Open Source Culture and Transdisciplinary Practice

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Open Source Culture Transdisciplinary Prac5ce

Transcript of Open Source Culture and Transdisciplinary Practice

Page 1: Open Source Culture and Transdisciplinary Practice

Open  Source  Culture  Transdisciplinary  Prac5ce    

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 Open  Source  ~  Openness.  

Contrary  to  the  more  narrow  term  Free  So/ware,  Open  Source  seems  be;er  suited  to  label  a  general  collabora4ve  approach  not  

limited  to  code.    

Felix  Stalder  OPEN  SOURCE  INTELLIGENCE  (v1.2)  

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“Open  source  is  an  experiment  in  building  a  poli5cal  economy  –  that  is,  a  system  of  sustainable  value  crea4on  and  a  set  of  governance  mechanism.  

 In  this  case  it  is  a  governance  system  that  holds  together  a  community  of  producers  around  this  counterintui5ve  no5on  of  property  rights  as  

distribu5on.”  

 (Weber,  2004  p.1)  

Open  Source  –  Poli4cal  Economy        

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“It  is  also  a  poli5cal  economy  taps  into  a  broad  range  of  human  mo5va5ons  and  relies  on  a  crea5ve    and  

evolving  set  of  organiza5onal  structures  to  coordinate  behavior.”  

 (Weber,  2004  p.1)  

Open  Source  –  Poli4cal  Economy        

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Open  source  doesn't  just  mean  access  to  the  source  code.  

 The  distribu5on  terms  of  open-­‐source  soPware  must  comply  with  the  following  criteria:  

h;p://www.opensource.org/docs/osd  

Open  Source  –  Legal  Aspects/Licensing        

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1.  Free  Redistribu4on  

 The  license  shall  not  restrict  any  party  from  selling  or  giving  away  the  soPware  as  a  component  of  an  

aggregate  soPware  distribu5on  containing  programs  from  several  different  sources.  The  license  shall  not  

require  a  royalty  or  other  fee  for  such  sale.  

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 2.  Source  Code  

 The  program  must  include  source  code,  and  must  allow  distribu5on  in  source  code  as  well  as  compiled  form.    

The  source  code  must  be  the  preferred  form  in  which  a  programmer  would  modify  the  program.    

Deliberately  obfuscated  source  code  is  not  allowed.    

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 3.  Derived  Works  

The  license  must  allow  modifica5ons  and  derived  works,  and  must  allow  them  to  be  distributed  under  

the  same  terms  as  the  license  of  the  original  soPware.  

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 4.  Integrity  of  The  Author's  Source  Code    The  license  may  restrict  source-­‐code  from  being  distributed  in  modified  form  only  if  the  license  allows  the  distribu5on  of  "patch  files"  

with  the  source  code  for  the  purpose  of  modifying  the  program  at  build  5me.    

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•    5.  No  Discrimina4on  Against  Persons  or  Groups    The  license  must  not  discriminate  against  any  

person  or  group  of  persons.  

Some  countries,  including  the  United  States,  have  export  restric5ons  for  certain  types  of  

soPware  

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 6.  No  Discrimina4on  Against  Fields  of  Endeavor  

 The  license  must  not  restrict  anyone  from  making  use  of  the  program  in  a  specific  field  of  endeavor.  For  

example,  it  may  not  restrict  the  program  from  being  used  in  a  business,  or  from  being  used  for  gene5c  

research.  

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 7.  Distribu4on  of  License  

•  The  rights  a;ached  to  the  program  must  apply  to  all  to  whom  the  program  is  redistributed  without  the  need  for  execu5on  of  an  addi5onal  license  by  those  

par5es.  

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 8.  License  Must  Not  Be  Specific  to  a  Product  

•  The  rights  a;ached  to  the  program  must  not  depend  on  the  program's  being  part  of  a  

par5cular  soPware  distribu5on.    .  

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 9.  License  Must  Not  Restrict  Other  So/ware  The  license  must  not  place  restric5ons  on  other  

soPware  that  is  distributed  along  with  the  licensed  soPware.  For  example,  the  license  must  not  insist  that  all  other  programs  distributed  on  

the  same  medium  must  be  open-­‐source  soPware.  

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 10.  License  Must  Be  Technology-­‐Neutral  

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What  is  the  impact  of  open  source?  

 Open  source  provides  the  compe55ve  advantage  in  the  Internet  Age.  

 The  Cathedral  and  the  Bazaar:  Musings  on  Linux  and  Open  Source  by  an  Accidental  Revolu4onary  

 Authors:  Eric  S.  Raymond  

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Case  Study:  Linux  

 The  word  Linux  is  generally  used  to  describe  an  Open  Source  computer  Opera.ng  System  based  on  the  Linux  Kernel  that  typically  forms  the  basis  for  free  alterna5ves  to  Microso5  

Windows  or  offerings  from  Apple  computers.  

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•  Linux  is  the  first  truly  free  Unix-­‐like  opera5ng  system.  

•  Linus  Torvalds  invented  Linux  itself.  In  1991,  Torvalds  was  a  student  at  the  University  of  Helsinki  in  Finland  where  he  had  been  using  Minix,  a  non-­‐free  Unix-­‐like  system,  and  began  

wri5ng  his  own  kernel.  This  kernel,  which  is  called  Linux,  was  aPerwards  combined  with  the  GNU  system  to  produce  a  

complete  free  opera5ng  system.    

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Linux  Community    The  largest  part  of  the  work  on  Linux  is  performed  by  the  

community:  the  thousands  of  programmers  around  the  world  that  use  Linux  and  send  their  suggested  improvements  to  the  

maintainers.    Various  companies  have  also  helped  not  only  with  the  

development  of  the  Kernels,  but  also  with  the  wri5ng  of  the  body  of  auxiliary  soPware,  which  is  distributed  with  Linux.  

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Processing  /  Adriano  Communi5es    

•  Arduino  is  an  open-­‐source  electronics  prototyping  plagorm  based  on  flexible,  easy-­‐to-­‐use  hardware  and  soPware.  It's  intended  for  ar5sts,  designers,  hobbyists,  and  anyone  interested  in  crea5ng  interac5ve  objects  or  environments.      h;p://www.arduino.cc    The  microcontroller  on  the  board  is  programmed  using  the  Arduino  programming  language  (based  on  Wiring)  and  the  Arduino  development  environment  (based  on  Processing).  

•  Processing  is  a  programming  language,  development  environment,  and  online  community  that  since  2001  has  promoted  soPware  literacy  within  the  visual  arts.  Ini5ally  created  to  serve  as  a  soPware  sketchbook  and  to  teach  fundamentals  of  computer  programming  within  a  visual  context,  Processing  quickly  developed  into  a  tool  for  crea5ng  finished  professional  work  as  well.      h;p://processing.org/    h;p://www.openprocessing.org/  

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Open  Source  Culture    

Impact  and  Cultural  Implica5ons  of  Open  Source  License/Distribu5on/Community    

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Open  Source  Culture    •  Accessibility:    

Technological  Freedom  Ar5s5c  Freedom  

•  Social  Implica5ons    New  Type  of  Community    

Underground  Movements  

New  type  of  prac55oner  

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Brainstorming  

Crea4ve  Prac4ces  +  Open  Source  

Benefits/Disadvantage    of  Open  Source  License/Distribu5on/Community/Culture  

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Other  significant  Aspect  of  Contemporary  Prac5ce:  

In-­‐Between  Disciplines  

For  Example:  Art  –  Design  -­‐  Science  -­‐  Technology  

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Interdisciplinarity  •  For  the  Canadian  Ins5tutes  of  Health  Research  (CIHR,  2005):  

Interdisciplinary  is  defined  as  the  ability  to  analyze,  synthesize  and  harmonize  links  between  disciplines  into  a  coordinated  and  coherent  whole.  

•     •  Mansilla  and  Gardner  (2005)  state:  

In  this  study  we  defined  “interdisciplinary  work”  as  work  that  integrates  knowledge  and  modes  of  thinking  from  two  or  more  disciplines.  Such  work  embraces  the  goal  of  advancing  understanding  (e.g.,  explain  phenomena,  craP  solu5ons,  raise  new  ques5ons)    

•  in  ways  that  would  have  not  been  possible  through  single  disciplinary  means.  

•  The  Idaho  State  Board  of  Educa5on  (2002)  note:  In  spanning  mul5ple  disciplines,  interdisciplinary  programs  by  their  very  nature  

reach  across  the  tradi5onal  boundaries  of  colleges  and  departments.  In  this  context,  interdisciplinary  is  defined  as  meaning  University-­‐wide,  or  programs  involving  faculty  from  more  than  two  colleges  where  no  single  college  has  a  majority  of  the  curriculum  or  faculty.    

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Interdisciplinarity  Mul5disciplinarity  

•  Natural  Sciences  and  Engineering  Research  Council  of  Canada  (undated)  states,  pragma5cally,  that:  

 A  simple  defini5on  of  interdisciplinary  research  is  “research  that  involves  the  interac5on  among  two  or  more  different  disciplines”.  This  may  range  from  the  

sharing  of  ideas  to  full  integra5on  of  concepts,  methodology,  procedures,  theory,  terminology,  data  and  organiza5on  of  research  and  training  in  a  fairly  large  field.  

 Mul4disciplinary  research  draws  on  knowledge  from  different  disciplines  but  stays  within  the  boundaries  of  those  fields.  In  this  document,  ‘interdisciplinary’  is  used  to  refer  to  both  types  of  research  that  may  be  conducted  by  individual  researchers  as  well  as  groups.  For  administra5ve  purposes,  NSERC  defines  interdisciplinary  grant  applica5ons  as  those  that  require  the  selec5on  of  referees  from  more  than  one  discipline,  the  establishment  of  a  review  panel  with  members  from  more  than  one  discipline,  or  the  exper5se  of  more  than  one  selec5on  commi;ee  or  panel  in  

the  peer  review  process.    

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Transdisciplinarity  

•  ‘…transdisciplinarity  concerns  that  which  is  at  once  between  the  disciplines,  across  the  different  

disciplines,  and  beyond  all  discipline.  Its  goal  is  the  understanding  of  the  present  world  ,  of  which  one  of  

the  impera5ves  is  the  unity  of  knowledge.’  

 (Nicolescu  1997,  np.)  

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Open  Access  Dynamic  Archive:  Media  Art  Tube    

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Other  Readings  

•  The  simple  Economics  of  Open  Source  Economics    h;p://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?

doi=10.1.1.145.3577&rep=rep1&type=pdf  

•  Steve  Weber:  The  Success  of  Open  Source  

Eric  S.  Raymond:  The  Cathedral  and  the  Bazaar:  Musings  on  Linux  and  Open  Source  by  an  Accidental  Revolu4onary