamb; the cow lows after the calf; The bull leaps; the goat capers*; merrily sing cuckoo! Well sing you, cuckoo--don't ever stop now. Sing cuckoo, now.... Slide 29 Gradually became Homophonic (more than one voice moving at the same time in block chords) Slide 30 Pasitime with good company Full Version Alto Tenor Bass Slide 31 Medieval Motet Religious text in Latin Polyphonic lots of voices singing different lines at the same time (interweaving melodies) Each choose your own nursery rhyme. We will sing all of them at the same time Again only sung by men This is a piece of music by Philippi de Vitry Motet from Roman de Favel Slide 32 Troubadours Slide 33 Troubadours (aristocratic poets) and minstrels (musicians hired to perform the music of troubadours). Slide 34 Chivalry It was the age of chivalry and courtly love, when often the object of ones affections was distant, and may not even have known the intentions of the author. Slide 35 Love? Marriages were often dictated by social station and power, thus the issue of love often could only be honored or consummated in song. Slide 36 Instruments of Medieval Period Because most music was vocal, instruments did not develop quickly Woodwind similar to the SHAWM Slide 37 How could humanism have influenced Renaissance music? Slide 38 What is humanism? approach in study, philosophy, or practice that focuses on human values and concerns Humanism arose from deism and anti-clericalism of the Enlightenment Slide 39 Humanism central theme to Italian Renaissance The Renaissance was an age of discovery, both geographical and humanistic. Depth and perspective entered the visual arts, and human subjects became of primary importance. Slide 40 Art Works by artists, such as Leonardo da Vinci, reflect a new interest in the human form and character. Slide 41 Compare the Art? What do you notice? Slide 42 What was the effect of the humanists on society? humanists sought to create a citizenry (including, sometimes, women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity Educated people can engage in civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions Slide 43 What was the effect of the humanists on MUSIC? the power and authority of music was widely embraced for its ability to move the hearts and minds of men Anti-Medieval movement Slide 44 Zarlino's Le istitutioni harmoniche ( 1558 ) music of classical antiquity represented the height of perfection, that of the Middle Ages the lowest depths early renaissance in music is enacted in Italy Slide 45 Medieval Aire / Ballad Secular Song o Solo voice (male or female) accompanied by the lute o melody and accompaniment This piece of music is by Adam de la Halle Jeu de Robin et de Marion Slide 46 Renaissance Aire / Ballad Secular Solo Song This piece of music is by an English composer John Dowland Flow, my tears Slide 47 Renaissance Madrigal Secular choral music Highly polyphonic Sung by men and women A Capella Sung in any language (English, French, Italian, etc) People would gather around each others homes and sing around the table Very jolly (lots of fa la la la las) Famous English Composer Thomas Weelkes Famous Italian Composer - Monteverdi Slide 48 Renaissance Mass Religious Choral Music mainly polyphonic Many sections (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Offertorium, Sanctus / Benedictus, Agnus Die) sung in Latin sung mainly by men high parts sung by descant (boys) Melismatic Lots of notes on one word Syllabic One note per syllable Famous Composer Palestrina Kyrie from Missa Pape Marcelli Slide 49 Other Famous Composers MedievalRenaissance Guillame de MachautJosquin de Prez Hildegard of BingenWilliam Byrd (English) Bernard de VentadornOrlando di Lasso PerotinJacopo Peri Guillame DufayThomas Morlay (English)